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Qin Shihuang (259 BC-2 BC10) was the first founding emperor of the Qin Dynasty to unify China. Later generations called it "an emperor through the ages." His surname is Won, and he is the son of Wang Xiang, a famous minister of Qin Zhuang. Born in Handan (now Handan City, Hebei Province), Han nationality. Therefore, the surname is Zhao (in the pre-Qin period, the surname was not uniform, and the male surname and the female surname were called, so Qin Shihuang called it). In 247 BC, Qin Shihuang 13 was king. In 238 BC, when Qin Shihuang was 2 1 year old, an adult coronation ceremony was held in his old capital Yongcheng. Since then, he has officially ascended the throne. At the age of 39, he finally completed the great historical task of reunifying China and proclaimed himself emperor. In the first 247 years, the King of Qin ascended the throne, because the Queen Mother, Prime Ministers Lv Buwei and Lao Ai were in charge of state affairs at a young age. In the first 238 years (the ninth year of the King of Qin), the King of Qin ruled personally, getting rid of Lu, Mao and others, and reusing Li Si and Mao. From 230 BC to 22 BC1year, the six countries of Korea, Zhao, Wei, Chu, Yan and Qi were destroyed successively, which completed the great cause of unifying the whole country and established the first powerful country with the early Han nationality as the main body.

Xianyang is the capital of the Qin Dynasty.

Qin thought that his contribution was better than that of the previous Three Emperors and Five Emperors, and changed the year number unanimously agreed by ministers to "Emperor". I have had merits and demerits in my life, and later generations and Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty called it "Qin Huang Hanwu".

Chronology of Ying Zheng of Qin Shihuang:

22 BC1year Chen Geng twenty-six years.

-220 years.

-2 19 Twenty-eight years of Renwu

29 years after graduation

-2 17 Thirty years in Shen Jia

-2 16 yiyou thirty-one years

-2 15 thirty-two years in Xu Bing

-2 14 dinghai for thirty-three years

-2 13 thirty-four years of Wuzi

-2 12 thirty-five years of ugliness

-2 1 1 gengyin thirty-six years

-2 10 In the thirty-seventh year of Xinmao, from the first 230 years to the first 22 1 year, Qin Shihuang adopted the strategy of going far and near, dividing and alienating each other, and launched the war of Qin to destroy the six countries. Qin Shihuang destroyed Korea in 17 years, Zhao in 19 years, Wei in 22 years, Chu in 24 years, Yan in 25 years and Qi in 26 years. Finally, the first unified, multi-ethnic and autocratic centralized state in the history of China, the Qin Empire, was established, which was also the beginning of the feudal dynasty in China.

Qin captured Jiuding.

It is said that Jiuding was cast in Yu Xia, symbolizing Kyushu, protected by many countries and made of iron from Kyushu. Xia, Shang and Zhou dynasties are regarded as national treasures, and those who have Jiuding are the emperors. In 256 BC (5 1 59), Qin Jun was attacked in Handan, Zhao, and then Korea and Zhao. Taking this opportunity, the eastern countries launched a joint anti-Qin movement. Under the influence and coercion of Korea, Zhao and other countries, the Duke of the Western Zhou Dynasty, who was ignorant of current affairs, also participated in this activity. The allied forces, under the banner of Zhou Wang, united against the State of Qin. Zhao Haoqi was furious. Qin had long wanted to erase the Western Zhou Dynasty from the map and remove an obstacle for unifying the world as soon as possible. The Western Zhou Dynasty's participation in the anti-Qin campaign just gave Qin an excuse to send troops. In 256 BC (59 years of Yunwang and 565,438+0 years of Qinwang), Chiyou attacked the Western Zhou Dynasty, and Yunwang listened to the words of the Duke of the Western Zhou Dynasty and surrendered Qin to thirty thousand households in thirty-six cities of the Western Zhou Dynasty). The King of Qin made Zhou Nanwang the monarch and the Duke of the Western Zhou the retainer, and sealed him in Liangcheng (now south of Hancheng County, Shaanxi Province). Kuai Wang Yi died in Liangcheng in January. After the country split, he set up Jiuding in Xianyang (a tripod fell in Surabaya on the way, so Qin had to have eight tripods, but it was still customary to call Jiuding). Starting from the following year (52nd year of Zhao Xiang, the first 255th year), historians used the King of Qin to mark this year. In 255 BC, Jiuding moved the capital to Qin, which meant that the king of Qin would be the master of the world and could justifiably crusade against the vassal States.

