E-government: It means that * * * organizations use modern information technology in their management and service functions, realize * * * reorganization, optimize work processes, transcend the constraints of time, space and departmental division, and become a streamlined, efficient, clean and fair operation mode.
Electronic commerce is divided into broad sense and narrow sense. E-commerce is widely defined as a business or activity that uses electronic tools. These tools include basic telegrams, telephones, broadcasts, televisions and faxes, and computers, computer networks and modern systems, such as NII (National Information Infrastructure-Information Superhighway), GII (Global Information Infrastructure) and the Internet. Activities required by the business activities of pan-commodities (physical and non-physical, non-commodity and production factors, etc.). ), all illegal consumption activities are eliminated from the typical production process with reasonable pots. E-commerce is defined as a narrow business or activity that mainly uses the Internet. E-commerce is a modern society with highly developed technology and economy. People who acquire information technology and business rules systematically and efficiently use electronic tools, which are the center of various activities and exchange low-cost goods with common names. On the premise of emphasizing e-commerce, central emphasis, purpose and standard, this paper analyzes and points out the level and effect it should achieve. It is an era when e-commerce needs are more strictly defined and reflected. This is the center of the object that emphasizes the organic connection between environment and people, people and tools, people and labor, and the composition of the target system in people's system. It defines e-commerce and makes it productive.
Ⅱ What are the components of the current e-government network?
In Shanghai, the General Office of the State Council issued the "Guide to the Construction of Internet+Government Service Technology System" (hereinafter referred to as the "Guide"). By strengthening the top-level design, we standardized the construction of online government service platforms in various regions and departments, optimized the government service process, and promoted the construction of a unified, standardized and multi-level national integrated "Internet+government service" technology and service system.
overall goals
Key task
According to the overall goal, around the construction of a unified, standardized and multi-level linkage "Internet+government service" technical system, with service-driven and technical support as the main line, we will focus on the construction of "Internet+government service" business support system, basic platform system, key support technology system and evaluation and assessment system. Improve the standardization development ability by standardizing service matters, enhance the collaborative governance ability through interconnection and information sharing, enhance the overall service support ability through building an integrated government service platform, strengthen the supervision of power operation through the open application of government data, enhance the process constraint ability, and enhance the intelligent service ability.
main content
The "Internet+Government Services" platform mainly realizes the functions of unified application, unified acceptance, centralized handling, unified feedback and whole-process supervision of government services, and its main contents are shown in the following figure:
Overall framework
Overall hierarchical system diagram of "Internet+government services"
System composition diagram of "Internet+government service" platform
Technical Framework of "Internet+Government Services" Platform
Key supporting technology
The implementation of the Guide will help to gradually realize the standardization, accuracy, convenience, platformization and coordination of government services, make the government service process more optimized, the service forms more diverse, the service channels more smooth, and make people do things more convenient and fast, thus promoting the deepening of the reform of "decentralization, combination of decentralization and management, and improvement of services".
Jin Peng Information Intelligent Government Solution
Third, the network architecture of e-government system
The e-government network system can be planned as a four-layer security control domain, and the network security design is based on the working characteristics of each domain.
Core layer (core data storage and processing): it is the domain where * * * information is stored and processed centrally. This domain must have extremely strict security control policies, and information can only be obtained through the intermediate processing layer.
Office business layer (daily office and transaction processing): it is an electronic office environment inside * *, and this information can only flow inside.
Information exchange layer (between neighbors and subordinate departments): some information that needs to be exchanged by various departments can be exchanged through private domain. This area is responsible for transmitting information from one intranet to another intranet area, and it has no information exchange with the external intranet area.
Public service layer (electronic window and information service): the place where * * information is released by the * * department, so as to realize the intercommunication between * * and the public. This domain is physically isolated from intranet and private network.
The typical e-government network architecture consists of three parts: internal network, external network and private network.
The whole e-government security environment includes the following four parts: basic security service facilities, network trust domain infrastructure, network security support platform products and disaster recovery backup system.
Ⅳ Computer Network —— Course Design of E-government Website
A very complete copy
Ⅳ What is the comprehensive network of e-government?
The "Wang" WAN structure of e-government in Heilongjiang Province adopts MPLS VPN technology, which solves the problems of network interconnection and allowing internal address duplication, and lays a good foundation for popularizing online application systems to realize information sharing. This paper reflects on some practices of e-government construction in Heilongjiang province, and provides some reference models for e-government construction in brother provinces.
