Reading knowledge of argumentative writing To read argumentative writing, we must first have the concept of argumentative writing, that is, to understand the relevant knowledge of argumentative writing and master its stylistic features. It is not standard to answer such explanation methods as "example", "metaphor" and "number" if you do the reading questions of argumentative papers. So, what are the knowledge points about argumentative writing? First, the concept of argumentative writing: also known as argumentative writing, is an article genre that takes argumentation as the main expression and uses logical thinking to judge things. Second, the classification of argumentative papers: In a broad sense, argumentative papers can generally be divided into political papers and academic papers. Generally speaking, argumentative essays mainly refer to political essays. Judging from the way of argumentation, argumentative writing can be divided into argumentative writing and refuting writing. Third, the characteristics of argumentative writing: the content is theoretical, the structure is logical and the language is general. 1. argument: it is the author's views and opinions on the issues discussed and the soul of argumentative writing. Only by accurately grasping the arguments of the article can we understand the viewpoints and problems to be solved in the article. Argumentative essays generally have only one central argument, and some argumentative essays also put forward several sub-arguments around the central argument. It is not difficult to distinguish the central argument from the sub-argument. Sub-arguments are used to supplement or prove the central argument. As long as we study the relationship between these arguments, we can see which is the master, which is the slave, which is the outline and which is the purpose. 2. Argument: It is the material to prove the argument. It is dominated by argument. It provides arguments. There are two types of arguments commonly used-factual argument and rational argument. Factual arguments: including representative and conclusive examples or historical facts. Rationality demonstration: refers to the correct theory that has been tested by people's practice and recognized by the society, including social science theories, such as philosophical theories; It also includes the principles, laws and formulas of natural science, as well as proverbs, famous sayings and fables. 3. Argumentation: refers to the process and method of using arguments to prove arguments, which is the link between arguments and arguments. Argumentative writing solves the problem of "what needs to be proved", argumentative writing solves the problem of "what to prove" and argumentative writing solves the problem of "how to prove". There are many ways to demonstrate, and the common ones are: ① Demonstration with examples: citing conclusive, sufficient and representative examples to prove the argument; (2) Reasoning and argumentation: use the incisive opinions in the classic works of Marxism-Leninism, famous sayings from domestic and foreign celebrities and recognized theorem formulas to prove the argument; ⑦ Comparative argument: compare positive and negative arguments or arguments, and prove arguments in comparison; (4) Metaphorical argument: use familiar things as metaphors to prove arguments. V. Structure of argumentative essay: Generally speaking, the most basic structure of argumentative essay is to ask questions (also called introduction)-analyze problems (also called ontology)-solve problems (also called conclusion). It can be divided into two categories: one is to discuss the structure layer by layer, which is called "vertical"; The first is the parallel development of discourse structure, which is called "horizontal body". The language of argumentative writing: It has the following characteristics-accuracy, generality and vividness. General reading training method of argumentative writing: argumentative writing is also a widely used article genre. The knowledge essay "Reading Argumentative Essay" points out: "Reading Argumentative Essay must grasp the arguments, arguments and arguments of the article. In addition, we must grasp the structure and language of the article. " This sentence is the outline of our argumentative reading. To improve our argumentative reading ability, we must carefully train argumentative writing from five aspects: grasping the argument, finding the argument, judging the argumentation method of the article, analyzing the structure of argumentative writing, and analyzing the rigor and logic of argumentative writing language. First, the genre of the article? This article is poetry, novel, prose (lyric prose, narrative prose), script, expository essay and argumentative essay.