general policy

After Qin Wang took office, he listened to Li Sijin's suggestion to destroy the six countries and set out to plan the great cause of reunifying China. Its general strategic policy is to concentrate far and near and divide them one by one; Take Zhao in the north, Wei in the middle, Korea in the south, and then forge ahead with Yan, Chu and Qi.

Destroy north Korea

The first target that Qin attacked was Zhao. Because Zhao's strength is the strongest among the six countries, it is the biggest obstacle to Qin's reunification. However, Zhao has not yet reached the point of being vulnerable. Qin Jun attacked Zhao many times and was repelled by Zhao. While attacking Zhao with the main force, Qin adopted the strategy of fostering pro-Qin forces and gradually dismembered South Korea. In 23 1 year BC, Nanyang County of South Korea became a "fake guard" (that is, acting as the county chief) and gave its territory to the State of Qin. Teng was appointed as a literature and history by Qin, and was later sent to lead an army to attack South Korea. Teng knew Korea like the back of his hand, so it went smoothly. In 230 BC (the seventeenth year of the Qin Dynasty), Wang Han 'an was captured. Korea has perished.

Destroy Zhao

In 229 BC, Qin took advantage of the earthquake and famine in Zhao, and sent Wang Jian to attack Zhao. Zhao sent Li Mu and Sima Shang to resist, and the two sides remained at loggerheads for a year. At a critical juncture, Qin used its killer weapon-deviance. Wang Jian bribed Guo Kai, the favorite of Zhao Wang, with a large sum of money to spread rumors of rebellion between Li Mu and Sima Shang. Zhao Wangxin believed it and sent someone to replace Li Mu. Under the current enemy situation, Li Mu refused to give up the relieving. Zhao secretly sent someone to capture Li Mu and kill him, and at the same time killed Sima Shang. Killing Li Mu undoubtedly cleared the way for killing Zhao. From then on, like nobody's business, attack the city and attack Zhao. In 228 BC (the 19th year of Qin), Qin Jun attacked Handan, and this famous city fell into the hands of Qin. Soon, the fugitive Zhao was forced to give the map of Zhao to Qin. Zhao actually perished. But Gong Zijia fled to Daixian County (now Yuxian County, Hebei Province) with a group of people and became king on his own. In 222 BC, after Qin Jun destroyed Yan State, it occupied Yan State. At this point, Qin unified the north.

Destroy the state of Wei

In 23 1 year BC, King Wei Jingmin was forced by the powerful forces of Qin State to cede Li Yi to Jin Qin and let him stall his army. At this time, the king of Qin was mobilizing troops to launch a general attack on Zhao. He didn't want to disperse his troops to attack Wei, so he accepted the land proposal. This enabled Wei to maintain the endgame for several years. In 225 BC (twenty-two years of Qin Dynasty), when the main force went south to attack Chu, Wang Ben, a general of Qin Dynasty, led an army to besiege the girder (now Kaifeng, Henan). Wei Jun shut the gate, don't hold on. Because the girder Yugoslav capital has been built for many years and is extremely strong, Qin Jun cannot storm it. Wang Ben came up with a way to attack by water. A large number of foot soldiers in Qin Jun were arranged to dig ditches, take water from the Yellow River and canyons and pour it into girders. Three months later, all the walls of the girder collapsed. Wei had to surrender. The state of Wei perished.

