When students write argumentative essays in the composition exam, most of them know how to put facts and reason? So, how about this sentence? Placing facts, that is, how to demonstrate with examples, is not as simple as imagined. It includes several steps: selecting examples, giving examples, describing examples and discussing examples. Choosing examples is to choose fresh, typical examples that can prove the argument; Citation is to cite examples in transitional language to prove the argument; Narrative is a concise and general description of the case to reflect the main content, nature or characteristics; To discuss a case is to analyze and discuss the case, so as to clarify the connection between the case and the argument, and to link the case with the argument to achieve harmony. Here, I mainly talk about some problems that should be paid attention to in narration and discussion.

Narrative examples of argumentative essays

First, cut the material.

The stylistic features of argumentative essays determine the generality of their language, which is also reflected in the narrative of case materials. The original materials are often vivid and specific, and the length is long. The purpose of using these case materials in argumentative essays is only to prove the point of view and explain the truth, not to move by image. Therefore, when narrating cases, we should process and transform the argument cases according to the needs of the argument: change the specific narrative into general narrative, and discard the content irrelevant to the argument.

For example, Mozart, an Austrian composer, was born into a family of court musicians. He has shown great musical talent since he was a child and is known as? A prodigy? . He studied under the famous composer Haydn when he was a child. On one occasion, he and his teacher said half jokingly: I wrote a piece of music. You may not be able to play it, sir. ? Haydn didn't think so, thinking, what complicated music can't I play? Mozart handed his music to the teacher. Haydn exclaimed after playing for a while. What kind of music is this? How can there be a note in the middle of the keyboard when two hands are playing at both ends respectively? It seems that no one can play such a tune. ? Mozart took the music and said, Let me try. ? So he sat on the piano chair and played. When he touched the notes in the middle of the keyboard, he leaned forward, buried his head and played the notes with his nose. Mozart's action surprised Haydn.

Should I be sure that the choice of this case can really prove it? The importance of breaking the rules? . However, many contents in the case have nothing to do with the argument, such as Mozart's life experience and childhood. Describe an example? You must give it up without regret; The vivid description of Mozart and Haydn's words and deeds should also be concise and summarized.

Second, excavate auxiliary materials.

? Describe an example? We should not only learn to cut, but also learn to dig out the hidden things in the case according to the needs of the argument and add some words similar or even the same as the argument. Can achieve the purpose of multi-purpose in one case.

Example 1: called? Father of science fiction? Verne, a famous French science fiction writer, studied law in Paris at the age of eighteen. Once, he attended an upper-class party. When he came down from upstairs, Verne, who was childlike, slipped down the handrail of the stairs like a child and ran into a fat gentleman. This man is the famous French writer Dumas. From then on, Verne got to know Dumas and embarked on the road of literary creation under the influence of Dumas.

If you use this example to prove it? Good at seizing opportunities? The argument of adopting the method of mining and compensation can be described as follows:

Verne, a French science fiction writer, is a typical one who is good at seizing opportunities. When he was studying law in Paris at the age of eighteen, an accidental opportunity made him attend an upper-class party. At that time, Verne fell down the stairs and happened to meet Dumas, a great French writer. This accidental opportunity excited him. He thinks this is a rare opportunity, arranged by the god of fate, and he must seize it. Therefore, Verne took the initiative to get to know Dumas, and under the influence of Dumas, he embarked on the road of literary creation and became a famous science fiction writer, known as? Father of science fiction? . Verne was glad that he could seize this opportunity all his life.

Example 2: Yang Heyu 1988, known as the king of ideas, resolutely resigned from public office and burned his university diploma. With the money from 280 yuan's resignation, he set up a private technology research institute to give advice and sell points. For a sanitary chopstick that is unsalable in the factory, it was suggested that the day of the week be printed on the chopsticks, which immediately made the chopsticks popular in major hotels. Yang He also became famous in one fell swoop, earning a profit commission of 400,000 yuan.