Keywords: e-government; Network structure; The application of e-government in Heilongjiang is not only an important measure for frontier provinces to catch up with the advanced level at home and abroad, but also an important measure to revitalize the old industrial base. Experts at home and abroad fully affirmed the construction mode of Heilongjiang Province. Jilin, * *, Yunnan, Henan, Hebei, Inner Mongolia, Shandong, Fujian, Hunan, Anhui and other provinces visited and exchanged experiences in e-government construction in our province. Some well-known international and domestic companies regard the e-government construction model of Heilongjiang Province as a successful case.
1 E-government Network Construction in Heilongjiang Province
The e-government network of our province provides a unified network platform for data, voice and video transmission and exchange for party and government, people's congresses and CPPCC departments at all levels. Using OA, D office and other flexible, practical, safe, efficient and fully functional application systems, we can realize the transmission, exchange and processing of official documents within and between party and government organs, enterprises and institutions, realize the full sharing and wide use of information, and fully meet the needs of government office and public services. The province's e-government network has a three-level structure of province, city and county, and consists of provincial metropolitan area network, provincial wide area network, l3 local metropolitan area network, local wide area network from city to county and local metropolitan area network of 66 counties (cities).
VPN technology is adopted in the e-government extranet of our province. Through VPN service, transparent "vertical network" connection is realized for each access unit; And build a "horizontal network" through VPN technology. The "vertical network" adopts the segment II) address of 1O, allowing IP addresses to overlap between "vertical networks". In principle, "vertical networks" retain II) usage plans planned by their systems. "Horizontal network" adopts 192 segment II) address, and vertical network adopts private address space. Fig. 2 VPN division of e-government extranet in Heilongjiang province reasonably solves the problem of logical isolation from the Internet, enabling government departments to realize office service functions for the public, enterprises and foreign businessmen through the Internet; Realize the function of public servants to query and obtain information on the Internet. The solution is to realize the function of accessing the Internet inside and outside VPN. Both "vertical network" and "horizontal network" adopt such a solution. The difference is that the "horizontal network" mainly realizes the "one network" service and builds the portal website of e-government, while the "vertical network" is one-way access to the Internet. This is conducive to management and according to actual needs, such as "vertical network" can realize its own and phased connection with the Internet. Several characteristics to ensure the smooth e-government extranet in our province: First, the combination of "horizontal network" and "vertical network" enables a computer to transparently access "vertical network" and "horizontal network" at the same time, using a network card. The data exchange between "horizontal network" and "vertical network" is realized. Second, "horizontal net" and "vertical net" have realized transparent interaction. Business systems and multimedia applications need "horizontal network" and "vertical network" to realize transparent interaction. E-government extranet is a broadband network that supports multimedia (such as video conference) applications. If a transparent interconnection network cannot be established, the application will only be limited by physical layer connection and address translation or application layer solutions. Third, it is flexible. Due to the current advanced MPLS technology, the network is very flexible and supports convenient expansion in the future. The traffic engineering ability of MPLS technology is very convenient to expand bandwidth through parallel links. Fourth, broadband network. Each government unit accesses the government extranet bandwidth, and adopts 10M Ethernet technology and optical fiber access. In the future, it can be expanded to 100M at any time as needed. The backbone adopts ATM link, connecting the city to the province with VC as the center, and connecting the city to the county with multiple 2M FR transmission networks to the ATM network. The bandwidth of the backbone layer can be expanded at any time as needed.
2 the application of e-government in our province
The construction of e-government application system has always been the focus of e-government construction in our province and has been highly valued by leaders at all levels. In the early stage of e-government construction in our province, the construction of application system was planned in a unified way. In 2002 1O, the focus of e-government construction in the whole province shifted from network construction to application system construction, and the construction of e-government application system in the whole province developed rapidly. On the basis of the previous local area network office automation system, after nearly two years of development, the "one network" approval system, networked office system and data transmission system in the province have all been applied. In the application and development of e-government, we are constantly looking for breakthrough points according to the demand. Based on the principles of easy before difficult, easy after difficult, quick steps and steady progress, the following aspects are mainly considered: first, the application systems within each department, including office automation system and electronic post office system; The second is the joint office system to realize cross-departmental business work and improve work efficiency and quality; Third, the public-oriented business system is the main means to reflect the sunshine of e-government; The fourth is the professional application system. At present, there are local area network office automation systems of various departments, paperless transmission system of official documents in the province, proposal handling system of provincial people's congress and CPPCC, business system of provincial organs, Heilongjiang investment service network, "one network" approval basic platform of Red Shield Information Network, government call center, Heilongjiang procurement management information system, Heilongjiang statistical information system, financial insurance project, Heilongjiang audit information system, coal safety supervision information system and so on.