Destroy Chu state

Chu, a big country in the south, has a vast territory, dense forests and rich products, and is known as a million soldiers. However, the internal affairs of Chu have been sluggish, and the nobles always struggle for power and profit, which is particularly serious at the end of the Warring States Period. In 228 BC, Chu Youwang died and the ruling group split. Wang You's half-brother Jude ascended the throne and became king of mourning, but only two months later, he was killed by his half-brother's humble disciples. I became the king of Chu. The Chu royal family is even more divided. In 226 BC, civil strife broke out in Chu, and the King of Qin lost no time in transferring Qin Jun from the front line of cutting Yan in the north to attack Chu in the south, and successively captured several cities in Chu 10. In 224 BC, the decisive battle of Qin Chu was about to begin. Li Xin, the young general of the King of Qin, led 200,000 Qin Jun to attack the State of Chu and was defeated by the Chu army. Then he sent general Wang Jian to lead 600,000 Qin Jun to attack Chu. After Wang Jian entered Chu, he did not immediately launch an offensive. He summed up the lesson that Li Xin underestimated the enemy's aggressiveness, and adopted the strategy of stationing troops to practice martial arts, guarding the city wall, paralyzing the enemy and waiting for death. In this way, after more than a year, Qin Jun basically adapted to the situation of Chu, with high morale and abundant physical strength. At the same time, the Chu army, which was called to fight against Qin Jun, was gradually demoralized due to the lack of food and grass, and was ready to retreat eastward. When Chu Jun retreated, Wang Jian seized the opportunity and ordered the whole army to attack. Qin Jun defeated the main force of Chu army in one fell swoop, marched into the mainland and killed Xiang Yan, commander-in-chief of Chu army. Then, Qin Jun captured Shouchun (now Shouxian County, Anhui Province), the capital of Chu, and captured the king of Chu. In 223 BC (the 24th year of Qin Dynasty), Chu was destroyed.

Destroy Yan state

In the process of destroying Zhao, the army of Qin reached the border of Yan. Yan Guojun was in a state of panic all day. Seeing that Qin destroyed Sanjin, he tried to commit suicide, but there was nothing he could do. Yan Taizi Dan finally came up with a desperate assassination, that is, the famous Jing Ke stabbed the king of Qin in history, which was in 227 BC. The assassination failed, but the king of Qin almost died under Jing Ke's dagger. He hated Yan deeply and immediately sent more troops to attack. In 226 BC, Qin Jun captured Yan Dou thistle (now Beijing), and Yan and Taizi Dan fled to Liaodong County. Li Xin, the general of Qin Dynasty, led thousands of people to pursue Taizi Dan to Yanshui in Qin Jun. Prince Taizi Dan survived because he was lurking in the water. Later, after weighing the interests, Wang Xi of Yan sent someone to kill Taizi Dan and dedicate his head to Qin, hoping to get a truce and keep Yan. After Prince Xi fled to Liaodong, Qin Jun's main force was transferred to the downtown to attack Chu. In 222 BC (twenty-five years of the King of Qin), Wang Ben was ordered to attack the remnants of Yan State in Liaodong, capture the Ledu of Rebecca, and Yan State was completely destroyed.

In the same year, the army that just destroyed Chu in the south conquered the Vietnamese army and established Huiji County. As a result, all the Yangtze River basins were incorporated into the territory of Qin State.

Destroy the state of qi

In 22 1 year BC (the 26th year of Qin dynasty), the Qin dynasty ordered Wang Ben to go south and attack the last Qi state in the six eastern countries. From the Spring and Autumn Period to the mid-Warring States Period, Qi was one of the most powerful countries in Shandong. However, in 284 BC, Yan, Zhao, Han, Wei and Chu successively conquered Qi, especially Yan's sweeping, which almost destroyed Qi. Since then, Qi has been devastated. Moreover, at this time, Qi is an incompetent person. He relied on his mother when she was alive; Before his mother died, he stubbornly asked her to write down the names of ministers who could help him. In 249 BC (the 16th year of Qi Dynasty), the unyielding king died and became prime minister. The state of Qin soon launched a campaign to buy off insiders and gave a large number of gold and jade articles to Housheng. After gaining the benefits of Qin, they sent a large number of guests to Qin one after another. Qin also bribed them, gave them money and treasure, and sent them back to Qi to be spies. After returning from the state of Qin, these people actively created pro-Qin public opinion. They said that Qi should go west to the Qin Dynasty as a sign of submission, not by in-laws. It was not necessary to prepare for the war against Qin, nor should it help Sanjin and Yanchu attack Qin. It is in this case that Wang Ben went south to cut Qi, hardly meeting any resistance. Wang Ben led the army into the city and attacked Linzi. The state of Qi and Hou Sheng immediately surrendered to the State of Qin. The state of Qi perished.