This material can prove the following points:

1, gold is valuable, but knowledge is priceless. Focus? He made 400,000 yuan? Wait a minute.

2. Dare to create and innovate in order to win by surprise. Focus? He asked a factory to print the day of the week on chopsticks, so that chopsticks were unsalable and favored by customers. Wait a minute.

Young people should have the determination and confidence to boldly follow their own path. Focus? He burned his college diploma and resigned with 280 yuan's resignation? Go to sea and so on.

Third, the integration of materials.

A group of similar factual arguments can be highly summarized, and an example can be reduced to one sentence, which appears in the form of parallelism. This generalization? Describe an example? , not only makes the language gorgeous, but also enriches the arguments, and the argument force increases dramatically.

Like argument? Want to stick to yourself at the turning point? , you can use the following examples to summarize the comparison? Describe an example? ：

Maybe Kong Ming once pointed out the mountains and rivers, but in the end he could only? But before he conquered, he was dead? ; Maybe Tan Sitong is full of ambition, but in the end he can only? Go to live in two Kunlun mountains? ; Maybe Wen Tianxiang was once full of ambition, but in the end he could only? Take the heart of Dan and follow the history? ; Maybe Liu Lanzhi used to be very happy, but in the end he could only? Lift yourself to the pool? .

Fourth, what should I do when there is no suitable argument?

In the exam, when we seem to have no argument for a while for various reasons, we must not scribble, but try to be a smart woman and cook without rice.

(1) Class substitutes for falsehood.

When there is no suitable argument in the text or a good argument can't be thought of at the moment, it is better to use types instead of individuals, combine the similarities of certain characters' behaviors, and write some people's deeds into everyone's deeds according to the requirements of the theme, which will have good results. Exodus: It is often the lives of loved ones that fall like meteors, and we are saddened by the cruelty of death. It is often a friend who fights to death with the disease, and we curse the raging disease; It is often when our own interests are violated that we will face up to the cancer of society.

(2) Taking metaphor as an example, flying literary talent.

When you think of this argument. Iron shoes are nowhere to be found? Sometimes, we might as well use metaphors instead of examples as arguments to conquer the marking teacher with superb language skills.

Example 1: Chimonanthus praecox may hate the ravages and mowgli of winter wind, but it still exudes fragrance in the cold winter; Perhaps fish hate the rough and fierce waves, but they are still with them, fulfilling the true meaning of life; Perhaps the fallen leaves are attached to this world, however, when the autumn wind blows, it still falls, bid farewell to that beautiful world, and fulfill the new buds that will sprout next year.

Example 2: Pine trees give up the comfort of fertile soil and choose steep mountain walls, and finally stand proudly in the east wind; After choosing the insistence of running to the sea, the stream finally gained a majestic momentum; After giving up the warmth in the soil, the grass finally realized its good wish to bring a little warmth to the earth; Baiyun chose the depth of the blue sky, and finally got it? All the other mountains are dwarfed under the sky. ? Farewell. So I know how to find and choose a career.

(c) Based on local textbooks.

When you were in the exam? Looking for it? When you are empty-handed, why not? Look back? Textbooks, or arguments? But in the dim light? .

Exodus: Who hesitated, then picked up a pen with great enthusiasm and stabbed the enemy in the throat? Who once shouted, and then inspired generation after generation of aspiring young people to forge ahead bravely on the road full of thorns and pursue a better future; Who is it? He died in grief, so that he could not always be the people's willing ox and do one more thing for the revolution. It's you, Mr. Lu Xun! Crossing the ocean, you are a hero who understands the times; Jianying, you are a warrior who will never fall! Zhuang Zi, you are a giant in the hearts of thousands of Qian Qian people.

(In 2004, Fujian College Entrance Examination scored a perfect composition, Brave, Brave Warrior! 》)

(4), the appearance of being in it.

