Xinjiang jujube cultivation technology Xinjiang jujube is a unique geographical product in Xinjiang. Xinjiang red dates are also called? Golden birthday jujube? Invigorate qi and nourish blood.
The protection of Hami jujube by national geographical indications will have a great impact on the sustainable development of Hami jujube industry and the development of jujube products at home and abroad. Wang, Party Secretary of Hami Quality Supervision Bureau, said that obtaining the protection of geographical indications will play a positive role in realizing the industrialization and scale of this famous agricultural product with a long history, improving its market visibility and market share, and promoting regional economic development, especially increasing farmers' income and agricultural production.
Xinjiang Ruoqiang area (Tarim Loulan Silk Road)? Golden birthday jujube? The brand is unique in China. It is hung on trees and irrigated by meltwater from glaciers. The maximum temperature difference is 28 degrees? Golden birthday jujube? Brand growth period, China first. Because Ruoqiang is located between Taklimakan Desert in southern Xinjiang and Altun Mountain in Kunlun Mountain, it is connected with Gansu and Qinghai provinces in the east and Tibet in the south. About 1600 years ago, the kingdom of Loulan disappeared, leaving only the remains of an ancient city. The ancient city of Loulan is located at 89 east longitude? 40 degrees 22 minutes 22 seconds north latitude? 92'55' is located in the north of Ruoqiang County, Bayinguoleng Mongolian Autonomous Prefecture, Xinjiang, 7 kilometers away from the northwest corner of Lop Nur and on the south bank of Peacock River. The Ancient History of Loulan in Historical Records. In Huns Biography, Loulan established a country around the 3rd century BC, when Loulan was ruled by the Yue people. From 177 BC to 176 BC, the Huns defeated the Yue family, and Loulan was under the jurisdiction of the Huns. So what if Qiang jujube is also called? Golden birthday jujube? . Ruoqiang county is rich in light and heat resources, with long frost-free period and large temperature difference between day and night, which is especially suitable for the growth of Ruoqiang jujube.
From Hotan, Xinjiang? Hetian Yuzao? . What's the name of Hetian Yuzao? Golden birthday jujube? The value of nutrition and health care is extremely high. It contains protein, fat, sugar and cellulose; Jujube is very nutritious. The content of vitamin C is among the best in fruits, with a content of 0. L- per 100g 0.6g, which is about 100 times higher than that of apples and peaches. The content of vitamin P is also the highest among all fruits. What do people praise dates for? Natural vitamin tablets? . People always think that red dates are excellent tonics. ? Golden birthday jujube? It is not only a delicious fruit, but also a nourishing medicine, which has the effects of strengthening muscles and bones, enriching blood and promoting qi circulation, nourishing the body and caring skin.
What is the difference between Xinjiang jujube and ordinary jujube? Many people have such questions. In fact, we can already see their differences from the geographical conditions where he grew up.
1. Xinjiang has a dry climate, less rainy days, long sunshine hours and strong daytime sunshine, so plants can fully carry out photosynthesis, produce nutrients and produce more sugar; At night, the temperature drops very low, the respiration of plants weakens, and the consumption of nutrients decreases. A lot of nutrients have accumulated in fruits. Therefore, Xinjiang jujube tastes more mellow and sweeter than ordinary jujube.
2. Xinjiang jujube was also moistened by snow water from Kunlun Mountain and Tianshan Mountain, and absorbed a lot of minerals. There is clean air, no pollution and few pests and diseases. Almost pure natural growth, really got the care of nature. It can be said that Xinjiang jujube is the crystallization of nature's gift and belongs to the original ecological health food. Xinjiang jujube is bigger, thinner, thicker and sweeter than ordinary jujube. Its contents of vitamin C, protein, calcium, iron and zinc are high.
Requirements of jujube growth and fruiting habits on environmental conditions ⅰ. Growth and fruiting habits
Jujube trees grow rapidly, but their roots are sparse. The horizontal pole is far away, and it is easy to have roots and tillers on it, which can be used for reproduction.
