I. Contents and functions of social security

The Decision of the Central Committee on Several Issues Concerning the Establishment of the Socialist Market Economic System points out that the social security system includes social insurance, social assistance, social welfare, special care and placement, social mutual assistance and personal savings accumulation guarantee. The article also points out that commercial insurance should be developed as a supplement to social security. Among them, social insurance is the core, social assistance belongs to the lowest level of social security, social welfare is the highest level of social security, and special care and resettlement play a role in stabilizing the lives of specific classes. This is a comprehensive and concrete exposition of China's social security system.

Social security system plays an important role in modern society and is called social security. Stabilizer ",economic operation. Shock absorber ",to achieve social justice. Regulator ". Accordingly. Social security mainly has the following functions: ensuring basic living and maintaining social stability; Adjust economic operation and promote economic development; Realize social equity.

Second, the characteristics and shortcomings of China's social security system

(a) The growth rate of social security expenses is lower than that of economic development.

The growth rate of social security expenses should be lower than the economic growth rate, and maintaining an appropriate ratio between them is conducive to sustained economic growth and social stability. Since the reform and opening up, the cost of social security has been developing at a faster rate than the economic growth, because the original social security in China lags behind the economic development seriously. However, with the development of economy and the further improvement of productivity, it should gradually fall below the speed of economic development.

(B) the level of development of social security areas is uneven

China's economic development presents a gradient development trend from east to west, and the level of economic development in the eastern region is obviously higher than that in the central and western regions. The regional development of social security is also extremely uneven. The per capita annual retirement pension in developed areas is higher than that in underdeveloped areas 16 1.5%. The gap between urban and rural social security levels in economically developed areas and underdeveloped areas is also that the former is much higher than the latter. The internal relationship between the regional differences of social security and the level of economic development shows that to improve the level of social security, we must vigorously develop the economy and improve economic benefits. However, in the short term, the extremely unbalanced development in this region will not change greatly, and it may expand. It is still a general trend that the level of social security in economically developed coastal areas is higher than that in remote areas in northwest and southwest China.

(C) The dual economic structure determines the dual pattern of social security in China.

Nearly 60% of the population in China is in rural areas, but the national income created by agriculture only accounts for 30% of the total national income. Nearly 40% of the urban population has created 70% of the national income. Developed urban economy and underdeveloped rural economy coexist, and modern industry and traditional agriculture coexist. This is a typical dual economic structure, which determines that the excessive difference between urban and rural areas in China restricts the improvement of the overall level of social security. The objective gap between urban and rural social security development level has a profound economic and social background and cannot be changed for a long time. Therefore, the reform and construction of urban and rural social security should also proceed from reality and develop a social security model that is compatible with the level of productivity. Only when the dual economic structure between urban and rural areas is solved and the agricultural population is reduced to less than 30% according to the modern national symbol, can the integration of urban and rural social security in China be realized.

Third, the main problems in China's social security system

With the transformation from planned economy to market economy. Especially after the deepening of the reform of the market economic system and the socialist market economic system became the target model of China's economic reform, there have been some problems in the social security system, which are embodied in the following aspects:

(A) the social security management system has not been straightened out.

One of the long-standing problems in the development of social security system in China is the unsatisfactory management system. The main reason is that there are many administrative departments and it is difficult to coordinate social security projects. In the old-age insurance system, the basic old-age insurance for enterprise employees and the old-age insurance for government agencies and institutions have long been managed by the Ministry of Labor and the Ministry of Personnel, and the treatment of retirees is too different. Therefore, it is necessary to establish a unified basic old-age insurance system covering all urban workers in a timely and step-by-step manner, with unified management and transparent implementation. The basic old-age insurance and supplementary insurance are not clearly defined, so we should gradually clarify the phenomenon that the basic old-age insurance is managed by departments according to the nature of ownership, and realize a harmonious and just old-age insurance system.

(2) The reform of some social security projects is lagging behind.