When we don't have evidence or good arguments, we might as well start from? Me? Dig up my material. Because? Me? To some extent, it is a microcosm of this complex world, a society that expects to change with each passing day? The window? , insight into the intertwined phenomenon of society? Platform? , a hold the universe? Cells? . Taking myself as a living person as the material of reasoning, my experience also reflects the context of this matter. At the same time, when I enter into reasoning, our words have a truth that readers trust. In the process of saying things, I also established an affinity for dialogue and singing with readers. Of course, my participation is not arbitrary, but I should fully consider whether my behavior is well integrated into the meaning of the given connotation of the topic.

Exodus: I appreciate Qian Zhongshu's Fortress Besieged. Life is really a paradox, is it difficult for people? Best of both worlds? . From primary school to now, I have been struggling with myself almost all the time. If I want to get ahead in my studies, I have to work overtime and try to solve problems; But when I was tired and haggard, my grades were not as good as I thought. Sometimes, I seem to hear another voice: don't be depressed, stick to it, plum blossoms come from bitter cold. So I began to cheer up. But another voice is clearly nagging in my ear: all roads lead to Rome, and the east is not bright and the west is bright. Why do you have to take the college entrance examination? Yes, I remember what my mother often nagged in my ear. Farmers are suffering! ? . I know she wants me to change my status as a farmer through learning, but my grades have been unsatisfactory. Seeing that the distance from the university gate is getting farther and farther, I have to pretend to be working hard. Do I always get stuck like this? Two difficulties? Situation: I know that my daily study is in vain, but I can't give up; I want to find another way, but? Road? Where is it? Topic: the weakness of human nature and the sublimity of reason. Excerpt from the beginning of You and I have no choice. )

Comments: What is commendable is that the author has not fallen into abstract analysis? Trap? Now, instead of using your appearance, put yourself in a place? Two difficulties? In the contradictory cycle of choice, what does a person behave as? Poor students? The inner confusion and struggle of community members make the article cordial and touching. What's more worth mentioning is that the article does not stick to the narrow mind of the self, but constantly deduces and pushes it to the broad realm of life, thus carrying forward the main idea, not only taking care of the unremitting struggle of human beings for their own destiny, but also telling us how to face many weaknesses, setbacks and even misfortunes from themselves.

(E) Positive and negative contrast enhancement effect

Positive and negative contrast argument is a common way of argument in argumentative writing. In the case of not too many examples, we can take positive discussion and negative assumptions to strengthen the effect and turn one example into two.

Example 1: The overlord turns into a ghost on a dark horse, and the concubine turns into the blue at the tip of the sword. So my heart moved, and the king in the temple was just a shameless villain. Listen to Han children sing? The wind is blowing and the clouds are flying? , blood boiling. However, it is this reviled man who has established a dominant position in China. Without him, how could Zhang Qian go to Tianshan Snow Lotus with camel bells? Without him, where can Wei Qing dance the flag and rush to the desert to fly sand? The long river of history is rolling forward, telling us that Liu Bang is more talented than Xiang Yu.

Example 2: If you choose wings, you embrace the whole blue sky. If you choose fins, you will kiss the vast blue sea. If you choose a quadruped, you will appreciate the vast green forest. My choice is a cage.

(2002 Shandong College Entrance Examination Full Score Composition)

Write examples of the following ideas.

1, viewpoint: dedication

Reference Answer: Mr. Mao Dun, a modern literary superstar in China, worked hard for the party and the people all his life and wrote many immortal works. Before liberation, he used a pen to fight against the Kuomintang reactionaries in the Kuomintang-controlled areas. After liberation, he worked harder and eulogized the people's new life. Before his death, he handed over the 250,000 yuan manuscript fee he had saved to the country and gave a heart. There are too many such people in history, and their names, such as Sun Yat-sen, Li Dazhao and Zhou Enlai, will be engraved in the history of the Chinese nation forever, and will be praised by future generations.