Two. Six elements of narrative? The time, place, person, reason, process and result of the incident. 3. Find a topic sentence? Look for lyric sentences in the first or last paragraph. Four. Content of the article (center)? Methods: Look at topics, people (events) and events, and make a comprehensive induction. Format: This article describes (describes and explains) ... and shows (praises and reveals) ... 5. Material organization characteristics? Select typical events closely surrounding the center, and carry out appropriate clipping and detail processing. Are intransitive verbs hierarchical? (1) Divide by time (find the phrase indicating time) 2) Divide by place (find the phrase indicating place) (3) Divide by the development process of things (find every event) (4) Total score (from beginning to end) 7. Describe clues and their functions? Clues: (1) the core figures (2) the core things (3) the core events (4) the time (5) the place (6) the author's emotional function: it runs through the context of the whole text, organically connecting the characters and events in the text, and making the article coherent. Eight. Draw up a title for this article. Find the clue or center of the article: (1) the core people (2) the core things (3) the core events (6) the author's feelings. 9. Fill in the reading card. Find the original text as required, and then fill it in. Pay attention to the title, author, publishing house and other items of the original text (sometimes in brackets). 10. Narrative sequence and its function? (1) The function of sequential narrative (according to the sequence of events): The narrative has a beginning and an end, and it is clear and impressive to read. (2) Flashback (write the results first, and then explain what happened before. ) function: create suspense, attract readers, avoid monotonous narration and enhance the vividness of the article. (3) insert (interrupt the clue when telling, and insert another related thing. ) function: complement and set off the plot, enrich the image and highlight the center. 1 1. Language features? Choose from the following sentences by combining context and rhetorical methods: vivid, fresh and beautiful, concise, accurate and rigorous, incisive and profound, easy to understand, harmonious in phonology and strong in rhythm.

Note: Be sure to analyze it in combination with specific sentences. 12. Writing skills and functions? (1) personification: endow things with human character, thoughts, feelings and actions, personify things, and thus achieve vivid images. (2) The role of metaphor: describe things vividly and concisely, and explain the truth. (3) The role of exaggeration: highlighting the characteristics of people or things, revealing the essence, and giving readers a clear and strong impression; (4) The function of symbol: giving specific meaning to the things described, expressing emotions ... enhancing the expressive force of the article. (5) The role of contrast: through contrast, highlight the characteristics of things and better express the theme of the article. (6) Set-off (side contrast): Set off the main person or thing with the secondary person or thing, and highlight the characteristics, personality, thoughts and feelings of the main person or thing. (7) The function of irony: use metaphor, exaggeration and other means and methods to expose, criticize and ridicule people or things, strengthen profundity and criticism, and make the language spicy and humorous. (8) The role of restraining before promoting: first belittle and then praise the object described, contrast the context, highlight the object written, and receive unexpected touching effects. (9) The role of front and back care (echo from beginning to end): make the plot complete, the structure rigorous and the center prominent.

(10) Set suspense function: arouse readers' attention and thinking, arouse readers' interest in reading, and make the plot of the article tortuous.

13. Rhetoric methods and functions 1) Metaphor: describe things vividly and concisely, and explain the truth. (2) personification: endowing things with human character, thoughts, feelings and actions, and personalizing things, so as to achieve vivid images. (3) Exaggeration: highlight the characteristics, reveal the essence, and give readers a clear and strong impression. (4) Parallelism: the organization is clear, the rhythm is distinct, the language potential is enhanced, and it is longer than lyric. (5) Duality: the form is neat, the phonology is harmonious, and they set off each other and complement each other. (6) Repetition: emphasizing a certain meaning, strong lyricism and appeal. (7) Question: Ask yourself and answer yourself, attract attention and inspire thinking. (8) rhetorical question: clear attitude, strong tone and strong lyricism. Note: Be sure to analyze it in combination with related sentences. 14. What are the meanings and functions of specific words?

Methods: According to the original meaning of the word, explain the meaning of the text (extended meaning, figurative meaning, pun meaning) and find out the specific content it refers to (make the unclear clear; Reduce metaphors and symbols). Format: The word "××" originally refers to …, and here refers to …, playing the role of …. 15. What does this sentence mean? Grasp the key words, analyze their characteristics and significance, and then explain them in context. (Method as above) XVI. What is the function of sentences in structure? (1) connecting the preceding with the following (2) opening, leading down (3) connecting the preceding with the following (transition) (4) paving the way for the following (5) managing the preceding (beginning) seventeen. Expression?

Narration, discussion, explanation, lyric, description 18. What is the role of discussion in narrative? Inspire readers to think, point out the meaning of people or events, highlight the center, sublimate the theme, and play the role of making the finishing point. 19. What is the role of lyricism in narrative?

Express the author's sincere and profound feelings, arouse the feelings of readers, and make the article have strong appeal. 20. What are the types and functions of the description? 1) Character description (2) Appearance description (3) Attitude description (4) Action description (5) Language (dialogue) description (7) Psychology description (8) Scenery description (9) Scene description (10) Environment description (1/kloc-

The function of scenery description: (1) Explain the background (2) Promote the plot development (3) Render the atmosphere (4) Highlight the character's personality (5) Contrast the character's mood. What are the types and functions of the environment? (1) Natural environment: Explain the time and place of the story and the space for the characters' activities, and set off the emotions of the characters. (2) Social environment: explain the social background and characteristics of the times, contrast the characters' character, promote the plot development and reveal the theme of the article. 26. What parts does the plot consist of? (preface) beginning, development, climax, ending (ending) 27 Continue to write the end of the novel: continue to write according to the law of the development of the novel story, which should be concise, implicit, philosophical and thought-provoking.