ⅵ Performance of Sun Yu's Works
In June 2000, he graduated from School of Economics and Management of Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics (formerly School of Business) with a doctor's degree in engineering;1in March 1997, he graduated from School of Economics and Management of Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics (formerly School of Business) with a master's degree in management engineering;1in July 1994, he graduated from School of Computer Science and Technology of Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics with a bachelor's degree in engineering. On September 20/0/0, Kloc was appointed by Beijing Normal University to attend the 35th seminar on teaching and research of philosophy and social sciences at the Central Party School.
In teaching, as a lecturer, I have undertaken the required courses for undergraduates majoring in public enterprise management 1 (course name: e-government), academic postgraduates 1 and masters of public administration 1 (course name: e-government). In addition, as a lecturer, I have undertaken two compulsory courses for the undergraduate course of human resource management (course name: labor economics, production and operation management). Since 2008, he has presided over four school-level educational reform projects, such as "the construction of excellent e-government courses". In addition, he has undertaken many courses for selecting cadres at the bureau level in central and state organs, and his lecture notes have been selected and published in the fourth issue of "Lecture Hall for Cadres".
In terms of scientific research, he once presided over the Beijing Excellent Talents Funding Project "Research on the Sharing Mode of Government Information Resources in E-government Environment" (project number: 200710003100291), and in 2005 -2006, he presided over the ministerial-level social science research project of the State Administration of Radio, Film and Television "Research on the Communication and Management of Online Movies". Invited to prepare strategic plans in the field of e-government or community informatization in Beijing and Huainan.
During the period of 20/200812, the published papers mainly include:
(1) Sun Yu, Analysis of the Interactive Relationship between E-government Construction and Administrative Innovation, China Administration, No.9, 2008: 74-78.
(2) Sun Yu, a three-dimensional perspective of community informatization-based on Beijing's practice, Information and Document Service, No.2, 2008: 58-60.
(3) Sun Yu, Revolution of Information and Communication Technology and Evolution of Industrial Organization Structure, Managing the World, No.6, 2008: 178- 179.
(4) Sun Yu, the value orientation of e-government construction in China from the perspective of service * * *, Nanjing Social Sciences, No.3, 2009: 82-85.
(5) Sun Yu and Dai Yingying, Online Movies: Focus Communication, Industrial Integration and Co-governance, Modern Communication, No.2, 2009: 147- 148.
(6) Sun Yu, Information Disclosure, Public Policy Agenda and Participatory Governance, China Administration, No.2, 2009: 64-67.
(7) Yu Sun, Yang Lulu, Game Analysis of Financial Innovation and Financial Supervision Based on ICTs, 2009 International Conference on Engineering Management and Service Science (MASS 2009), IEEE Computer Society @2009.
(8) Sun Yu, E-government and Promoting the Construction of Socialist Democratic Politics, China E-government Development Report 20 10 Integration and Innovation: A New Stage of E-government Development, Social Science Literature Publishing House, 20 10: 19-27.
(9) Sun Yu, Building a public service-oriented e-government system: theoretical logic and practical orientation, China Administration, No.20 1 1: 7- 10.
(10), Liu, Motivation of Principal Officials in Grass-roots Government: Analysis of Political Competition Model Based on Information Sharing among Departments, 10 20 10 proceedings of the international conference on e-commerce and e-government, IEEE Computer Society @20 10.
(1 1) Sun Yu, historical perspective of public administration: review and prospect of administrative history research, China Administration, 20 12 No.65438+01:7-1.
(12) Yu Sun, Zhu Hao, Xie Yan, county-level e-government online service quality evaluation: China case? IEEE International Conference Management and Information Engineering (ICM AE 20 12)
(13) Sun Yu, openness of government affairs is the only way to build a service-oriented * * *, Ziguangge, 20 12, No.7: 30-32.
