Chapter I Nouns
I. Definition
Nouns are words that indicate the names of people or things. It can represent both concrete things and abstract things.
Second, classification
1. Nouns can be divided into common nouns and proper nouns according to their meanings.
John is a student.
Student is a common noun and John is a proper noun.
The indefinite article a/an can be used before ordinary nouns, the definite article The or without articles, proper nouns generally without articles, and the first letter of proper nouns should be capitalized.
2. Common nouns can be divided into individual nouns, collective noun, material nouns and abstract nouns, among which individual nouns and collective noun are countable nouns, while material nouns and abstract nouns are uncountable nouns.
3. Proper nouns
Proper nouns refer to names, places, groups, institutions, organizations, etc. , mostly unique things.
Third, the number of nouns.
1, nouns are divided into countable nouns and uncountable nouns.
Countable nouns-countable nouns
Uncountable nouns-uncountable (excluding plural)
Drink? Milk tea water orange juice cola coffee porridge
Food? Rice Bread Meat Fish Fruit Cake jiaozi
2. Countable nouns can be used with indefinite article a(an) in the form of number, while uncountable nouns cannot be used with indefinite article a(an) in the form of plural.
Multi+countable noun plural
More/less+uncountable nouns
Some, any, many (many) can be modified.
3. Countable nouns can be directly modified by numerals.
Numerals+quantifiers +of+ nouns
How much is used to ask the number of countable nouns
How much to use about the number of uncountable nouns?
4. The number of uncountable nouns can be expressed in the following two ways:
1) Some, many, a little, many, a little, a lot, etc.
Note that it can be used for both countable nouns and uncountable nouns: plentyof, some, a lot of, lot of, most of, etc.
There is a lot of water in the bottle.
I will tell you a lot of good news. I want to tell you a lot of good news.
We should collect some useful information. We should collect some useful information.
2) expressed in unit words.
Represented by a ...
For example, a cup (a cup ...), a bottle (a bottle) ...
A piece (a piece), a pair of shoes (a pair of shoes)
For example, two cups of tea and five pieces of paper.
Note that the singular and plural forms of verbs after unit words often depend on the singular and plural forms of unit words; When thousands of numerals and nouns add up to represent plural, numerals remain singular and nouns become plural.
For example, 200 students (200 students)
Ten thousand trees (10000 trees)
He caught a lot of fish at the test site (there are many fish here, and the plural of fish is still fish or fish)
He caught a lot of fish.
This paper is about some freshwater fish. This paper is about several kinds of freshwater fish. (Fish here refers to different kinds of fish with plural suffix -es)
Countable nouns are divided into singular and plural.
The noun singular is the word itself, preceded by one or one.
1) singular
Such as a desk (table)
Old desk (old desk)
2) Plural number: when expressing more than one concept, use the plural form of nouns.
The rules have changed
1) Add -s in general.
Such as book-book desk-desk.
2) Add -es at the end of s, x, ch and sh.
Such as a box bus.
Note ① Add -s, and the month-month is at the end of th.
② stomach-stomach
3) End with consonant+,change Y to I, and add -es.
For example, city-country-country.
Pay attention to the vowel +y and add S directly. For example: during the day, boys, boys.
4) end with f or fe, change the complex number into f or fe into v, and add -es.
Such as knife-knife (book) and half (half).
(thief, wife, life, shelf, knife, leaves, myself, half, wolf)
Note ① Add S directly after several words, such as roof-roofs.
5) ending in o
(1) Consonant letter plus O ending noun plus -es
Such as tomato-tomato (red pestle)
Potato-potato (potato)
(2) Vowel letters plus O ending nouns plus-s.
Such as piano and zoo.
Photo-photo (photo), kangaroo-kangaroo (kangaroo)
Kilogram (kg)
Note that zero can be used in two ways: zero-zero or zero (zero)
Abnormal change
1) vowel changes.
Such as male (male) and female (female)
Tooth-tooth (tooth), foot-foot (foot)
Mouse, mouse, police, police
Policewoman-policewoman (policewoman)
2) Suffix change.
For example, children-children, cows-cows.
3) The singular and plural forms are the same.
Such as fish-fish (fish), sheep-sheep (sheep), deer-deer, Han-Han (China), Yuan-Yuan, Jin-Jin (gold).
Pay attention not to an Englishman, but to an Englishman.
Fish When it comes to fish, it is uncountable and there is no plural.
② Fish refers to different kinds of fish or several kinds of fish.
4) It looks singular, but it actually means plural.
For example, people (people, people).
(Don't say a person, you can say a person)
Ten policemen (policemen)
(Don't say police, you can say police)
5) Compound nouns consisting of men and women. Plural numbers make nouns and men or women plural.
For example, male drivers-male drivers (male drivers)
Female doctor-female doctor (female doctor)
6) When compound nouns are plural, usually only the subject nouns contained in them are plural.
Like a passerby-passerby.
Bus driver-bus driver (bus driver)
Note that if there is no subject noun, add -s before the last word. For example:
Adult-adult (adult)
Mailbox-Mailbox (mailbox)
Note ① Hair and fruit are usually singular, indicating the whole. If you mean a few hairs or fruits, you need to use the plural form of these two words.
For example, do you want to eat some more fruit? Would you like some more fruit?
We bought a lot of fruit from the market. We bought a lot of fruit from the market.
There are some good fried foods in China. China has some good fruits. (of species)
She has several white hairs. She has some white hair.
His black hair is turning white. His black hair gradually turned gray.
Note that words such as wind, snow and rain can sometimes have plural forms, indicating repeated wind, snow or rain.
Note that when compound nouns starting with boy and girl become plural, generally only the latter nouns are plural.