Review of the knowledge of expository writing style: (1) The concept of expository writing is to clarify the content and form, essence and law of things by objectively explaining their appearance, structure, nature, characteristics, scope, categories, sources, reasons, relationships and functions. Its characteristics are: highly scientific content, clear structure, rigorous language and outstanding practicality. (2) Explanatory writing and narrative writing have different purposes. The purpose of expository writing is to teach people with knowledge, while narrative writing is to teach people with emotion. ② The content of writing is different. Narrative writing mainly focuses on writing people, taking notes, writing scenes and objects, while explanatory writing mainly focuses on explaining things, clarifying things and introducing knowledge. (3) Different ways of expression, narrative mainly adopts narrative and description methods, supplemented by discussion and lyricism; The explanation mainly adopts the method of introduction, generally without discussion and lyric. (3) Classification of expository texts According to different objects, expository texts can be divided into two types: narrative texts and narrative texts. (1) Things explain things explain the state, nature and function of things. (2) the explanation of things. The key point of explaining things is to clarify things. (4) The structure of the explanation text can be roughly divided into several forms: parallel, coherent, progressive and total score. The total score structure can be divided into three forms: total score, score-score and total score-score. (5) The order of explanation should be orderly, which is a necessary condition to make the explanation more organized. There are three common interpretation orders: chronological order, spatial order and logical order. (1) Time sequence shows that time sequence is similar to narrative. (2) Spatial order Spatial order should pay special attention to clarifying the position of space, and pay attention to the inside and outside, size, up and down, front and back, left and right, east and west, north and south, etc. Spatial order is often used to explain the structure of buildings and the shape of physical things. (3) Logical order Logical order is often expressed through the process of reasoning. It can be divided into several categories: from cause to effect, from whole to part, from main to secondary, from generalization to concrete, from phenomenon to essence. Logical order is often used to introduce the nature, types, principles and functions of things and explain the essence of things. Logical order often conforms to the internal relations of objective things or events and the laws of human logical thinking. (6) Interpretation In order to make things clear, or to explain things clearly, there must be an appropriate explanation. Common explanations include examples, classification, numbering, comparison, drawing charts, definition, explanation, analogy and imitation. The best method should be chosen according to the object of explanation and the purpose of writing. The following focuses on several interpretation methods:

(1) is a representative and appropriate example to illustrate. This is the most commonly used explanation method, and examples are often preceded by signs such as "Ru", "Example" and "Ru". The function of examples is to reflect the general situation and explain things truly and powerfully.

(2) Classification is to divide things into several categories according to certain standards. (3) The numerator uses numbers to describe the characteristics of things. If the numbers in the article are not used to explain the characteristics of things, they are generally not called "column number" interpretation.