Branches are divided into three types: jujube head, jujube stock and jujube hanging. Buds between axils are composed of primary buds and secondary buds. The main bud does not appear in the first year of formation, and the jujube head or jujube stock can be formed in the second year, but it can also become a hidden bud. Hidden bud life and root length of jujube. The secondary buds germinated years ago, and the secondary buds on the head of jujube trees grew into secondary branches or tertiary branches, and the secondary buds on jujube rootstocks produced detached branches.
Jujube head is the development branch of jujube tree, which is formed by the germination of main bud and grows vigorously. It is the main branch of the crown. Among them, the upper secondary buds germinate to form permanent secondary branches, which grow zigzag without terminal buds. In the following spring, the main bud on the second branch of jujube head germinated and formed jujube stocks. Therefore, this permanent secondary branch is also called fruit-bearing branch.
Jujube rootstock is a kind of shortened fruiting mother branch unique to jujube. It is mainly formed by the main buds and secondary branches on the jujube head, with very small annual growth and dense buds. Once the jujube rootstock is formed, it will blossom and bear fruit from the side buds every year (the main buds usually lie dormant for a long time), and its life span can be as long as 8 ~ 10 years. Generally speaking, 4 ~ 7-year-old jujube has the strongest knot strength. In addition, as a result, jujube rootstocks on the winter festival in the middle of the base branches hang more dates and grow vigorously.
Jujube fruit hanging is the fruit branch of jujube tree. After fruit hanging, it droops with the increase of fruit and falls off in late autumn, so it is also called branching. Almost all single flowers or cymes can be planted between the axils of each jujube, and the middle inflorescence bears reliable fruit. Generally, each jujube produces 3 ~ 4 fruits, but some of them fall off completely.
Most jujube varieties can be pollinated by white flowers, but there are also varieties with low self-pollination intensity, such as Yiwu jujube and Zanhuang jujube. Planting pollinated varieties in production can improve fruit setting rate. The flower bud differentiation of jujube has the characteristics of short single flower differentiation period, long whole tree duration and multiple differentiation times a year, with long flowering period and serious flower and fruit drop. The natural fruit setting rate is only about 1%. Besides being closely related to tree nutrition, severe weather (low temperature, drought, strong wind, heavy rain, etc. ) is often an important factor at flowering stage.
Jujube trees bear fruit early and can begin to blossom and bear fruit in the same year of cultivation. However, in the early stage of growth, jujube heads are mostly uniaxially elongated, with few branches and few fruits. Jujube trees entered the full fruit stage later, about 15 years after planting, but the full fruit stage was longer, and trees aged 70 ~ 80 years could still produce high yield.
Requirements of jujube on environmental conditions 1. Temperature: Jujube is a temperate fruit tree, and the spring temperature reaches 13- 15? C began to sprout; The temperature is 17? Above c, budding, spreading leaves and differentiating flower buds; 19? Buds appear in leaf axils above c; 20-22? Flowering at c; The suitable temperature for fruit ripening is 18-22? c； The temperature dropped to 1? C began to shed leaves. During dormancy, jujube trees are very resistant to low temperature, at -35? C can spend the winter at low temperature.
Rainfall: Jujube trees can adapt to rainy, humid and dry climate. Where the annual rainfall is 49.7 mm, jujube trees can still grow well. Jujube trees have strong waterlogging resistance, and groundwater can't be killed for 1-2 months.
2. Light: Jujube trees like light. If the planting is too dense or the crown is closed, it will affect the branching and the jujube head will not grow well. The secondary branches are short, difficult to use and easy to grow into waste branches.
Wind: jujube trees are weak in wind resistance, and they are afraid of strong wind at flowering stage, which is easy to increase the amount of flowers and fruits falling. The wind is strong and easy to appear before the fruit matures. The wind falls on the jujube? . But winter is more wind-resistant.