At this point, the state of Qin completed the last journey of wiping out the heroes and unifying the six countries. In 26 years, Wang Zheng ascended the throne of Qin State and finally unified China. At the beginning of the world, the first thing Qin was eager to do was to redefine his title.

During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, governors of various countries called "Jun" or "Wang". At the end of the Warring States period, Qin and Qi were once called "emperors", but this title was different at that time. Qin, who dominated the country, thought that these titles in the past were not enough to show his respect. "Today's name is even less important, so it is impossible to call it success and pass it on to future generations." He ordered the ministers to discuss the emperor.

After some discussions, Prime Minister Wang Wan, Yu Shi Feng Jie, Ting Wei Li Si and others thought that the government of the Qin Dynasty was "attacking Xingyi, killing the remnant thieves and leveling the world", and its achievements were "unprecedented since ancient times, and the five emperors were far behind". Quoting the traditional honorific words, it is said that "emperors, Huangdi, Tai Huang and Tai Huang were the most expensive in ancient times", and it is suggested that the title of "Tai Huang" should be adopted by Qin Wangzheng. However, Qin Shihuang was not satisfied with this. He only used the word "emperor" and added the word "emperor" under it, creating a new title for himself.

From then on, "Emperor" became the title of the supreme ruler of China.

The appearance of the title "Emperor" is not only a simple name change, but also a new concept of notification. In ancient times, "emperor" meant "great", and people sometimes called ancestor gods and other gods "emperor". "Emperor" is the highest god who dominates everything in ancient people's imagination. Qin Shihuang combined the words "emperor" and "emperor" into one. First, it shows that he wants to express his supreme status and authority, which is given by God, that is, "the supreme power is given by God"; Second, it reflects that he is not satisfied with being only the ruler of the world, but also a god.

It can be seen that the title of "emperor" is the product of the deification of the monarchical power in Qin Dynasty.

Qin became the first emperor in the history of China, calling himself "the first emperor". He also stipulated that when he passed the throne to future generations after his death, the heirs would be called the second emperor, the third emperor and even eternal life. The dream that Qin Shihuang's throne will be inherited by his family forever "spreads endlessly" (Historical Records of Qin Shihuang's Biography).

In order to sanctify the status of the emperor, Qin Shihuang took a series of measures to "respect the monarch":

Cancel the funeral ceremony The funeral ceremony began in the early Zhou Dynasty, and it was given an evaluation title based on the life story of the king after his death. Qin Shihuang, on the other hand, thought that "the son discusses the father and the minister discusses the monarch", which is outrageous and meaningless. He announced the abolition of the obituary law and prohibited future courtiers from evaluating themselves.

The son of heaven calls himself "I" The word "I" has the same meaning as "I". In the past, everyone could use it. Qin Shihuang limited that only the emperor could call himself "I".

The emperor's orders are called "control" or "imperial edict".

It is not allowed to mention the name of the emperor in the text and should be avoided. Whenever the words "emperor" and "first emperor" appear on the document, a new line should be written.

Only the jade carving seal used by the emperor can be called "seal"

The purpose of these regulations is to highlight the special position of the emperor, emphasize that the emperor is different and strengthen the mystery of imperial power in people's hearts. Qin Shihuang fantasized that with these measures, his throne would be passed down from generation to generation.

[Edit this paragraph] Centralization

In order to effectively manage the country and lay a foundation for future generations, Qin Shihuang learned the specific experience of setting up official positions during the Warring States period and established a fairly complete set of centralized and political institutions.

head office

The central government has a premier, A Qiu, and an ancient adviser. The Prime Minister has two members, left and right, who are in charge of political affairs. Qiu is in charge of the military and doesn't often buy it. The Imperial Scholar is the second deputy of the Prime Minister, in charge of the library secretary and supervising officials.