(4) Comparison is to compare things with external or internal connections. Comparison includes analogy or contrast. The analogy of similar things is to illustrate the similarities, and the comparison of different things is to highlight the differences. As a comparative interpretation method, it can simplify the complex, simplify the complex, explain things more clearly and vividly, and enhance the interpretation effect. ⑤ Drawing a chart refers to explaining things with schematic diagrams, tables and charts. ⑤ Definition We often use formulaic statements to express "What is so-and-so" or "What is so-and-so's name". Definition should be rigorous and scientific, not all judgments are definitions. It seems that explanatory and descriptive languages are not definitions, and definitions are often opposite. The function of definition is to explain the essential characteristics of things accurately and concisely, which belongs to general description. Interpretation is a way to explain things, such as "iron is silvery white metal". 8 metaphor is to use well-known things and take their similarities for analogy. The function is to increase the vividness and vividness of the explanation. An explanatory article rarely uses a single explanation method, and often uses multiple explanations to better explain things. On the one hand, we should obey the needs of the content, on the other hand, the author also has the freedom to choose. Whether to adopt one interpretation method or multiple interpretation methods; This interpretation method or that interpretation method can be used flexibly, not necessarily the same. (7) Explain the language features of the text ① The accuracy of the language. Time, space, quantity, scope, degree, characteristics, nature, procedures, etc. All require accuracy. An objective reflection. One is one, and the other is two. It is not exaggerated, not narrowed, unambiguous, clear and clear, and only seeks "words" and does not seek polishing. The conciseness of language means conciseness, clarity and unambiguous, and making the meaning clear with the least words. Don't say anything that can or can't be said, and carry as much information as possible in as few languages as possible. 2. The key reading of explanatory text should pay attention to the characteristics of accuracy, clarity, order and plain and rigorous explanation. When reading the narrative, we should pay attention to the characteristics of highlighting the main points, sticking to the center, highlighting the main line and being concise and lively in style. When reading practical exposition, we should pay attention to its characteristics of accuracy, strictness, conciseness and emphasis. (1) The feedback expository that explains the object and characteristics is a style that introduces and explains objective things and things. It needs a direct explanation of the characteristics of things. The so-called feature refers to the sign that this thing is different from other things. The introduction or explanation of features generally does not require us to describe the image or express any opinions. The characteristics of the object to be explained are always the core of explanation, whether it is a descriptive article or a descriptive article. Only by grasping the characteristics of the explained object can we better understand the explained things and things. To correctly grasp the characteristics of expository writing, we can often consider the following aspects: ① Distinguish the types of expository writing. Because of the different objects of description, the description text should include both the description text of things and the description text of things. Generally speaking, the description of things is often explained from the shape, nature, orientation, structure, category, function and other aspects of things; Explanatory articles of reasons often explain from the aspects of concept, principle, reason, law and connection. Therefore, only by distinguishing the types of expository texts and classifying them into large categories can we know exactly where they are explained, which is the basis of mastering relevant methods. (2) Being able to accurately grasp the object. Explanatory articles about things should first understand what the article is explaining through reading. On the premise of understanding the object of explanation, we can talk about grasping its characteristics. For the explanatory text of rationality, we can find out what kind of rationality it is explaining by reading. Pay attention to the key sentences and central sentences in the article. In order to clearly and accurately explain the characteristics of things in the article, the author will put the sentences about the characteristics of things in a prominent position. Generally speaking, put it at the beginning of the article or before the festival. However, due to the different modes of each article and the considerations of different authors, sometimes a feature of the previous section will appear at the beginning of the next section or at the end of the article. But in any case, the central sentence is generally clear and concise. Therefore, grasping the central sentence and finding the key sentence is an effective way for us to quickly grasp the characteristics of the things we explain. (4) With the help of the description, summarize the characteristics of things. Not every article can find a general sentence that clearly explains its characteristics, and there may not even be a central sentence or a key sentence in a prominent position. In this case, we should study the text and refine its features on the basis of analysis and induction. Sometimes, things have more than one characteristic, so we should pay full attention to it when learning, otherwise the content of induction will be incomplete. ⑤ With the help of certain interpretation methods, the characteristics of interpretation are reflected. In fact, this is a method of deduction from the perspective of writing expository texts. Because the author wants to better explain a certain feature of something, he must use certain interpretation methods. 