2. Read through the material and then write narrative examples according to the argument.

Xue tanxue:? Xue Tan studied in Qin Qing, but he didn't have any skills, so he said he was exhausted and resigned. Qin Qing, stop. In the suburbs, touching elegies, shaking trees, very sonorous. Xue Tan apologized and never dared to speak for life. ? ("Liezi? Very embarrassing ").

Argument 1: Never go to extremes.

Argument 2: Teaching by example is more important than teaching by example.

Example 1: In ancient times, Xue Tan sang to Qin Qing and had to go home before learning the skills of a teacher. Later, he listened to a song sung by the teacher when he saw him off, and only then did he deeply feel his own shortcomings. So he not only stopped going, but also refused to go home all his life. Therefore, it can be seen that Xue Tan's mistake is to go to extremes.

Argument 2: Teaching by example is more important than teaching by example.

Example 2: Xue Tan and Qin Qing learned to sing, and left before they learned the skills. Qin Qing didn't accuse him, but sang a song at the farewell party. Singing very sonorous, let Xue Tan deeply realize his own shortcomings. So he volunteered to continue learning from the teacher. Is he the key for Qin Qing to keep Tan Xue? Lead by example? .

Controversial case

Narrative is the main way to give examples in argumentative writing, but sometimes in order to give full play to the role of examples to prove arguments, examples must be properly explained and analyzed to build a bridge between ideas and materials, so that the two can be more closely combined and unified. What methods are there to explain and analyze the case? Explain it briefly with examples.

One way: discuss the case with exclamation or rhetorical question.

The example of 1 worries about the world first, and then enjoys the world. And the list goes on. During the Han Dynasty in China, Huns often plundered property in the south. Huo Qubing, the general, made great contributions to resisting the harassment of Huns. Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty built a magnificent house for him and invited him to watch it. Huo Qubing said to the emperor. How can my small family do nothing until the Xiongnu is destroyed? What a noble thought! Isn't this the spirit of worrying about the world first?

Analysis: this passage is characterized by more narration than discussion, but it is only lightly passed by an exclamatory sentence and a rhetorical question at the end. This method directly points out the argument and makes the reasons to be discussed very clear.

Calm comes from ambition. (2) If a person has no lofty aspirations and only indulges in the reality of the world of flowers and flowers, it is naturally impossible to have a calm personality. (3) Ban Chao joined the army, aiming to serve the country. In the first world war against Xiongnu, he took his time and remained calm, and finally carried forward the national prestige and did not teach Humadu to go to Yinshan Mountain. (4) Lin Zexu's attitude was firm, he was determined to ban smoking, and he was neither supercilious nor supercilious in treating foreigners. He was firm and firm, and finally destroyed opium in Humen, which made foreigners tremble with fear. (5) Isn't it because of their lofty aspirations that the two sages of Ban Xu are so calm?

Analysis: After describing the case, use rhetorical questions to make the argument stick to the argument.

The second method: induction.

Doubt is the beginning of thinking and the end of learning. (2) Major breakthroughs in science, major creations in theory and major inventions in technology often come from? Doubt? Here we go. ③? Why did the apple fall to the ground? This question has great enlightenment for Newton who explored gravity; ? The water is boiling, why should the lid be lifted? This question made Watt discover the power of steam. ? No matter how big or small the chandelier is, why is the time the same? This question led Galileo to discover the principle of isochronism. These natural phenomena are common in people's lives, but ordinary people turn a blind eye to them, and only people with the spirit of exploration produce them? Doubt? Try to explore, even find, invent and create.

Analysis: 3 sentences describe the case, 4 find out the internal relationship from the case, summarize its similarities, that is, the general truth, and then write it in the form of a conclusion.

