The meaning of a word
First, the meaning is enlarged. Some words in Hanyin dialect have wider meanings than those in Mandarin. For example:
Eating-In Hanyin dialect, all mouth movements can be expressed by the word "eating": eating, smoking, tea, medicine and feasting; Eat plums, ie forget your lines when you speak or speak. There are also figurative meanings: eating people's children (it is not convenient to say that they have suffered losses) and eating black goods (taking bribes). "Eat" and read qia2 1.
Nose-In Hanyin dialect, besides nose, it also refers to snot and tears. A runny nose means a runny nose Crying means crying with tears.
Mosquito-when used alone, it refers to mosquitoes and flies. When referring to it, you should add a prefix, such as excrement mosquito (green fly), rice mosquito (fly), milk mosquito (cow fly) and night mosquito (mosquito), and "mosquito" is pronounced as men44.
Second, the meaning is narrowed. Some words in Hanyin dialect have less meaning than those in Mandarin. For example:
Rice-Hanyin dialect refers to dry rice except for dinner (breakfast, lunch and dinner). Rice porridge can't be called rice, only rice soup. The filtered juice from fishing rice is called "rice soup". Noodles and rice are called noodles (noodles), steamed buns, wonton (like wonton in the north), mixed soup, chicken head and lollipop (sound biang2 1). Cooked corn food is called corn rice, corn rice soup (porridge), corn paste belly (paste), corn flour bun and so on.
Millet-especially rice. Especially add prefixes, such as rice valley, wine valley, millet and corn.
Wheat-especially wheat. Other wheat should be put in front, such as barley, oats and buckwheat.
Third, the transfer of meaning. Hanyin dialect has a rich vocabulary to describe metaphor, including nouns, verbs and adjectives. The meaning of these words has deviated from the literal meaning, so they are classified as "meaning-changing" word formation. For example:
1, use sound to describe the meaning of words:
Xiangzi (carpenter's hatchet)
Kuang (a simple-minded person)
Consolidate the sense of taste (eating, derogatory)
Swish (fast)
Bang (kiss)
Let go (lia44 children are very close in their parents' arms)
Leather is smooth (well dressed)
Gadamasi (at sixes and sevens)
Don't stop doing (things will never be finished)
2. Metaphor the meaning of words with images.
Old pockmarked (a person who is experienced and capable, not old and has no pockmarked face)
Green mosquito (fly)
Seepage pit (person who drinks too much)
Red foot pole (layman)
Mountain (long axe for cutting trees)
Dibangzi (duet in southern Shaanxi)
Scissors (thief)
Radish flower (patients with ocular diseases)
Horse eye (poor quality)
Flip-flops (frustration in the middle of career)
Sit still (step backwards)
Ran2 1 gold
Manual filling (bribery)
Firecrackers (adulterer with daughter-in-law)
Guobake (adultery with sister-in-law)
Pickpocket (adultery with sister-in-law)
Qiu Laoyu (a non-existent person)
Bite ginger and drink vinegar, search holes and shoot snakes (fabricate facts and frame others)
Decocting, washing and grinding (life is thriving)
Beat shells (brag)
Plate leaf (beautiful)
The formation of two words
First, the modifier morphemes that express the degree of word formation are very vivid.
Hard, pus (very soft), round, flat, rolling (hot), cold, fragrant, smelly, sweet, bitter, wet, white, black, light, and mouth (spot).
Second, the morpheme order is reversed.
Happy (like), happy (happy), noisy (lively), guest (guest), healthy (healthy), lingering (wordy), cock (cock) and hemp (fast)
Third, nouns overlap.
AA style
1, monosyllabic nouns represent common appellations, and when they overlap, they represent nicknames. For example:
Brother, sister, father-in-law, grandma (lie44 lie), baby, dog.
2. Monosyllabic nouns refer to general things, and when they overlap, they refer to other names. For example:
Insects, worms, eggs, sparrows, eggs, potato chips, paper for everyone, Xin Wei Shu Xin Wei, eyes and eyes.
3. Monosyllabic nouns refer to general terms, and after overlapping, they refer to specific terms. For example:
Rice, plum, rice, water, medicine, horse, horse (toy horse or stick), bottle, wine bottle, jar, tea jar, leg, leg and leg.