The reform of the national single security model of social security lags behind. In this case, in order to establish a social security system that meets the requirements of the socialist market economy, it is necessary to establish enterprise supplementary insurance and personal savings insurance in addition to reforming the original national security projects. In terms of social security, there is basically no problem of multi-level security for social relief projects that should still be fully borne by the state finance, but a multi-level security system must be established as soon as possible for pension and medical insurance.

Social security coverage is incomplete.

China's traditional social security projects mainly cover state-owned enterprises, and the reform of social security system is still going on in state-owned enterprises. The current unemployment insurance system is only applicable to state-owned enterprises, and the pilot reform of medical insurance is actually limited to state-owned enterprises. It is necessary to increase the participation rate of informal sector employment and flexible employment and increase their opportunities to participate in the insurance system. Therefore, the implementation of personal account system with good portability and high overall level can not only promote the free flow of labor force, remove obstacles between enterprises, departments and regions, but also open the way for the establishment of a unified national market and expand the participation rate and coverage of endowment insurance.

The overall level of social security is low and the principle of territoriality has not been implemented.

The security projects undertaken entirely by the government and the social insurance projects enforced by the state have a high level of overall planning and strong ability to resist risks. At present, the overall level of pension, unemployment and medical insurance in China is low to varying degrees. The basic old-age insurance is mainly based on the overall planning of cities and counties, and the economic benefits guaranteed are limited. Social relief, special care and resettlement, social welfare, etc. It has always been managed according to the territory. Pension and medical insurance projects highlight the issue of territorial management. In the process of changing from "enterprise self-protection" to social security, the basic old-age insurance system is divided into industry overall planning and local overall planning. It is prone to inequality between the rich and the poor, weakening the social and economic functions of the basic old-age insurance fund. Therefore, in order to better maintain long-term social stability under the condition of developing socialist market economy, the basic old-age insurance and medical insurance must adhere to the principle of territoriality.

(5) The collection and management of social security funds are still not in place.

At present, it is difficult to raise funds for social security in China. Social insurance funds mainly come from enterprises, workers and the government. One of them is. Enterprises are responsible for most of the financing. However, at present, most enterprises, especially state-owned enterprises, which occupy the main position in social insurance overall planning, are in a very depressed business. In the case of a relatively high collection ratio, enterprises can't pay the social insurance premiums in full and on time, and the paid-in rate is decreasing year by year, and the refusal rate or default rate is increasing year by year. At the same time, according to the audit and the inspection of the Ministry of Finance and the Ministry of Labor, there are various forms of misappropriation and misappropriation of funds, and some real estate investments are lost; Some exceed the standard extraction, and the management fee is too high, resulting in waste; Some banks withhold interest on funds deposited in financial accounts; Some public funds were kept in private, turned public into private, and even the unemployment insurance fund was misappropriated. In this regard, it is necessary to strengthen the connection between insurance payment and future payment, reshape and strengthen the highly transparent labor incentive mechanism. Set up a special escrow account. Put an end to misappropriation.

(6) Social security socialized service develops slowly.

Under the condition of socialist market economy. The relationship between employees and enterprises is a kind of labor contract relationship. Enterprises and employees make two-way choices to achieve employment through labor contracts. After the employee terminates the labor relationship with the enterprise, the enterprise has no obligation to undertake its life affairs unrelated to production and operation. Only in this way can state-owned enterprises get rid of the social affairs of enterprises and compete on an equal footing with enterprises of other economic types. Generally speaking, compared with the socialization of social security fund management, the socialization process of social security affairs management is slower.

Incorporate enterprise retirees into community management and further strengthen the basic work of socialized management services. The pilot cities of basic medical insurance for urban residents have expanded the functions of community platforms to provide basic services for residents' registration, payment and medical management.

(7) Social security legislation needs to be strengthened.

Social security legislation is a fundamental issue related to the reform of the security system. Only by perfecting legislation can the social security system be standardized and cover the whole society. At present, China's social security system reform is mainly implemented through the administrative regulations of the State Council and relevant departments and local administrative regulations. In recent years, the progress of social security objectives in China has been very different. Some are mature, and some are still in the exploration stage. At present, it is difficult for China to carry out comprehensive social security legislation. Therefore. Now we should formulate laws and regulations according to the difficulty and actual progress of each specific project in the social security system. On the basis of formulating individual laws and regulations, a complete social security legislation will be gradually formed.