3. Soil and topography: Jujube trees have strong adaptability to soil and can be cultivated in both plains and wasteland. Acid soil and alkaline soil can also grow. At PH5.5-8.0, jujube trees grow well.
Main varieties and characteristics of jujube At present, the main cultivated varieties of jujube in Xinjiang are:
(1) Hami Jujube: Originated in Hami, Xinjiang, it is a local variety with typical regional characteristics after long-term cultivation, evolution and domestication. It has the characteristics of drought resistance, cold resistance, barren resistance and easy management. This is a very promising variety.
(2) Junzao: originally from Jiaocheng, Shanxi Province, was planted in the 14th Agricultural Division of Corps 1996. It has the characteristics of cold resistance, drought resistance, barren resistance, saline-alkali resistance, strong adaptability, strong tree body, high yield and long economic life.
(3) Zanhuang Jujube (also known as Long Jujube): It originated in Zanhuang County, Hebei Province, and was introduced to the No.1 Agricultural Division (Aksu), No.14 Agricultural Division (Hotan) and No.3 Agricultural Division (Kashgar) of the Corps around 1986. Whether eaten fresh or dried, it is an excellent variety. It has the characteristics of stable high yield, drought resistance, barren resistance and waterlogging resistance.
(4) Jujube (also known as Jujube): It originated in Xinzheng County, Henan Province, and was gradually introduced to various divisions and regiments in Xinjiang after 1986. It has the characteristics of drought resistance, barren resistance, dry hot wind resistance and saline-alkali resistance, and is an excellent fresh and dried variety.
(5) Jujube in Shell Bottle: It originated in Taigu County, Shanxi Province. After 1986, it was introduced to Pishan Farm, No.14 Agricultural Division, No.47 Agricultural Division and No.1 Agricultural Division of the Corps, and performed well. This is a variety suitable for both fresh food and drying. It has the characteristics of drought resistance, cold resistance, alkali resistance, strong pest resistance and wide adaptability.
(6) Zanxin jujube: native to Aral, Xinjiang. High yield, cold tolerance, drought tolerance, salt tolerance, like fertilizer and water, is a new budding variety.
(7) Round crisp jujube: native to Aral, Xinjiang. It has good high yield, strong stress resistance and strong adaptability, and is an excellent variety for fresh food and sun drying.
(8) Xinjiang Xiaoyuan stove: it is distributed in the ancient oasis area of southern Xinjiang and eastern Xinjiang, and has a history of hundreds of years. Its characteristics are drought tolerance, cold tolerance, waterlogging tolerance and salt tolerance. The fruit is small, the peel is red, the single fruit of fresh jujube weighs about 5 grams, the meat is loose, the juice is less and the quality is poor. But it is very popular with local Uighurs, and it is an essential material for them to make tea and prepare Uygur herbs. The nucleolus is large and full, which can be used as rootstock material for grafting series.
(9) Xinjiang Long Round Jujube: It is distributed in Kashgar, Aksu, Hotan and other places in Xinjiang, with a history of hundreds of years, and its characteristics are the same as those of Xinjiang Xiaoyuan Jujube.
Propagation of Jujube (1) Propagation of Jujube
1, sexual reproduction
In sexual reproduction, new plants often separate and mutate, so it is difficult to maintain the mother plant and excellent characters. Due to the abortion and degradation of cultivated jujube seeds, cultivated jujube rarely propagates through seeds. Most of them adopt asexual reproduction. The rootstock is propagated by sexual reproduction.
2. Asexual reproduction
It mainly includes ramet propagation, cutting, grafting and tissue culture.
3. Grafting propagation
When grafting, rootstock or jujube is used, and the scion uses the secondary branch on the head of 1 ~ 2-year-old jujube. Seeds of this rootstock or jujube are sown in autumn or spring after sand storage. Subcutaneous grafting is the main grafting method of jujube, which has the advantages of lax requirements on the thickness of rootstock, easy collection of scions and high grafting survival rate. It can be carried out during the peeling period of rootstocks, especially from before and after germination to the vigorous period of new shoots. Thick rootstocks can be grafted by split grafting, and the suitable grafting period is 15 ~ 20 days before germination. The ramet is the root tiller of jujube. When tillers are too dense, they can be appropriately sparse. In addition, self-rooted jujube trees can also be used for rooting and seedling raising. In recent years, the survival rate of hard branch cutting is also high when annual branches are treated with rooting powder.