2) Identification and function of interpretation methods In interpretation, the author often uses certain interpretation methods to accurately and effectively explain some features of things and achieve the purpose of interpretation. There are many ways to explain, mainly three: example, figure and contrast. Illustration is one of the most basic interpretation methods in interpreting texts. It is to concretize and visualize what is explained through concrete and representative examples. It can give people concrete, substantial and perceptible effects. Because some things can only give people a rough impression and outline the concept through simple explanation of words, at this time, the author often uses examples to play the role of accurate inspiration, making abstract things concrete and boring content vivid. When illustrating with examples, sometimes words such as "Ru", "Ru" and "Ru" appear in order to highlight key points and attract readers' attention. But sometimes some narrative words with these words will appear in the text, not all of which are explanatory methods and must be identified. (2) Column number interpretation is also a common method in all kinds of expository texts. Because of the use of numbers, both form and function are obvious in the explanatory text. Sometimes it is also called "quoting evidence" and "quoting figures". It often illustrates the characteristics of things through numbers, giving people a concrete and accurate impression in quantity. However, it should be noted that not all the figures in this paper belong to the interpretation method of column number, and the key is to see if they are explaining the characteristics of things. The appearance of numbers that have nothing to do with the characteristics of things cannot be used as an explanation method for the number of columns. ③ Comparative interpretation is an important interpretation method often used in expository texts. It is often said that only comparison can distinguish. Comparison is one of the effective ways for us to know things. The characteristics of things and some relationships between things can often be revealed by comparison, from difficult to easy to understand, from vague to clear, from abstract to perceptual. However, the comparative interpretation method is sometimes not easy to be noticed in the text, so special attention should be paid to it. Generally speaking, when using this method, things are always comparable, so some words such as "compared with ...", "several times (a fraction) of ..." and "greater than ..." often appear in the text, but not necessarily. The key is to read it carefully and master its characteristics. ④ Other interpretation methods include analogy, classification, reference (reference data), list and definition. In a word, the application of these interpretation methods can popularize profound truth, simplify complex knowledge, concretize abstract content and visualize rational content. (3) The analysis of language accuracy shows that the accuracy of written language is often reflected in some adverbs, conjunctions, adjectives, quantifiers and restrictive words and phrases. The purpose of descriptive language is to emphasize accuracy, clarity and conciseness, so as to better explain the characteristics of things and the relationship between things. Therefore, we must pay attention to the specific application and expression of descriptive language. ① Grasp and understand the meaning of words as a whole, and pay special attention to the choice of synonyms. Because of the different objects to be explained, the specific use of nouns and terms should be quite accurate. When reading and practicing, you should contact the object and its characteristics. On the basis of overall reading, we should pay attention to the choice of its function, which can not be arbitrarily determined or denied. Instead, we should think twice and make a decision according to the specific language environment, including the analysis and ponder of the context. ② Correctly understand the specific functions of keywords in different aspects. The accuracy, conciseness and preciseness of the explanation language are also reflected in the good use of modification, restriction and supplementary components. We should properly use some grammar knowledge and carefully understand the author's intention of using words. Generally, adjectives, quantifiers, adverbs and conjunctions act as these components, such as "most of Japan's oil transportation passes through the Straits of Malacca", "It was the longest stone arch in the world at that time", "There are two main ways to attack sandstorms", "Silk is generally only one thousandth of an inch thick", "Absorbing water and nourishing food is one of the main functions of roots" and "Grassland has become a natural muffler and vacuum cleaner". Only in this way can we appreciate the accuracy of descriptive words. It is helpful to improve our understanding of the article and our language expression ability. Seemingly vague language actually reflects the objective existence of things. Let's look at the example first: "The grassland temperature is ten degrees lower than ordinary cement". Why not write "more than ten degrees" as a specific and exact degree? That's because the temperature of grassland and cement floor itself is often influenced by external factors such as environment and climate, and it can't be a constant. There are many seemingly vague languages, such as "possible" and "almost" ... This paper uses these vague languages to reflect the actual existence of things or people's understanding of things, especially some things themselves are still in a period of change and development, sometimes limited by the scientific level of manpower and material resources, and some objective things need further understanding and discovery. If you are too absolute and too sure, it will violate the accuracy of the interpretation language and the authenticity of objective facts. Therefore, when we look at the accuracy of explanatory language, we should still grasp the most fundamental one, that is, objectively and accurately reflect the true face of things and express them clearly and appropriately. (4) Understanding and identifying the sequence of interpretation One of the characteristics of interpretation is "speaking in sequence". Any explanatory text always introduces the shape, nature and structure of things in a certain order, or explains the causes, functions and relationships of things. When reading, if we understand these sequences, it will help us to grasp the author's thinking and grasp the characteristics of the things being explained. The common order of interpretation generally includes the following three types: ① spatial order. Objects always have a certain spatial form, and complex things must be composed of multiple faces. To explain the composition of an object, it will inevitably involve the spatial