Fourth, improve China's social security system countermeasures

(A) reform and improve the existing management system

First of all, based on the status quo, take the socialized management mode. Social security should implement centralized and unified socialized management, and the basic social security system should be formulated by the social security functional departments of the central government. The social security of governments at all levels should

Security specialized agencies manage social security funds and social security objects in a unified way. Secondly, break the division of departments and realize centralized management. Social security is under centralized and unified management by government functional agencies, and only centralized and unified management is implemented. Only by standing on the overall situation of social security and even the overall situation of national economic and social development can we ensure the effective operation of the social security system, play its role as a "safety net" and "shock absorber" and maintain social stability.

Expand the coverage of social security.

It is necessary to recognize the new situation faced by urban and rural social security work, correctly estimate the strategic prospects for future development, seize the new opportunities brought by the tide of reform, boldly explore and gradually establish a social security management system that integrates urban and rural areas, increase the participation rate of informal sector employees and flexible employees, increase their opportunities to participate in the system, and implement a personal account system with good portability and high overall level to promote the free flow of labor. Eliminate obstacles among enterprises, departments and regions, open the way for establishing a unified national social security market, and expand the participation rate and coverage of old-age insurance.

(C) improve the overall level of social insurance

Social insurance has the essential characteristics of sociality, mutual assistance, permanence and self-protection, which requires that social insurance funds must be co-ordinated by the whole society, rather than fragmented, and engage in self-insurance of industries, departments or enterprises. In the socialization of social insurance funds. It should also be implemented step by step according to the development level of productive forces. Improving the level of social overall planning will help to give full play to the economy of social insurance, expand its sociality, make it more durable, reduce its own risks and improve the level of social insurance overall planning.

(4) Strengthening the collection and management of social insurance funds.

It is necessary to broaden the financing channels of social security funds and establish a stable and reliable financing mechanism. To continue to expand the coverage of social security fund collection and improve the collection rate of social security fund, relevant social members must

Participate in social insurance according to regulations, pay social insurance premiums in full according to law, and reshape and strengthen the labor incentive mechanism with high transparency. Set up a special escrow account to prevent misappropriation; Increase the proportion of social security expenses in the state financial expenditure, and improve the state financial support for social security; Various effective measures should be taken to supplement the social security fund, such as realizing some state-owned assets, issuing social security bonds and issuing welfare lottery tickets.

Develop community-based social security services.

With the development of market economy, the service function of social insurance is separated from the government and enterprises, making it a community carrier and truly realizing the communization of social security. Incorporate enterprise retirees into community management, and further strengthen the basic work of socialized management services. The pilot cities of basic medical insurance for urban residents have expanded the functions of community platforms to provide basic services for residents' registration, payment and medical management.

(6) Strengthening the legal construction of social security.

Formulate social security law as soon as possible. Social security legislation should be an important part of establishing the legal system of socialist market economy. Improve the supporting legal system of the social security system. Social security legislation is a complex systematic project. At the same time, when formulating the social security law, we should pay attention to the promulgation of relevant laws and regulations, and establish a strong restriction mechanism in combination with other legal departments to ensure the effective implementation of social security legal norms.

(7) Give play to the role of the government in social security.

The government is required to improve the professional ethics of decision makers, improve the talent structure and enhance business transparency. Fully respect the interests of the majority, absorb the opinions and suggestions of the masses, and realize the hearing system. In accordance with the provisions of the Social Security Law, the Investment Fund Law and other laws and regulations, supervise and manage the operation of the social security system and the operation investment of the social insurance fund, solve the market failures such as externalities, information asymmetry, adverse selection and moral hazard, reduce and eliminate administrative inefficiency, corruption and rent-seeking, and ensure the healthy operation of the social security system.

Further reading: How to buy insurance, which is good, and teach you how to avoid these "pits" of insurance.