Under the Prime Minister, Qiu, and imperial envoys, there are various ministers who are in charge of specific government affairs, including doctors in charge of the palace, guards stationed in the palace, deputy generals in charge of public security in Gyeonggi, Tingwei in charge of punishment, internal history of Ji Xia, taxes on mountains and seas and handicrafts supplied by the government to the royal family, those in charge of the palace, those in charge of domestic ethnic affairs and foreign affairs, and guest appearances. The prime minister, Qiu, Qiu, discussed the state affairs, and the emperor ruled.

In addition, there were some important official positions in the Qin dynasty, such as doctors, who were familiar with ancient and modern history for the emperor's consultation and were responsible for collecting books. Hua Gai Guo is in charge of minority affairs just like Dian Ke, but the difference is that Dian Ke is in charge of communication with the minorities who are friendly to Qin State, and Hua Gai Guo is in charge of surrendering to the minorities in Qin State. Zhan-managing the affairs of the queen and the prince; Will be a junior official-responsible for the construction of the palace.

The centralization of authority established in the Qin Dynasty was imitated by successive dynasties. Among them, the "three public officials and nine ministers" in the Han Dynasty basically copied the Qin system.

Local institutions

After Qin Shihuang unified the six countries, he adopted Lisi's suggestion, abolished the enfeoffment system and switched to the county system. Local administrative agencies are divided into counties and counties. Principal officials of counties and counties are appointed and removed by the central authorities.

There are guards, governors and supervisors in the county. The sheriff is in charge of his county. The county commandant assisted the county magistrate and gave a military salute. Supervised by the county police. Qin Shihuang divided the whole country into 36 counties, and later it gradually increased to 4 1 county.

They are:

Qindi: Ba County, Shu County, Longxi County and Beidi County;

Zhao Di: Taiyuan County, Yunzhong County, Handan County, Julu County, Yanmen County, Daixian County and Changshan County;

Di Wei: Shang Jun, Hedong County, Dong Jun, Dang County and Hanoi County;

Handi: Sanchuan County, Shangdang County and Yingchuan County;

Chu: Hanzhong County, Nanjun County, Yuzhong County, Nanyang County, Chenjun County, Xue Jun County, surabaya county County, Jiujiang County, Huiji County, Changsha County and Hengshan County;

Tiqi: Donghai County, Qixian County, Langya County, Jiaodong County and Jibei County;

Yan Di: Yangguang County, Shanggu County, Yuxian County, Youbeiping County, Liaoxi County and Liaodong County;

Hometown of South Vietnam: Minzhong County, Nanhai County, Guilin County and Xiang Jun County;

Hometown of Xiongnu: Jiuyuan County.

County, 1 10,000 households or more, and 1 10,000 households or less. The county magistrate and the governor have subordinates such as Cheng and Wei. The county magistrate and governor are mainly in charge of government affairs, the county commandant is in charge of military affairs, and the county magistrate is in charge of justice.

There are townships below the county level, and their main functions are as follows: 1. Evaluate the corvee; 2. Collecting land tax; 3. Verify the case in the defendant's hometown; 4. Participate in national grain storage. There are three old men in charge of education, miser in charge of litigation and taxation, and vagabond in charge of public security.

There is a village in the country, which is the most basic administrative unit. There is Li Dian, later known as Li Zheng and Li Kui, with "Hao Shuai" as the powerful person. A strict household registration organization is set up in the village for tribal officers to collect taxes. It also provides for mutual supervision and prosecution of rape, where one person commits a crime and neighbors sit together. In addition, there is a special organization for public security and banning thieves, called pavilion, long. In addition to managing public security, the pavilion is also responsible for receiving officials coming and going, and transporting, purchasing and delivering (documents) for the government. The two pavilions are about 10 miles apart. The central government has a premier, A Qiu, and an ancient adviser. The Prime Minister has two members, left and right, who are in charge of political affairs. Qiu is in charge of the military and doesn't often buy it. The Imperial Scholar is the second deputy of the Prime Minister, in charge of the library secretary and supervising officials.