For example, boys-boys (male students)
Girlfriend-girlfriend-girlfriend)
7) Some nouns are only plural.
Such as scissors, a pair of scissors, pants, shorts, jeans, compasses, scales and sunglasses.
The plural form of compound nouns consisting of nouns and men (women) is usually the same as that of simple nouns, that is, men (women) are changed to men (women).
For example, the British-British (British)
French woman-French woman (French woman)
Note that German is not a compound word, its plural is German.
Fourth, the possessive case of nouns.
Some nouns can add up to represent all relationships, and the noun form with this suffix is called the possessive case of the noun.
Such as Mary's father (Mary's father)
Jim's mother (Jim's mother)
Compared with possessive case, the form without this suffix is called ordinary case.
1. Composition of the Noun Possessive Case
1) Add S to singular nouns and S to plural nouns without S.
Like Tom's knife.
Children's books (children's books)
2) it means that several people * * * have one thing, which is added after the last person's name. If it means that they have their own, they need to be added after each name.
Jim and Mike's room Jim and Mike's room.
Jim and Mike's room Jim and Mike's room.
3) If a noun has a plural suffix -s, add "'".
Such as the student reading room.
Everyone needs at least eight hours of sleep every night. (New Target English Grade 9)
Note that the possessive case is pronounced the same as the plural noun.
(2) Noun possessive case is mainly used to indicate nouns with living things (especially people or advanced animals).
This is a woman's job. This is a woman's job.
This is a girls' school. This is a girls' school.
4) Proper nouns ending in -s still add' s or only' before the possessive case, but the pronunciation is /iz/.
For example, Mr. Jones's book.
Keats' works (Keats' works)
(1) A noun representing time and distance.
For example, where is today's newspaper? Where is today's newspaper?
An hour's journey is not far. It's not far in an hour
(1) Some nouns of inanimate things, such as country, city season, sun, moon, earth, river, ocean, ship, etc. , can also be used to express all relationships.
For example, China population of China.
City life (city life)
Note that when expressing a shop or a family, in order to avoid repetition (as mentioned above), the noun it modifies can be omitted after the possessive case.
My uncle's (my uncle's house) and the doctor's (doctor's clinic)
2. The phrase possessive case
For live nouns, we use the structure of the to represent all relationships. If it is inanimate, we use the structure of "noun +of+ noun".
The window of the house.
Note that when the possessive case of s is used to represent the category or attribute of things, the possessive case of of cannot be used. Men's shoes should be men's shoes, not men's shoes.
3. of+ Noun Possessive Case
All+nouns are called dual possessive cases, and the following points should be paid attention to when using them.
1) indicates a part, And the preceding words must have modifiers such as a, an, Some, Any, Some, Two, No, Seven (several), and cannot be one and the.
My brother's book is my brother's book.
Don't say: my brother's book or my brother's book.
2) When you are emotional, you can use the, this, that, this, that and this before nouns.
Like your sister's beautiful daughter's beautiful daughter.
Have you read the book by Lu Xun? Have you read Lu Xun's books?
3) Nouns before 3)of cannot be proper nouns.
If not: this is his uncle's John.
4) The noun after 4)of must be concrete.
For example, these books of my friends are good. These books of my friend are very good.
The noun after of must refer to a person.
This is a leaf on the tree.
The photo of my father refers to the photo of my father himself.
Note that the possessive case of and the dual possessive case can sometimes be used interchangeably, with little difference in meaning.
Like a friend of my brother → a friend of my brother.
Test point Betty's car A car can't be changed into Betty's car. Jim and Tom's father are in the same office now.
Commonly used formula
Noun phrases representing nationalities
(1) The friendship between China, Japan and Switzerland is consistent.
(2) The "Anglo-French" alliance changed from A to E.
(3) Add S to everything else, that is, Chinese and Japanese are singular and plural homographs; The plural of English and French are English and French; Other plural forms such as German, American and Australian. It's all followed by "s"
The noun at the end of o is jingle.
1) When a living noun ending in O becomes plural, add es to the suffix, and when an inanimate noun ending in O becomes plural, add S to the suffix.
Life: potato-potato, tomato-tomato, hero-hero, black-black.
If there is no life: zoo-zoo, radio-radio, photo-photo, piano-piano, zero-zero, bamboo-bamboo, tobacco-tobacco 1)
2) Two people, two dishes and a volcano. (+es)
When nouns ending in O are plural in primary and secondary school textbooks, only Negro (black), hero (hero), potato (potato), tomato (western red pestle) and volcano (volcano) are added with es, which means "two people, two dishes and one volcano".
Or: blacks and heroes eat potatoes and tomatoes (egores and heroes eat tomatoes and potatoes)
2) the rest of the nouns ending in o are all added with s when they become plural.
Photo: In the zoo, you see a bamboo with a photo on it and a piano with a radio on it.
Zoo-zoo, bamboo-bamboo, photo-photo-piano-piano, radio-radio.
The jingle at the end of f and fe
(1) When nouns ending in f(e) become plural, some change f(e) into v(e) and then add S, and some nouns ending in f(e) directly add S. ..
The wife went to kill the wolf with a knife, and the thief panicked;
Hide behind the frame to save your life, and half a leaf covers your eyes. Wife (wife), knife (knife), wolf (thief), shelf (shelf), life (leaves), self (self) and half (half), when these nine nouns become plural, they should all be changed from "f(e)" to "ve".
(2) nouns ending in f are generally changed from f to ves, but there are also special cases where -s is added directly.
Such as bays, roofs, chiefs, serfs, beliefs, proofs, handkerchiefs. Weave into formula association:
On the edge of the bay and on the roof, leaders, farmers and servants face each other;
Who says they have no faith? The tone is fixed on the handkerchief.
Cleverly remember the irregular noun list and modify it.