In the method of argument, he is also different from Sur: he doesn't cut to the chase and choose materials around the argument, but breaks the argument first and then establishes it. He first ruled out the biased theory about the reasons for the demise of the six countries, then expounded his own views, and only pointed out the arguments at the end of the article.
original text
Song Ersu's theory that the six countries ceded territory to bribe Qin, weakened themselves, seized and destroyed foreigners, and did not know how to stick to the longitudinal agreement; Qi, Chu, Yan and Zhao didn't know that Zuo Han and Wei Yi rejected Qin: they thought it would be like this, and then the suffering of Qin could be lifted. The reason why my husband's descendants hate Qin is not because of his violence. In my opinion, all six countries want to do what Qin did, but they can't blame Qin. When really, the six eastern governors failed to heal the Qin dynasty; Those who are addicted to attack and attack, used to plotting, and strong eating the weak meat regard Qin as no different. War is a disaster, and there is no false era. Those who take advantage of good shape and convenience, such as Qin, get help from heaven. There is no need to stop adding A Qin. However, Qin can't do it, but wants to weaken himself and destroy himself.
Su Qin, a fledgling, wanted to use Qin, but taught him to swallow the world. It is easy to know. If Qin is overused, he is Mou, and he is worried about Yi Cheung. But he was useless, and instead said that the six countries are vertical relatives. Doesn't he know that the vertical contract of heaven is unpredictable? He was very rich for a while, but fortunately I was unbeaten in the end. Angered yi cheung, defected to the state of Qin, indicating that Huan, water alliance less than a year, Qi Wei points out for the state of Qin.
According to her husband, Zhang Yi, Gu Qiyan said that although it is necessary to balance the vertical and horizontal, there is still a struggle for money between relatives and parents, and it is only necessary to deceive and deceive again and again, so it is not absurd to refuse the world. All six countries are trying to capture each other, but they are still trying to deceive each other. They and Brother Kun are not flesh and blood, and their affairs are no small matter.
And people's scales, with their mouths open, dare not drink, as wise as Zhao Yan, are still obedient and grateful, but they have to be responsible for protecting their loved ones and helping each other for a long time, so how come on! So, why? Then it is wrong to want to do what Qin did. What Qin did, all six countries wanted to do, but Qin did, and whoever did it, the so-called heaven helped the cloud. Hey, honey! Since the Spring and Autumn Period, the war disaster has intensified; As far as the warring States period is concerned, there are still people who can't bear to say.
Heaven loves the people very much. Is it to let the six or seven emperors abuse people, drive away innocent people from Japan, rub their hands and feet in the middle of the ridge, and finally abuse Liu? I won't! Therefore, the state of Qin is not strong enough to destroy the six countries and the emperor. Without an emperor, his evil is not extreme, his evil is not surplus, and he cannot die quickly. This is heaven, but also the work of the six countries of Qin.
Post-theorists, how thick are the six countries? Save them! He said: "If so, then there is no way for the six countries?" Yue: I think I have no ability. How to live alone, although Wang can. Mencius tried to say that King Liang Qi was a benevolent man and didn't have to be a husband.
translate
In the Song Dynasty, Su Xun and Su Zhe believed that the six countries would only cede territory and bribe the State of Qin, weakening themselves and leading to extinction. (they) don't know the importance of observing the trade union Covenant; Qi, Chu, Yan and Zhao don't know how important it is to help South Korea and Wei resist Qin: they think that the threat of Qin can only be eliminated after such bribery. ?
Isn't it because of the cruelty of the rulers of Qin that later generations hate Qin? In my opinion, all six countries want to do what Qin did, not just because Qin was guilty. At this time, none of the six Shandong countries (the strength of vassal States) can surpass Qin. They are addicted to martial arts, used to intrigue, and the law of the jungle, just like Qin.
The war is still going on, and the disaster of the war is year after year. If the geographical situation is as favorable as that of Qin, plus God's help, then one of the six countries can unify China like Qin. It's just that they didn't do what Qin did in the end, so (the six countries) weakened themselves and led to extinction. Su Qin came out (lobbied) to be used by Qin, hoping that Qin would unify the world.
(Su Qin) Really knows it's easy. The king of Qin was asked to reuse himself. The reason why he planned for Qin at that time was that he was afraid of Yi Cheung. Just because it was not used by Qin, it turned to lobby the six countries to unite. Didn't he expect that he couldn't keep (himself) after failure? He just wants to get a temporary fortune in this way temporarily, hoping to be together when he is alive.
He used a trick to provoke Zhang Yi to the State of Qin, and his intention was obvious. It's only been a year since Huan Shui joined the League, and Qi Weijun has already gone to war for Qin. Zhang Yi argued that although he only wanted to make the alliance discrete and balanced, it was not wrong to state the situation of people in the declining era by what he said. Even half-brothers still competed for money and wanted to rely on hypocritical fraud and capricious strategies.
The six countries conspired to attack, cheat and threaten each other. They have no brothers, no flesh and blood relatives, and their business is not just a trivial matter of spending money to buy property. People in Lian Heng are threatening the six countries with the power of Qiang Qin every day. Even if they are as clever as Yan Zhaowang, they have to obey (Yu Qin) and keep apologizing for their mistakes.
You want to ask Chang Bao's relatives to help each other like relatives. How is that possible? What is the reason for saying this? That's because I want to do what Qin did. All six countries wanted to do what Qin did, but Qin succeeded alone. That is to say, with the help of God. Alas! Since the Spring and Autumn Period, the disaster of war has become more and more serious. By the Warring States period, some people had been killed to the point where they could not bear to say.
