Generally, the purpose, experimental methods, results and final conclusions of the research work should be explained, with emphasis on the results and conclusions. Generally speaking, Chinese abstracts do not exceed 300 words, and foreign abstracts do not exceed 250 substantive words. Figures, tables, chemical structures, symbols and terms that are not widely known and commonly used are not used in the abstract unless absolutely necessary. You can start a new page before the title page (this page has no text), and the abstract of an academic paper is generally placed after the title and author and before the text of the paper.
Abstracts of papers are also called abstracts and executive summaries. It is a short article, which concisely and accurately describes the important contents of the literature, without comments or supplementary explanations. Its basic elements include research objectives, methods, results and conclusions. Specifically, it is the main object and scope of research work, the means and methods adopted, the achievements and important conclusions obtained, and sometimes other important information with intelligence value. It should be self-evident and have the same amount of information as the literature, that is, you can get the necessary information without reading the full text. Needless to say, it needs to be scrutinized word by word. The content must be complete, specific and obvious. Although the English abstract is based on the Chinese abstract, it should consider the needs of readers who can't read Chinese, and the substantive content can't be omitted.
Secondly, the classification of abstracts.
According to different contents, abstracts can be divided into the following three categories: reportorial abstracts, indicative abstracts and reportorial-indicative abstracts.
(1) report summary: Also known as informative summary or informative summary, it is characterized by a comprehensive and concise summary of the purpose, methods, main data and conclusions of the paper. Usually, this abstract can partially replace reading the full text.
(2) Indicative abstract: also often called explanatory abstract, descriptive abstract or argumentative abstract. Generally, only two or three sentences are used to summarize the theme of the paper, and arguments and conclusions are not involved. Mostly used for summary, meeting report, etc. This abstract can be used to help potential readers decide whether they need to read the full text.
(3) Report-indicative summary: the part of the document with high information value is expressed in the form of report summary, and the rest is expressed in the form of indicative summary.
Third, the writing of abstract.
At present, most papers published in China journals use reportable abstracts. That includes the purpose, methods, results and conclusions of the paper. However, the abstract of graduation thesis is mostly an indicative abstract, which summarizes the theme and main content of the article. In the process of writing an indicative abstract, the author should first briefly introduce the writing background of the paper, then briefly introduce the main content of the article, mainly the outline of the article, and finally introduce the research significance of the article.
Four. Matters needing attention in writing abstract of paper
(1) What has become common knowledge in this field should be excluded from the abstract; Never write what should appear in the introduction into the abstract; Generally don't interpret and comment on the content of the paper (especially self-evaluation).
(2) Don't simply repeat the existing information in the topic. For example, if the title of an article is "Study on Rhizome Formation in Vitro Culture of Several Orchids from China", then don't write at the beginning of the abstract: "For.
(3) Rigorous structure, concise expression and exact semantics. What to write first, then what to write, should be arranged in logical order. Sentences should be coherent and echo each other. Use long sentences with caution and keep them as simple as possible. Every sentence should be clear, and there should be no vague, general or vague words, but the abstract is a complete essay after all, and telegraph writing is not enough. The abstract is not segmented.
(4) Use the third person. It is suggested that the description methods such as "research …", "report …" and "investigation …" should be used to indicate the nature and theme of the literature at one time, instead of "this article" and "author" as subjects.
(5) Standardized terms should be used instead of symbols and terms that are not widely known and commonly used. If there are new terms or no suitable Chinese terms, you can indicate the original text in brackets or after translation.
(6) In addition to being really inflexible, mathematical formulas and chemical structural formulas are generally not used, and there are no illustrations and tables.
(7) Unless the literature confirms or denies the published works of others, there is no need to cite them.
(8) Abbreviations, abbreviations and codes can be clearly understood by readers of adjacent majors ... >; & gt
Question 2: How to write the abstract of the article? What has become common sense in this discipline should be excluded; Never write what should appear in the introduction into the abstract; Generally don't interpret and comment on the content of the paper (especially self-evaluation). 2) Don't simply repeat the existing information in the topic. For example, if the title of an article is "Study on Rhizome Formation in Vitro Culture of Several Orchid Seeds in China", then don't write at the beginning of the abstract: "For the 3 with strict structure, concise expression and exact semantics. What to write first, then what to write, should be arranged in logical order. Sentences should be coherent and echo each other. Use long sentences with caution and keep them as simple as possible. Every sentence should be clear, and there should be no vague, general or vague words, but the abstract is a complete essay after all, and telegraph writing is not enough. The abstract is not segmented. 4) Use the third person. It is suggested that the description methods such as "research …", "report …" and "investigation …" should be used to indicate the nature and theme of the literature at one time, instead of "this article" and "author" as subjects. 5) Standardized terms should be used instead of symbols and terms that are not well known and commonly used. If there are new terms or no suitable Chinese terms, you can indicate the original text in brackets or after translation. 6) In addition to being really inflexible, mathematical formulas and chemical structural formulas are generally not used, and there are no illustrations and tables. 7) Don't quote other people's published works unless the literature confirms or denies them. 8) Abbreviations, abbreviations and codes must be explained when they first appear, except those that can be clearly understood by adjacent professional readers. Other matters that should be paid attention to when writing scientific papers, such as adopting legal units of measurement, using language and punctuation correctly, are also applicable to the preparation of abstracts. At present, the main problems in writing are: incomplete elements, or lack of purpose, or lack of methods; Citation is not independent and self-evident; Improper simplification.