4. When monosyllabic nouns overlap and affix "zi", the reference is often more specific and has the function of multiple references:
Boxes, cabinets, cabinets, pots, cans, ditches, ridges, ridges, sticks, sticks.
5. Monosyllabic nouns with "er" after overlapping represent nicknames or posthumous title. For example:
Babies, horses, horses, dogs, birds, flowers, flowers, buds, peas, baskets.
6. The original meaning of monosyllabic nouns after overlapping is different from that before overlapping. For example:
Rooster: the genitals of children. Breathing: Bad smell.
Mouth: the mouth of a container. Son: something granular, such as a rash on the body.
Foot: Remaining residue or liquid sediment.
AAB type
This is the modifier morpheme overlap of some formal nouns, which emphasizes the characteristics of noun overlap. For example:
Baba rice wine Kang Kang steamed bread Fan Fan hat pulling carriage rack pig hair wool.
Face salt, rain, fog and moon, blind heart, blind eyes, crooked mouth and lazy fields
ABB style
This is the morpheme overlap in the center of a partial formal noun, which indicates the plural of this partial formal noun.
Thin soup is tender. Xin Wei's broken baby, fresh fruit, big cow, broken cow, Ding Dingbai road is full of holes.
AABB type
Overlap means one thing. For example:
Hook Kan Kan hoof claw claw root slightly dish bowl soup tendon hanging.
Fourth, verb reduplication.
AA style
1, monosyllabic verbs become nouns after overlapping:
Barking: A toy that can bark-a dog barks.
Rolling: wheel seal: official seal shovel: scraping shovel system: urinal system seal: footprint seal
2. When monosyllabic verbs overlap, it means that the action continues:
Running, walking, relaxing, raising fish, making flowers, boxing and stretching your legs.
AABB type
Cry, cry, scold, hang up, pretend to be a whole (prepare)
ABAB type
Pinma Pinma (taste) can touch (estimate)
Jing You Jing You (Service) Cuisine Cuisine
inverted
I am willing to talk about it, bully it, bully it, look at it (as close as possible), weave it backwards, chew it backwards (gossiping crazily).
VXVX type
Pick, travel and plant (catch)
I like selling white clothes, throwing bodies and sticking my lips.
One v one v type
Pull, pull, shake, limp, push, push and jump.
One V-shape and two V-shapes
One ancient evil (forced demand), one leveling, two adjusting, one stealing, two robbing, one crying, two making trouble and two covering.
Verb (abbreviation of verb) adjective reduplication
AA style
1, monosyllabic adjectives describe ordinary people, and the description degree is enhanced after overlapping.
A chubby doll and a red apple.
A sweet cane and a bowl of tea.
2. Monosyllabic adjectives overlap and become nouns related to the meaning of the adjective.
Bend: cut a bend to make a plow shaft tip: pinch the pea tip to make a bowl of soup.
Bai: Get some scrambled eggs with scallion.
Gua53 gua: These eggs are melons (chicks can't hatch).
Mia44 mia: Pick the rest of the little boys.
XA type
The former morpheme modifies the latter morpheme to enhance the degree of description.
The crimson song is dark, dull, sweet, floating and gently rolling (hot)
Bitter and salty seedlings are tender and smooth, and arrows are scorched.
AAB type
Withered, burnt, twisted, hemp and black make light hard and deep red.
Wet, smooth and thin ink, black and bright, big and generous.
ABB style
Oil stain, tender, Haloxylon ammodendron, stupid live bird, light bird, Dora Dong.
The muddy cave is soft and round, with green grass hanging.
AABB type
Silk grain is wide and wide, white and clean. Katherine Ma Lili.
Lazy, messy, colorful, Dora Dong
A Li AB type
Sparse (dirty) and reckless, timid and sloppy in the nest.
Mao plays in the wolf's cage and swings in the ocean.
Weird in Guri (Eight Weird in Guri) is a little clever in flowers and a little strange in essence.
Abu BB type
Dark, evil, dull, not sloppy, not funny.
Two don't stop, three don't fight, ten don't die, not stupid, not widowed, not Qiu Qiu
NANB type
Stretching the snake's crotch, pointed hair, seven strands of eight miscellaneous skins, a snake's big hole and thick skin.