The third method: negative hypothesis method

For example, diligence can make up for the deficiency, that is to say, the talent gap can be made up by the efforts of the day after tomorrow. Einstein, a famous scientist, was stupid when he was a child and failed many times, but he didn't lose heart, worked hard and finally reached the peak of science. China mathematician Luo Geng, who was regarded as the most stupid student in his student days, studied hard and finally made brilliant achievements. When studying abroad, Tong Dizhou, a famous biologist in China, was laughed at for his poor grades in school. He made up his mind to continue his career and eventually became a world-famous scholar. Imagine, if you don't work hard for ten years, where did Einstein's theory of relativity come from? Without the spirit of tenacious struggle and self-study, where can Hua make outstanding contributions to mathematics? If you don't know how to dance and make unremitting efforts, where will there be Tong Dizhou's outstanding achievements in bioengineering? It can be seen that diligence can make up.

Brief analysis: This is a method of analyzing factual arguments. According to the factual arguments listed above, it makes assumptions from the opposite side, and then infers the authenticity and reliability of the arguments, effectively proving the central argument. The main steps of this negative hypothesis method are: ① list some cases; ② negative hypothesis; ③ Conclusion: The inferred case conforms to the central argument.

Method 4:? Question+comparison+negative hypothesis? Examples of legal discussions

For example: those who are close to ink are not necessarily black! The pond is full of mud. Is it black? Black! But what about the lotus? Clear but not demon? ,? Out of the mud and not stained? ; ? Five Que Yan Nestle Hall altar? Chu, is it black? Black! But what about Qu Yuan? Without my mud? ,? The world is muddy, am I alone? ; ? Civil servants love money and fear death? Feudal dynasty, black? Black! But, Yu Qian is? Keep my sleeves clean and go to the sky? ,? Keep innocent in the world? ; ? Only two stone lions are clean in front of the door? Jia Fu, is it black? Black! But is Lin Daiyu? Are the air knife and frost sword pressed hard? Medium? Is the quality clean or clean? !

Imagine if it is really close to the ink, then, from? Full of arguments? Won't someone stand up 3? Take the heart of Dan and follow the history? National hero; In luxury, you won't walk out of one? How dare you sacrifice yourself for your country? Woman; From the feudal camp, there is no Peng Pai holding high the banner of Hai Lufeng; On the fragrant Nanjing road, there will be no good eight-company can't beat sugar bombs! A negative hypothesis proves that if it is the opposite, there will be no definite result.

So I said: those who are close to ink are not necessarily black! (conclusion, reference argument)

Brief analysis: this kind? Question+comparison+negative hypothesis? The demonstration steps are as follows: ① Propose an argument. Give examples: ask questions and give affirmative answers. However, it shows that this is not the case. Function: compare and question, strengthen the power of negation, and thus effectively demonstrate your own views. Contrast makes the argument further. (3) Negative hypothesis: If it is proved otherwise, a certain result will not be further demonstrated to strengthen the logic of the argument.

Method 5: Narrative analysis, combining narrative with discussion.

Example 1? Mantis catching cicadas? This story gives people a lot of inspiration. One of the revelations is: look forward and look back. The cicada in the tree sings loudly, sucks dew and is free, but the mantis is behind it, moving its sickle-like front legs, trying to catch it and have a good meal. If the cicada turns its head, this dangerous sight will make it alert immediately, stop singing and fly away quickly. Look ahead, otherwise, there are thousands of trees in the setting sun, where to avoid mantis (Tang? Dai Shulun's Painting Cicada).

Analysis: The analysis of examples is generally followed by the description of examples. Sometimes there is analysis in narration, and narration is combined with discussion. The best combination is that you can't tell who is narrative and who is discussion, and the two are in perfect harmony. This is the case in the above example. ? One of the revelations is: look forward and look back? This is a sub-argument. In order to demonstrate this argument, three sentences were used later. 1 sentence is an example, the third sentence is an example, and the second sentence is a hypothesis, which is both an example and an example. Intersection? . Here, discussion and narration are closely combined, and there is no obvious boundary.