2008-2065 438+02 Editor-in-Chief's teaching materials and proofreading works include:
(1) Sun Yu, E-government, Beijing: Beijing Normal University Press, 20 1 1 August (ISBN: 978-7-303-13154-9).
(2) Sun Yu, Real Estate Management Information System, Beijing: Tsinghua University Publishing House, 20 1 1 March (ISBN: 978-7-302-24674-9).
(3) Translated by Sun, The Political Economy of American Industrialization 1877~ 1900, Changchun Publishing House, 1 month, 2008 (ISBN: 978-7-5445-0494-2).
In addition, I was invited to participate in the livelihood development report of China 20 1 1, the development report of equalization of basic public services of China 20 1, the livelihood development report of China 20 12, and the e-government decade of China 2002 ~ 2065438.
In 2008-20 12, he won the following awards:
(1) won the first prize of the first multimedia teaching software competition of Beijing Normal University in June 2008.
(2) In June, 2008, 10/0 won the first prize of the 11th Young Teachers' Teaching Basic Skills Competition of Beijing Normal University.
(3) In 2008, he was awarded the title of Excellent League Member of Beijing Normal University.
(4) In April, 2009, the paper "Institutional Arrangement of * * * Information * * * in E-government Environment" won the first prize of the paper "Library and Information Industry in 30 Years of Reform and Opening-up" organized by China Social Science Information Society.
(5) In June, 2065438+0/kloc-0, it won the third prize of the 7th Beijing Young Teachers' Basic Teaching Competition.
In social services, he served as the vice chairman of the trade union of Beijing Normal University. In 20 12, Beijing Normal University was invited to be the guest of "Gender Dialogue-Expectation and Harmony" and hosted the Spring Festival Gala of Beijing Normal University in 20 13.
ⅶ Answers to E-government Online Work
Comprehensive analysis and comparison of portal websites in Beijing and Shanghai.
E-government construction is an important driving force to promote the all-round development of urban informatization, and * * * portal website is the holographic miniature of urban e-government construction. The ability of * * * portal website to provide services directly reflects the comprehensive level of * * * informatization, and also reflects the real operation of * * * to some extent. Although there is still a big gap between China's e-government construction and the advanced countries in the world in terms of overall maturity, in recent years, departments in some big cities have gradually realized the remarkable role of e-government in improving the internal cooperation ability of * * *, increasing the transparency of governance, reducing the management cost of * * *, and fully integrating social resources. Therefore, * * * at all levels throughout the country has continuously increased investment in e-government construction, pioneering and innovative. Beijing and Shanghai, two municipalities directly under the Central Government, have always been pioneers in the construction of e-government in China. "Window of the Capital" (Beijing * * * portal website) and "China Shanghai" (Shanghai * * * portal website) represent the top level of domestic portal website construction, and have accumulated many successful experiences, which can be used for reference by other domestic * * * websites. Although the comprehensive strength of "Window of the Capital" and "China Shanghai" are very close in the reports of many third-party evaluation institutions, there are significant differences between them in many aspects such as the construction concept of operation system, organizational structure and development route. If we want to use an image metaphor to illustrate the difference between the two construction models, then we can say that the former is basically free love, while the latter is more like arranged marriage. The websites of the two cities will be comprehensively analyzed and compared according to * * * Website Evaluation Standard.
1 management system
The Window of the Capital is hosted by Beijing Municipality and undertaken by Beijing Information Office (hereinafter referred to as Beijing Information Office). Beijing Information Office was established in 2000, which is the latest department in Beijing. It belongs to the deliberative and coordinating body. The orientation given by the mayor of Beijing to the Information Office is planning, rules, standards and supervision. The main station of the Window of the Capital is operated and maintained by the Operation and Management Center of the Window of the Capital, a institution directly under the Beijing Information Office. Most of the websites of various departments are also operated and maintained by their information departments. China and Shanghai are hosted by Shanghai * * * and undertaken by Shanghai * * * General Office. The general office is the core of the * * * department. It plays a connecting role between the municipal leaders and the committees and bureaus. You can directly issue * * * orders and have strong coordination with various departments. China Shanghai main station is operated and maintained by the editorial department of China Shanghai website under the Shanghai General Office. Most of the websites of various departments are operated and maintained by their offices. From the perspective of management system, Beijing pays more attention to the management and control of the portal construction process, because the information office system knows the information industry itself better than all business departments, can make overall plans from the overall perspective, and promote the resource sharing process of all departments as stakeholders. Shanghai pays more attention to the rationalization of the administrative system, because the office system is very familiar with the production process of business data, which is conducive to its organization and coordination of related resources and the promotion of the work of various departments by powerful administrative means. In short, in terms of management system, the difference between Capital Window and China and Shanghai is mainly technical orientation and business orientation.