God loves people very much! Can it make six or seven kings ride on the people every day to drive away innocent people, so that their hands and feet are covered with calluses and their calves are exposed, and finally they are tortured to death? This must not happen! Therefore, if Qin is not extremely prosperous, can't destroy the six countries and can't claim to be the emperor, then its evil will not reach the extreme. If Qin is not full of evil, it will not perish soon. All this is an act of God, the result of Qin and the six countries themselves.
Why do the comments of later generations focus on the six countries and insist on their existence? (Someone) said, "If this is the case, then there is no way for the six countries to save themselves?" Answer: there is nothing they can do! Not only preserved, but also king. Mencius once lobbied King Liang Qi with benevolence and righteousness, but they didn't adopt it. What a pity!
Extended data
At the beginning of the article, Li Zhen first briefly put forward Sur's argument. Whether sur's argument is right or not, he is noncommittal first; I didn't say anything about my argument, so I changed my pen to refute Qin's biased view. The author asks a question: "Why do the descendants of my father hate Qin?" Then he pointed out in a tit-for-tat way: "For the rest, all six countries want to do what Qin did, but they can't blame Qin."
In order to prove that this argument is correct, the author demonstrates it from three aspects: the nature of the six countries, the words and deeds of the counselors of the six countries and the counselors of Qin State. Li Zhen believes that the nature of the six countries is no different from that of Qin, and they are also "addicted to attack and attack, accustomed to intrigue, eating weak and eating strong." If they succeed, they may not add another violent Qin.
The author also takes the words and deeds of Su Qin, the chief counselor of the Six Kingdoms as evidence: Su Qin hung the seal of the Six Kingdoms and advocated union, as if he swore to live and die with the Six Kingdoms. The method of union seemed to really bind Qin, but it was not. The author points out: Su Qin, a constantly changing man, is mercenary. He first joined the State of Qin because he knew that the State of Qin would unify the world, but he was not needed, so he turned to advocate reunification and talked about the six countries.
Besides, it's not that he doesn't know that the contract can't be guaranteed, but he only relies on it to seek fame and wealth. This will make people feel that the six-nation combination is unreliable, and Su Qin cannot be trusted. Then, the author uses the words and deeds of Zhang Yi, a counselor of Qin State, to prove that Zhang Yi thinks that parents and brothers still want to compete for money and play tricks, not to mention the six countries.
Moreover, the rise and fall of the country is far from trivial matters such as money, and with the threat and inducement of Qin, it is inevitable to stand up. The author thinks that although Zhang Yizhi's theory is clear, it reveals human feelings of mourning for the world. The author's argument from the above three aspects is nothing more than trying to draw a conclusion: the six countries are no different from Qin, and their combination is against human feelings, just a means for Qin to seize fame and fortune.
In the method of argument, the author's arrangement is also very clever. His original intention was to explain that the six countries were shattered because they were weak but wanted to do what Qin did, but in the above two paragraphs, they talked about the essence of the six countries and made no mention of the above arguments at all. Is this beside the point? Don't!
This is the way to attack from the side and outflank. Because the author wants to blame the later generations, including favoring the six countries and blaming Qin, it is bound to prove that the six countries are as tyrannical as Qin. If the author wants to prove that the six countries are bound to perish, of course, he must first prove that what the six countries have done is against heaven and humanity.
At the beginning, the author did not mention his own argument, but first discussed the nature of the six countries. It is precisely to eliminate people's biased views on the Six Kingdoms and Qin Dynasty, so as to accept the author's correct explanation of the reasons for the demise of the Six Kingdoms.
So, what is the real reason for the demise of the six countries? At the beginning of the third paragraph, the author finally debunked: "This is a mistake made by Qin." Seven countries all wanted to be emperors, but Qin was lucky to succeed. So, why did God help Qin? The author then explained: since the Spring and Autumn Period, a series of disasters have occurred; By the Warring States period, the people suffered more.
God loves people, and I don't want to let it go again. This is one of them. If the six countries also proclaimed themselves emperors, it would be even worse if the seven monarchs were rampant. This is the second one. If Qin is not strong, it can't destroy the six countries, and it can't be proclaimed emperor; If Qin doesn't claim to be emperor, it can't be allowed to do evil and accelerate its demise. This is the third one.
From these three aspects, the author demonstrates that Qin's destruction of the Six Kingdoms is an act of God, and it is also the inevitable result of the tyrannical behavior of Qin and the Six Kingdoms. Therefore, the comments made by later generations on the collapse of the Six Kingdoms are biased from the standpoint of the Six Kingdoms. In contrast to what Sur said in the first paragraph, he just called it a "post-theorist" in general without naming Sur, and the scope of criticism was wider.
In the last paragraph, the author points out that if the six countries want to survive on their own, they must practice benevolence and righteousness, so that they can not only survive, but even be kings. It's a pity that the six monarchs can't practice like this, which is deeply touching. Although the last paragraph is short, it is the main idea of this article. The author emphasizes that heaven helps Qin and accuses the six countries of wanting Qin, all from this theme. The author denies the biased remarks of later generations, including Sur, which is also the basis of his argument.
In addition, although this passage is only over forty words, its composition is extremely diverse: First, it adopts the method of setting doubts and solving doubts. It is extremely important to emphasize "its technique". But exactly, what is not disturbing is that this is a change; Based on Mencius' theory of "benevolence and righteousness", it is put forward that "its skill" is to implement benevolence and righteousness, not to change again; Liang Zhijun and Qi Zhijun refused to accept what they said, and in the end they were destroyed, which made people feel deeply. These are three changes. Through such twists and turns, the theme of the author at the end of the article is deeply imprinted in the reader's mind.
Baidu Encyclopedia-Li Zhen