AXXX type
Autumn is dark, evil is dull, black hemp is full, and the eight eccentrics in ancient times are Wujiaochang bows.
Quiet, dumb, crazy, angry, fooling around, rushing to pack eggs (derogatory)
Fluent in whoring (Bohemia) (well dressed)
Ball bomb 25 (random comment) Gadamahi (miscellaneous)
Sixth, affixes
1, the suffix "zi" is derogatory,
Liangliangzi (a clown) has eight faces (a straw bag)
Tongue catchers (stutterers) and ghost drills (loopholes)
2. The suffix of "goods" is derogatory,
Second-class goods (stupid ungrateful people)
Glass goods (fake goods) (people who can eat but can't do things)
3. The suffix "Lao" is derogatory.
Samba guy (a person who has never seen the world) delicious guy hunchback guy fire guy
The suffix "po" is derogatory (not necessarily referring to women)
Poke is a woman (a gossip) who knows a lot.
Evil bitch and evil bitch.
The suffix "ke" is derogatory.
A talker
6. The suffix of "Second Child" is derogatory.
Stick to the second child (bandit), whip the second child (thief), bend the second child (ghost) and become the second child (male)
Triple grammar
1. Dialect words related to syntax
1, the usage of the word "Tong":
(1) As a verb, the word "tong" is equivalent to the word "nothing" in Mandarin, and can be used as a sentence independently. For example:
(1) The room is crowded? Don't! (meaning "no one")
② Do supply and marketing cooperatives still use chemical fertilizers? Don't! (meaning "no fertilization")
It rained today, and I watched TV all day.
(2) The word "Tong" as an adverb indicates negation, which is equivalent to the word "Wei" in Mandarin, and can be used as a sentence independently.
1 Eat rice? Don't! (meaning "no food")
(2) Did you go to the scene? Don't! (meaning "not going to the scene")
(3) Fart Dad, 70-80 people get up every day to pick up shit. ("fart dad" means "unnecessary")
Comparison: Example 1 and "Tong"-"Tong Ren" is a verb-object phrase, so "Tong" is a verb.
Ex. 2: "Tong"-"All-in-one" is a phrase in form, so "Tong" is an adverb.
2. The usage of the word "inverted":
(1) As a tense auxiliary, the word "Dao" is equivalent to "zhe" in Mandarin. For example:
I feel sleepy when I eat backwards.
Be sure to fall asleep.
(3) The door opened and fell, the light opened and fell, and people saw it.
(2) As a preposition, the word "Dao" is equivalent to "zai" in Mandarin, which constitutes an object-object phrase and serves as a complement to time and place. For example:
I fell asleep this morning.
(2) He is a man who is drilled in the water by Maike.
(3) The electric baton presses the skull on the bed.
3. Usage of "ga": As a tense auxiliary word, "ga" is equivalent to "guo" and "le" in Mandarin.
For example:
(1) Eat? Eat clatter.
(2) Is the millet cracked? Click.
4. As an adverb, "za" is often used as a complement after verbs and adjectives to indicate the degree of strengthening the action or nature, for example:
(1) Killed three pigs in the New Year, and bacon ate people.
(2) It's tiring to move stones all day.
(3) When you walk for several years, you make people want to click.
(4) This disease has been clicked.
(5) A girl who looks like (qiang2 14) snapped up.
(6) The fruit exhibition makes people look beautiful.
5. As an adverb, "bu" is placed after adjectives and verbs as a post-adverbial, indicating the intensity of nature or action. The format is "adjective (verb)+no", for example:
It snows heavily today.
It's too hot in the dog days in June.
(3) itchy back.
(4) stomach pain.
(5) Fruit bowls are not spicy.
Comparison: "Guazhalie" in An dialect is equivalent to "No Zada" in Hanyin dialect.
Second, word order
1, a negative adverb is inserted into a verb, indicating the act of denying a verb:
Can't find (don't know) can't understand (don't know) can't eat (can't eat) can't eat (shouldn't eat).
Contrast: Hanyin dialect: can't find it; Ankang dialect: nothing; Nanzheng dialect: Xiao can't.
2. The object in the negative sentence comes first.
Say he won't win, fight him, but he can't help it.