2 Operation and maintenance organization
Capital Window Operation Management Center is a public institution with independent legal personality. Its organizational structure is complete, and the staffing is completely increased or decreased according to the needs of business development: in addition to the daily operation and maintenance of the main station, it is also entrusted by the Beijing State Council Office for Corrections and Information Office to update the contents of each substation, supervise the network security, and make annual comments on each substation. At the same time, the operation and maintenance of the civil service portal website and some sub-stations running on the Beijing * * * private network are also handled by the Capital Window Operation Management Center. China Shanghai Editorial Department is a department in Shanghai * * * office. There is no perfect independent legal person organization, and the staffing is small, which is mainly responsible for the content coordination of the main station and the supervision and management of the sub-stations. From the perspective of operation and maintenance organizations, Beijing pays more attention to the independent operation ability of operation and maintenance subjects, and ensures the daily rapid response ability through complete organization. When coordination is needed, it shall be operated by the superior department. Shanghai pays more attention to the close coupling ability between operation and maintenance entities and departments, and strengthens daily coordination through close working relationship. In terms of operation and maintenance institutions, Beijing pays more attention to flexibility, while Shanghai pays more attention to coordination.
3 development route
The window of the capital began to operate from 1 in early July, 1998. At that time, the information conditions were not very mature and the management department was not established. Therefore, it has gone through a long road of decentralized construction: the initial stage of construction has achieved remarkable results, and the one-way government content release stage has developed rapidly. However, due to the lack of long-term business support and guarantee mechanism, the construction speed in the eighth interactive stage has obviously slowed down. With the establishment of the competent department, the strengthening of coordination, the rationalization of the management system, the accumulated construction experience for many years and the high awareness of various departments in key and difficult aspects, it will play an important role in the final stage and seamlessly integrate social resources, thus making the window of the capital break out again. China and Shanghai started trial operation at the end of September, 20001,and officially started operation in early 2002. More than three years later than Beijing. However, due to fully absorbing the construction experience of Beijing and other regions, the preliminary work of its construction is relatively difficult and the progress is relatively slow. With the deepening of standardization work, its solid advantages are fully reflected when it enters the online service stage. Its growth rate exceeds the window of Beijing's capital. But its relatively unified construction mode is not suitable for the final integration of social resources. So its construction speed will slow down in the final stage.
The development route of Beijing is fast, slow and fast, and that of Shanghai is slow and fast. The development of the two is one after another at different stages, but the final result must be the same.
4. Core competence
In the process of main station construction, operation and maintenance and website group management, the Capital Window Operation and Management Center has gradually formed a multi-dimensional support structure including media channels, website channels, expert channels and industry channels. Using the power of different channels at different times has become the core competitiveness of the capital window operation management center. Although its management cost is high and many channels are not perfect, its management is relatively flexible. And is convenient for dynamic adjustment. Under the direct guidance of the main leaders of Shanghai Municipal Party Committee and Municipal Government, China Shanghai Editorial Department has received strong policy support from the beginning. For example, special policies such as making government affairs public and attending the mayor's office meeting can make the editorial department of China Shanghai more direct and effective in obtaining government affairs information and coordinating services. Strong coordination based on strong policies is the core competitiveness of the editorial department of China Shanghai, which is simple but efficient. Beijing's core competence is not as outstanding as Shanghai's, but it is more flexible and less dependent on the administrative system.
5 Capital investment
Due to the early start of the website group of "Window of the Capital", the immature industry environment, unbalanced investment in various departments and stages, most of the well-funded departmental websites are independently invested and built. The overall investment of the website group is scattered and difficult to balance. In recent years
In the future, intensive construction will become the knowledge of the central website and the websites of various departments, and the demand for unified interface and data sharing will be stronger and stronger. The construction idea of physical dispersion and logical concentration will become the dominant idea in the future website construction process. China and Shanghai make full use of the advantages of latecomers and give full play to the core competence of policy support, and concentrate on investing in many large-scale city-wide applications, such as citizen mailboxes. This practice has achieved certain results. Of course, there are also many problems that lead to rising management costs due to large concentration. In addition, the amount of funds invested in eight single funds is usually large, and the income is usually large.