4. Post-grafting management
Management is the key to whether seedlings can be grown after grafting. Mainly do the following work:
(1) Strengthen fertilizer and water management, loosen soil and weed in time: check the scion survival and soil moisture about 10 days after grafting. If germination conditions are good and soil moisture is not lacking, irrigation is not needed. After grafting for about 20 days, when the bud grows about 5cm high, immediately water 1 water, and water 100 cubic meter per mu. Combined with irrigation, urea 10- 15 kg was applied to promote grafting survival and bud growth. After that, pour 1 water every 20 days or so, preferably 4-5 times, and stop water supply in late August. You should loosen the soil and weed for 3-4 times to make the nursery grass-free.
(2) Germination and core removal: After grafting 10 days, the scion begins to germinate, and at this time, the rootstock also begins to germinate. All buds below the rootstock interface must be smoothed. When the seedlings grow to 50-60cm, that is, at the end of 7 friends, the seeds are removed in early August.
(3) Cutting and pasting: Generally, after cutting and pasting the rootstocks of sprouting seedlings before June, the sprouting seedlings will grow for a long time and the stems and branches will be fully mature, which can meet the requirements of seedlings coming out of the nursery that year. Pruning: generally, it should be carried out 2-3cm above the bud, and the cut is slightly inclined to the back of the bud.
Unbinding: You can unbind branches or plants in August of that year, but you must unbind them to avoid affecting growth or deformity.
Establishment and planting of jujube orchard. Zaoyuan construction
(1) jujube trees carefully selected in jujube orchard have low requirements on topography and soil, strong adaptability to soil, and have the characteristics of barren resistance, high temperature resistance and cold resistance. Jujube trees are drought-resistant, but not alkali-resistant. Therefore, people who plant jujube trees, especially those who cultivate jujube trees newly, should first introduce fresh water to wash alkali, plant alkali-tolerant crops in the early stage, such as safflower and oil sunflower, deepen and mature the soil, apply more organic fertilizers, dig deep into the soil, and continuously increase the soil organic matter content. Heavy clay, sandy soil and gravel soil should be excavated for soil replacement to create good site conditions.
(2) Garden Planning Jujube trees are perennial trees, and the planning and design of jujube gardens should be conducive to irrigation, wind protection and field transportation. It requires the organic combination of roads, forests, drainage and electromechanical, and at the same time, shelterbelts must be planted first to reduce the loss of wind disasters. Soil preparation and fertilization are the primary conditions for the early high-yield mode of dwarfing and close planting. Therefore, on the basis of fully ploughing 30 cm deep at the end of the previous autumn, according to the designed plant spacing, 1m square hole soil preparation is carried out at the planting point, which requires straightness. Stack the topsoil and subsoil separately, spread 15-20kg crushed crop straw on the pit bottom, use 20-30kg farmyard manure for each pit, mix it with the soil evenly, and then fill it into the pit. Finally, cover the topsoil, water it once, and plant it the next spring. Adjust the relationship between water, fertilizer and climate, and maintain a stable environment conducive to jujube root production.
(3) Generally, the selection of seedlings must use the first-and second-grade seedlings with pure and robust varieties, complete declaration system, no jujube diseases and insect pests, and firm grafting rootstock and scion healing. The height of the first-class seedlings is more than 100 cm, the ground diameter is 1- 1.2 cm, and the main roots are more than 2 cm thick and more than 20 cm long, with 68 roots; The height of secondary seedlings is 80- 100 cm, the ground diameter is more than 0.8 cm, the taproot is 2 mm thick, the length is 18 cm, and the number of seedlings is more than 5.