First, in the translation of related medical papers, to achieve accurate ideographic meaning, we must understand the knowledge of related fields and master the Chinese and English expressions of the same concept skillfully.
Only by mastering the language can we convey the language information of both parties, but the flexibility and accuracy of using the language will be greatly limited. To solve this problem, the translator should be familiar with the relevant knowledge as much as possible. For example, in the process of translation, knowing the relevant knowledge is of great help to the translator's language understanding and the translation quality of medical papers.
Second, the translation criteria for the translation of medical papers.
The translation standard of medical papers is the standard of translation practice and the measure of translation quality. There have always been many references about translation standards. Some advocate "faithfulness, expressiveness and elegance", while others advocate "faithfulness and expressiveness" and so on. But one thing is the same, that is, all translations should include the ideological content of the original text and the language form of the translation.
& gt Therefore, two criteria should be followed in the translation of medical papers:
& gt( 1) loyalty. We should be faithful to the original content, express the original content accurately, completely and scientifically, and there should be no tampering, distortion, omission or arbitrary addition or deletion. Content usually refers to the facts described in the text, the facts explained, and the thoughts, viewpoints, positions and feelings reflected by the author in the process of narration, explanation and description.
> (2) fluency. The translation language of medical papers must be fluent and understandable, conform to the norms, use words and sentences in line with the national language habits, and use national, scientific and popular languages to be fluent and understandable. There can be no unreasonable arts and sciences, chaotic structure, word-for-word translation, blunt and obscure phenomena.
Third, the process should reflect the characteristics of language structure.
(A) Lexical features
1. means evolution. The professional vocabulary of medical paper translation usually appears in a specific field, which is generally divided into two categories: one is the unique vocabulary of a certain profession, which generally has the characteristic that one word corresponds to one meaning; There is also a professional vocabulary that evolved from ordinary vocabulary. This kind of vocabulary is polysemy, and it must be comprehensively analyzed by using linguistic knowledge and professional knowledge in order to enrich and expand it in translation practice.
2. Affixes. For example, from the etymological point of view, Greek and Latin morphemes account for a very high proportion in medical English vocabulary. According to the statistics of Oscar E.Nybaken, about 46% of the 10,000 medical words come from Latin; 7.2% comes from Greek, and Greek and Latin morphemes are the important basis of medical English vocabulary. Greek and Latin affixes are rich, and each affix has a fixed meaning, which can form countless new words with different stems.
3. Verbs often use standard written language. English vocabulary can be divided into ordinary vocabulary and formal vocabulary according to stylistic features. The most common word is native English, which is often used in spoken English and literary works, while the most formal word is loanwords, which are often used in more formal articles such as science and technology, economy and politics.
(B) the widespread use of nominalization structure
1. nominalization is one of the characteristics of medical paper translation, because the style requires concise writing, objective expression, accurate content and large amount of information, and emphasizes existing facts rather than a certain behavior.
2. Use a lot of long sentences and attributive clauses.
Long sentences and attributive clauses are widely used in the translation of medical papers, which play the role of connecting information and emphasizing information in argumentation.
Nouns are often used as attributes and abbreviations. The translation of medical papers requires concise text and compact structure, and nouns are often used as attributes and abbreviations, which simplifies sentence patterns and increases information density.
4. Passive voice is widely used. Narrative reasoning, objectivity and accuracy are emphasized in medical papers. First, two people say that overuse can lead to subjective assumptions. Therefore, try to use the third person narrative and adopt the passive voice.
Fourthly, the translation methods of medical theory translation.
In order to improve the translation quality and make the translation reach the two standards of accuracy and fluency, it is necessary to use the translation skills of medical papers. The translation skills of medical papers refer to the methods of making sentences with words in the process of translation, such as the extension, increase and decrease of word meaning, the transformation of part of speech, and the translation methods of domain terms.
(1) extension method. When translating medical papers, sometimes some words can't find proper meanings in English dictionaries. If mechanical translation or word-for-word translation, the translation of medical papers will be blunt and obscure, unable to accurately express the original intention, and even lead to misunderstanding. At this time, we can flexibly choose suitable Chinese words or phrases for translation without deviating from the English meaning.
(2) Translation of additional words. Because there are many differences between English and Chinese in terms of words, sentence structure and expression, it is often necessary to add some words that are not in the original text when translating medical papers, so as to make the translation smooth and express the meaning of the original text more faithfully. There are two kinds of translation of additional words. One is based on the needs of meaning or rhetoric, such as adding words to express temporal meaning and adding words to express the object meaning implied by English intransitive verbs. The other is to add the omitted words in the original sentence according to the needs of syntax.
(3) Omission of translation. Omission translation means omitting some words from the original text to make the translation conform to language habits.
(4) When translating parts of speech into English, it is often necessary to translate words belonging to one part of speech in English sentences into Chinese words of another part of speech, so as to make the translation fluent and natural and conform to Chinese expression habits. This translation method is called part-of-speech conversion, or part-of-speech conversion for short.
(5) Translation of technical terms in the field. There are a lot of terms in the translation of medical papers, which are scientific and professional. There are four translation methods of domain terms: free translation, transliteration, pictographic translation and prototype translation.
In short, the translation of medical papers needs professional medical knowledge and the accumulation of a large number of academic terms.
I hope I can help you, or I can go to relevant institutions to help you.