Question 3: How to write an abstract is the common language of the paper. Although it is not long, it is the essence of a paper. Generally, it consists of four elements: the object, method, result and conclusion of specific research.
Object: It is the specific scope of the research and investigation of the paper, reflecting the content of the paper and the main problems to be solved.
Methods: It refers to various methods used in the research of the research object, such as principles, theories, conditions, materials and technologies. This is a necessary means to complete the research object.
Results: It is the result, effect and data obtained by the author's experiment and research on the research object by using the research method, and it has been confirmed.
The relationship, etc. Is the result of scientific research.
Conclusion: It is the author's analysis and research on the results, the summary of the results, the reliability, practicality and innovation of the research results, the value and academic level of the paper research, and the embodiment that determines the value of the paper.
Question 4: How to write the abstract of the paper?
Papers usually have abstracts, some for international communication, and foreign language (mostly English) abstracts. It is a brief statement of the content of the paper, without comments or comments. Other uses are to obtain necessary information without reading the full text of the paper.
The abstract shall include the following contents:
① The purpose and significance of this study;
(2) the main content of the study, which shows what has been done;
(3) The basic conclusions and research results highlight the originality of the paper;
④ The significance of the conclusion or result.
Although the abstract of the paper should reflect the above contents, the text must be very concise, the content should be fully summarized, and the length is generally limited to less than 5% of the words in the paper. For example, a 6000-word paper usually has an abstract of no more than 300 words.
Don't give examples, talk about the research process, use charts, give chemical structures, and make self-evaluation. The common problems in writing the abstract of a paper are as follows: 1. Plagiarizing the subtitle (table of contents) or the text of the conclusion part of the paper; Second, the content is not centralized and the text is too long.
Question 5: How to write the abstract of the article? Select the highlights of the article and then annotate and write personal feelings to connect with reality. Before that, you should also try to figure out the author's mind, style and meaning, praise the author first or express your understanding or appreciation of the present sentence, but the field is free and properly connected with reality. . . . Anyway, that's what I am
Question 6: How to write the abstract of the paper? Generally, there should be abstracts, some for international communication, and some in foreign languages (mostly in English)
Text) abstract. It is a brief statement of the content of the paper, without comments or annotations. Other uses are not reading.
You can get the necessary information by reading the full text of the paper.
It should include the following contents: ① the purpose and significance of this study; (2) the main content of the study, which shows what has been done; (3) The basic conclusions and research results highlight the originality of the paper; ④ The significance of the conclusion or result.
Although the abstract of the paper should reflect the above contents, the text must be very concise and content.
It also needs to be fully summarized.
The length of a paper is generally limited to 5% of the number of words in the paper.
For example, a 6000-word paper usually has an abstract of no more than 300 words.
Don't give examples, don't talk about the research process, don't use charts and figures, and don't give them to culture.
Learn the structure, don't make self-evaluation.
[example]
Topic: the influence of celestial bodies on the acceleration of gravity of the earth.
Abstract: The acceleration of the earth's gravity is an extremely important physical quantity. With the improvement of the accuracy of gravity acceleration measurement, the influence of celestial bodies on the earth's gravity acceleration must be considered. This paper introduces the basic concept of celestial bodies (including the sun, the moon and the planets of the solar system) influencing the acceleration of the earth's gravity, and deduces the calculation formula of the influence. Through error analysis, it is proved that the relative error of this formula is less than 1× 10-9, which can fully meet the requirements of modern precision gravity acceleration measurement.
Common mistakes in abstract writing,
One is to copy the subtitle in the text of the paper.
(Table of Contents) or the text at the end of the paper; Second, the content is not centralized and the text is too long.
Question 7: What does "article abstract" mean? How to write a good abstract means that the content is concise, comprehensive, the center is clear and the focus is clear. Specifically, it can be written as: describe the important content of the essay concisely, concisely and accurately without comments or supplementary explanations. The basic elements are: research purpose, methods, results and conclusions. Do you understand?
Question 8: How to write an abstract should be the outline of the content of the paper or the refinement of the author's point of view. You can let people know what your paper has written by reading your abstract. According to the requirements of current periodical standards, ............................................................................................................................................................. should not write the word' this article' from this article. . . Writing an abstract from this perspective can directly define the content or viewpoint.