3. Other formats
(1) You won the lottery today, so you have to invite my guests.
Sid (fortunately) I bought two bags of rice yesterday, and the price has gone up today.
Third, the expression of complement:
1, the expression of resultative complement: verb+inversion+complement.
(1) Make it clear.
(2) Listen carefully.
(3) Smile from ear to ear.
(4) do it.
(5) Long hand image.
(6) Don't stop when you are down.
2. Representation of possible complements: take "de" and "Dao" as possible complements in sentences.
(1) Do you want to eat potatoes with buds? Eat "Germany" (definitely). Eat "no" (negative).
(2) Do you know that something happened to Heiwazi who works in Guangzhou? Small (definitely). Find < fail > (negative number).
(3) It's getting dark. Did you see the puddle on the road? Look at the "inverted" click (affirmative). Look at "inversion" (negative).
(4) Do you understand inverted sentences? Understand "inversion" (affirmation). Do you understand "inversion" (negation)?
Fourthly, the expression of adverbial in Hanyin dialect. Some adverbials are usually placed before verbs in Putonghua, but they can be placed before subjects in Hanyin dialect.
1, the machete is mine, red and black, and he wants to say it's his (this machete is mine, but he insists it's his).
I didn't know how to drink, so he encouraged me to drink three times. I couldn't beat him, so I had to squint and drink three bubbles. (Hanyin dialect calls wine glasses wine bubbles)
Fifth, the expression of passive sentences in Hanyin dialect. Generally speaking, Hanyin dialect does not use the word "Bei" to express passivity, but uses the form of "Jiao" or "Jiao … Gei" to express passivity.
1, I was bitten by a snake.
This chicken was caught by the rock eagle.
He lost all the money he earned through his work.
Six, Hanyin dialect "ba" sentence:
1, use the words for automatic words, for example:
(1) I told you to throw people away.
(2) If people are busy for a few days.
(3) An accident happened to the Wangs, and two people died.
2. Put the word before the object.
(1) Did you sweep the floor?
(2) Did you run out of hundreds of dollars in just a few days?
Seven, the expression of existential sentences:
1, use the word "inverted" to indicate that something exists or appears outside. Read "handstand" softly.
(1) One person was trapped in bed.
(2) Stick a picture on the wall.
It is raining.
(4) How many fish are raised in the weir pond.
Use the word "ga" to indicate that something has disappeared somewhere. "Ga" read softly.
(1) A button has fallen off the coat.
A pig ran into the pigsty.
(3) I lost a few dollars in my pocket.
3. Use negative sentences to indicate that something exists or appears somewhere.
(1) A woman anxiously looks for her child. "Dog wretched, dog wretched?" The neighbor said, "If it weren't for your baby, it would have fallen asleep under the haystack." Your child is here.
(2) The fruit is not Changhong color TV. The Changhong color TV you want to buy is here. In daily conversation, "Guo Bu" is often used to indicate the presence or absence of an object.
Eight, the expression of interrogative sentences.
1, what is fruit? What's this? )
2. What's this? What's that? )
3. Who are you? A: Who are you? )
4. What are you doing? (What are you doing)
5. Do you want to do something? A: Can you do that? )
refer to
Introduction to Ankang Dialect Dictionary by Zhang Dexin, paper of the 11th annual meeting of the National Chinese Dialect Society, Xi, 200 1.
Dialectics of China by Li Rulong, Higher Education Press, 200 1.
You Rujie, A Course of Chinese Dialect, Shanghai Education Press, 2004.
Shao Jingmin's General Theory of Modern Chinese-Selected References, Shanghai Education Press, 2002.
Chinese Grammar in the Twentieth Century, edited by Chen Changlai, Shu Hai Publishing House, 2002.
Wang, Zhu, Bao Houxing and Xiong, eds. Modern Chinese Dialect Dictionary Xi Dialect Wuhan Dialect Changsha Dialect Nanchang Dialect (Volume I), Jiangsu Education Press, 2002.
Zhang Dexin's Hanyin County Records and Dialect Records, Shaanxi People's Publishing House, 199 1 year.
Local Records of Langao Dialect in Zhang Dexin, Shaanxi People's Publishing House, 1994.