Problems often cause widespread concern in society. If it is not handled properly, it will bring negative effects. Shanghai is more courageous in dealing with large-scale concentration, while Beijing is relatively conservative, mainly to reserve room for manoeuvre.
6 development opportunities
The success of the Olympic bid has undoubtedly brought infinite opportunities to China, especially Beijing. As the portal of * * * *, the construction of "Window of the Capital" has also been listed as the eighth Olympic passbook project. In order to realize the overall goal of Beijing's urban gateway in the future, Window of the Capital must seize the opportunity of the Olympic Games, vigorously expand public services and accelerate the convergence to the world's advanced websites. The success of the Expo also promoted the development of China Shanghai website. As the economic center of China, Shanghai will certainly be able to take advantage of the world's attention to the 20 10 World Expo, and its gateway, Shanghai, China, will naturally undertake the important task of communicating with the world. Two world-famous opportunities in Beijing and Shanghai.
This is equally important for China. As long as we make full use of the situation, the informatization construction of the two cities can be greatly improved.
Eight, the difference between e-government extranet and e-government intranet.
Intranet is a private IP address!
Intranet is generally the working platform for relevant civil servants to log in.
The range of private IP addresses is:
10.0.0.0~ 10.255.255.255, 172. 16.0.0~ 172.3 1.255.255, 192. 168.0.0~ 192. 168.255.255
Remember that none of these private addresses can be used on the public network, only on the local area network, and then mapped to the public network by router address conversion! !
The external network generally refers to the public address, and you can wander around the external network!
Extranet refers to the part that the public can access.
There are a, b, c, d and e categories:
Class A address range:1.0.0.126.255.255.254 (10.0.0 ~10.255.255 except. ..
Class b address range:128.0.1-kloc-0/91.255.254.
Class C address range:192.0.0.1-223.255.255.254 (except192.6438+068.0.0 ~192+098).
Class D addresses do not distinguish between network addresses and host addresses, and the first four bits of 1 byte are fixed as110.
Class d address range: 224.0.0.1-239.255.255.254.
Class E addresses do not distinguish between network addresses and host addresses, and the first five bits of 1 byte are fixed as111.
Class e address range: 240.0.0.1-247.255.255.254.
ⅸ What is the network architecture of e-government in China?
1 e-government intranet
2 government professional network
3 E-government Extranet
4 network security technology
What is the construction of e-government network platform?
Internet plus e-government has entered many cities. This year, * * * clearly put forward the relevant supporting policies of Internet plus e-government, to speed up the development of Internet plus e-government, accelerate the platform construction, simplify the work of the masses, and truly make Internet plus e-government a measure to benefit the people.
20 16 the State Council General Office forwarded the Implementation Plan for Promoting "Internet+Government Services" to Carry out Information Benefiting the People. According to the plan, in 80 cities including Beijing, Shanghai, Shenzhen, Xiamen and Changchun this year, residents can handle * * * government services on a unified network platform or window with only one ID card, and all kinds of "wonderful proofs" and "circular proofs" will become history. Next year, 80 cities will be able to provide cross-regional, cross-level and cross-departmental services, and more than 80% of basic public services can be handled online.
Another important measure of convenience service. The * * * service concept of "internet plus" embodies the concept of decentralization, and perfects the service function of * * *. "Internet+government service" makes "superior-subordinate friendship" rather than "estrangement" no longer just the ideal state described in the book. The power of science and technology makes it enter everyone's life and become a real state of life. In the network era when decentralization has been deeply rooted in people's hearts and all departments can make full use of the network to provide quality services, the implementation of "Internet+government services" has both a solid practical foundation and a strong potential demand.
Internet plus service platform mainly includes three construction contents: internet plus Big Data Center, internet plus Science and Technology Resource Co-ordination Center and internet plus Innovation and Entrepreneurship Incubation Center.
In addition to a few appeals, digitalization is also very important, because informatization and demand are constantly updated and iterated, and it is impossible to use them permanently by formulating a set of standards and systems. Therefore, there are many corresponding manufacturers in the market, such as Tencent, Huawei, Ali and other giants, which monopolize some industries. At the same time, many professional companies have been derived, such as Tian Ling, Inspur and ChinaSoft International.