In the long history of thousands of years, the reason why the Chinese nation has suffered setbacks and hardships, but it has become more prosperous and gradually prosperous is precisely because countless descendants of the Chinese people are concerned about the country and the people. Worry about the world first, and enjoy it later? As a spiritual pillar. How many people with lofty ideals advance wave after wave and go through hardships for the survival of the country. Dayu managed water and didn't enter the house for three times because he was worried about the safety of the people. Wei Qing and Huo Qubing fought in the frontier fortress and defeated the Xiongnu in a bloody battle, all because they were thinking about the safety of the country. Yue Fei, Wen Tianxiang and Qi Jiguang showed heroic spirit in the face of national enemies, with great momentum, perseverance and desperation, because they took the world as their responsibility.

Brief analysis: this paragraph is a positive evaluation form that achieves a high degree of condensation between matter and reason by giving examples and discussing at the same time. Formally, it is a parallelism sentence, which makes sense, but it also suggests the essence and enhances the persuasiveness.

Write the following argument: Talk? Work hard?

2. Viewpoint: Losers are not necessarily losers.

1 Reference answer: Throughout the ages, outstanding people who shine in history have made extraordinary efforts, thus creating brilliant achievements in their careers. Imagine, if Li Shizhen didn't travel all over the country to taste herbs, if there were no decades-long collection and collation, where would there be a pharmaceutical masterpiece Compendium of Materia Medica! If you don't smell chickens dancing every day and make unremitting efforts, how could Zu Ti be famous for the Northern Expedition to the Central Plains? Without years of hard work, how could Wang Xizhi be honored as a book saint? Without the blood and sweat of studying calculus and weaving baskets for half a life, how did Chen Can Jingrun win the pearl of mathematics and become famous all over the world? (holding and discussing)

1 Reference answer: In the Chu-Han War, Xiang Yu was besieged on all sides and defeated Wujiang. Is it for losers? Must be a loser. But later generations regarded him as a gentleman, not a coach. During the Three Kingdoms period, there was a scuffle between heroes, and Guan Yu was defeated in Maicheng and beheaded by Lv Meng. Is it for losers? Must be a loser. However, later generations regarded him as a hero, not a coach. Song Jiang rebelled in Liangshan, and was later recruited to drink poisonous wine to show his filial piety to the motherland. Did you fail? Must be a loser. But later generations regarded Song Jiang as a dutiful son, not a commander-in-chief. If the winner is king and the loser is kou, then how was the loser listed as being killed by others by the historian Sima Qian? Family? In the team? Zhuge Liang in the Three Kingdoms period, why did later generations set up ancestral temples to pay homage after his death? Therefore, in my opinion, the winner is king and the loser is not necessarily the enemy! (? Question+comparison+negative argument? )

Write examples and discussion cases of the following viewpoints:

Viewpoint: Diligence can make up for it.

Example: Einstein, a famous scientist, was stupid when he was a child and failed many times, but he didn't lose heart, worked hard and finally reached the peak of science; China mathematician Luo Geng, who was regarded as the most stupid student in his student days, studied hard and finally made brilliant achievements. When studying abroad, Tong Dizhou, a famous biologist in China, was laughed at for his poor grades in school. He made up his mind to continue his career and eventually became a world-famous scholar. (Introduction)

Example: This kind of people are not born excellent, but diligent and studious, which makes up for their congenital deficiency and makes great achievements. It can be seen that diligence is a good training, and one point of hard work is one point of talent (after analyzing the truth with examples)

Viewpoint: advocate questioning

Reference answer narrative example:? Why did the apple fall to the ground? This problem has great enlightenment for Newton to explore gravity; ? The water is boiling, why should the lid be lifted? This question made Watt discover the power of steam. ? No matter how big or small the chandelier is, why is the time the same? This problem led Galileo to discover the principle of isochronism. (simple form)

Example: These natural phenomena are common in people's lives. However, ordinary people turn a blind eye to them, and only people with the spirit of exploration produce them? Doubt? Try to explore, even find, invent and create. Imagine, if there is no doubt, how can we talk about invention? (negative hypothesis method)