position. Spatial order introduces things from top to bottom, from front to back, from outside to inside, or radiating from a central point in all directions. Generally speaking, the introduction of substantive things, including the structure or layout of buildings and places of interest, is mostly in this order. In this way, complex things can be clearly explained, and readers can have a clear and concrete understanding of the overall appearance and spatial distribution of things. Using this order, directional words such as "East", "West", "South", "Inside", "Outside", "Left", "Up" and "Down" often appear in the text. ② Time sequence. This refers to a series of explanations arranged in chronological order. When introducing things, some articles are in the order of things' development, some articles are in the time order from morning till night and from ancient times to the present, and some articles will follow the steps of making something or the evolution order of something ... Generally speaking, this order is often used when introducing the occurrence, development, evolution, process and method of objects. The advantages of this sequence are: clear flow, clear clues and clear and orderly vertical arrangement. In general use, there will be symbolic words indicating time or sequence in the text. ③ Logical order. Logical order refers to an order in which things are explained according to their internal relations or people's understanding of things. Commonly used logical order includes the following six kinds: from phenomenon to essence, from cause to result, from feature to use, from whole to part, from generalization to concrete (or from general to individual), from main to secondary. This order often appears in general rational discourse. In particular, the use of logical order can make complex things clear and help explain and reveal the internal relations of things. In a word, mastering the language with certain symbolic function when reading can analyze the order of instructions more smoothly. It is worth noting that the order of explanation should be understood locally and grasped as a whole. An explanatory article often uses not only one order of explanation, but also several orders according to the needs of explanation. Only by analyzing the structure and paragraphs of the article can we find and summarize the order on the basis of summarizing the meaning of the paragraphs. In other words, we should not only grasp the overall interpretation order of the article, but also grasp the local interpretation order at all levels in order to truly understand and grasp the object of interpretation. The function of a sentence in the Chinese answer formula (1): 1, the beginning of the text: the opening point; Render the atmosphere (prose), pave the way (narrative), and set suspense (novel, but not tested in Shanghai) as the auxiliary paving way for the following; Below the general collar; 2. In the text: connecting the preceding with the following; Below the general collar; Summarize the above; 3. At the end of the article: point out the center (prose); Deepen the theme (narrative); The beginning of reference (argumentative, narrative, novel) (2) the function of rhetoric: (1) its own function; (2) Combined with sentence context 1, metaphor and personification: vivid answer format: vivid writing+object+feature. 2, parallelism: momentum, focus, one-stop answer format: focus+object+feature 3; Questioning: arouse readers' attention and thinking; Answer format: arouse readers' attention and thinking about+object+characteristics; Rhetorical question: emphasis, emphasis, etc. 4. Contrast: emphasize ... highlight ... when answering questions, reveal the target, and then clear the sentence. (4) Can one word in a sentence be replaced by another? Why? Verb:No. Because this word accurately, vividly and concretely writes the adjective:No. Because this word vividly describes adverbs (such as Du, Da Du, Very Only, etc. ): no. Because this word accurately describes the situation of … (table degree, table limit, table time, table range, etc.). ), after the change, it becomes ... not in line with the facts. (5) Can the order of two or three words in a sentence be reversed? Why? I can't. Because: (1) does not conform to the law of people's understanding of things (from shallow to deep, from surface to inside, from phenomenon to essence). (2) There is a one-to-one correspondence between this word and the above. (3) These words are progressive, interlocking and cannot be interchanged. (6) Duan Yi Summary 1. Narrative: Answer clearly (when and where) who did what. Format: (time+place)+people+things. 2. Description: The answer clearly explains what the object is and what its characteristics are. Format: explanation (introduction)+explanation object+explanation content (characteristics) 3. Discuss the article: clearly answer what the question is and what the author thinks. Format: What demonstration method is used to prove+argument? As for evaluating the ideological content of poetry and the author's attitude, it includes summarizing the main idea of the work, analyzing the social reality reflected by the work, and pointing out its positive significance or limitations. In short, the first step to appreciate ancient poetry is to grasp the content of poetry from the following aspects: 1 Read the title and comments carefully; 2. Analyze the image; 3. Taste the artistic conception; 4 contact the author. Step 2, find out the skills: 1 Grasp the image features; 2. Differentiate expression skills; 3 Explain the expression function. First one? Sword? What's the problem? Summarize the main ideas; 2 contact background; 3 distinguish between primary and secondary; 4. Comprehensive evaluation. (1) The artistic technique of distinguishing "ways and techniques", also known as expression techniques, includes: ① expression: narration, description, lyricism, discussion and explanation. (2) Expression techniques: arousing, associating, setting off, suppressing, caring, being positive, symbolizing, contrasting, changing from reality to emptiness, combining reality with reality, using allusions, expressing one's mind directly, expressing feelings by borrowing scenery, blending scenes, expressing ideas by borrowing the past, satirizing the present, turning motion into stillness, combining motion with motion, seeing the big from the small, and getting to the point. Rhetoric: metaphor, metonymy, exaggeration, duality, contrast, analogy, parallelism, rhetorical question, quotation, irony and repetition.