First, Du Fu's narrative poems
Du Fu's poems are called "the history of poetry" by later generations. In the late Tang Dynasty, Bai Meng's "technical poetry, the third in high school"
"Du said:" Mountain disaster, leaving home, far away from Gansu and Sichuan, poetry finished, pushing to see Shui Yue, almost nothing.
. Therefore, it is called "the history of poetry". "New Tang Book, Yi Wenzhi, Du Fu's Biography and Praise" said: "Fu is good at telling current events, and his method is profound, so many words have declined, and he is known as' the history of poetry' in the world." His poems are called "the history of poetry" because he narrated many important events in the Anshi Rebellion, reflected people's sufferings in the war, and showed a broad picture of the whole social life with vivid and full images. As Yang Yi said: "A great skill of Du Fu's poetry."
It is to put keen and profound poetic intuition into historical events and social situations, turn events and situations into aesthetic images, and understand the living situation of the nation and the law of the operation of heaven. "(Du Li's poetics).
Du Fu's poems describe specific scenes, including the atmosphere and people's feelings at that time, which are more touching than simply providing historical materials of historical events. As mentioned earlier,
Ai Jiangtou, Northern Expedition, Three Officials, Three Farewells, Washing Military Forces, etc. These poems can not only prove history, but also make up for its shortcomings, and are more concrete, vivid and touching than historical events. Du Fu's poems have the characteristics of "poetic history", so his achievements in narrative poetry creation deserve the most attention. In order to meet the requirements of content, Du Fu's narrative poems mostly adopt the archaic style of five or seven words, which is very flexible.
1. Good at spreading and summarizing.
When talking about the art of Du Fu's poetry, Yuan Zhen said that Du Fu was good at "laying out the truth from beginning to end, which is as big as a thousand words and rhymes" ("The Tomb Inscription of Du Jun, the Shangshu of Tang Industry Department"). Du Fu used Fu's poems in many places, but Du Fu's "laying out the truth" attached great importance to the artistic generalization of real life, and was good at concentrating rich and complex social phenomena and feelings of worrying about the country and the people in some scenes or scenes. For example, "The wine in Zhumen stinks, and the bones on the road freeze to death" ("From Beijing to Fengxian 500 words"), ten words tell the shocking social reality of class opposition. "Washing Terracotta Warriors": "In three years of flute, Guan Shanyue, a grass and a tree in front of all the soldiers" summarizes the trauma caused by the war. "Three Songs of Qiang Village": "My wife blames me for my death, but I am still crying in shock ... My neighbors are sighing. In the middle of the night, it's more like holding a candle and dreaming. Described the scene of family gathering in the war. Although it only describes the experience of Du Fu's family, it reflects the tragic fate of the broad masses of people. Military Vehicle Shop is a dialogue between passers-by and pedestrians, but it also reveals the misfortune of many pedestrians. The New Wedding is about a wife's pain, but it focuses on the experiences of countless young couples in the Anshi Rebellion.
2. Delicate the details, and see the truth in the nuances.
The Northern Expedition is Du Fu's masterpiece. In his poem, he recalled what he saw and felt all the way from Fengxiang to Zhangzhou provincial capital, and wrote down the scene of his hometown in his poem:
After living in a cabin for several years, my wife has a hundred knots on her clothes. Tears return to music, and sad spring is suffocating. The love of my life,
The color white is better than snow. Seeing crying behind, dirty feet are not socks. Two little girls in front of the bed, they crossed their knees after filling.
The picture is choppy and the old embroidery twists and turns. Sky dance and purple wind, hanging upside down in short brown.
This description is quite delicate. Through the details of the wife's "knotting clothes", the children's "dirty feet are not socks", the details of "over the knee when mending" and the upside-down pattern on the patch, the image of the unhappy and poor people in the war is vividly reflected.
"Dan Qing Yin" describes Cao Ba's talent. In order to show Cao Ba's superb painting skills, Du Fu chose Cao Ba as the detail of the portrait of the hero: "You put official crowns on all the prime ministers and arrows on all the commanders. You brought every hair of the founders of this dynasty to life and fought bravely. " . Exquisite detail description plays down the story and strengthens the authenticity.
3. Lyric color is rich.
Many of Du Fu's narrative poems are written as lyric poems. Du Fu is a man with rich feelings. He can't help pouring his love and hate, sympathy and pity into the events described and the characters portrayed. For example, "Introduction to Dan Qing": "However, you are here, wandering in a disorderly world, sketching some trivial passers-by from time to time. Poverty is a common sight, no one is purer than you, and no one is poorer than you. " I deeply sympathize with Cao Ba's genius, which is not used by the world. "Three Songs of Qiang Village" wrote that after I returned to China, my elders came to express their condolences and told me that the world was cold and life was hard. "Well-meaning, the wine is light, and no one cultivates. Because the soldiers and revolutionaries didn't stop, the children made an expedition to the east. Please sing an old song for your father and feel sorry for your hardships. After the song, I sighed and cried. " From the bottom of my heart, every sentence is touching, describing the poet's thoughtfulness and helplessness to ordinary old farmers in turbulent years.
The Homeless is an excellent narrative poem and a gripping lyric poem. In the poem, I narrated in the tone of a soldier farmer: "I will live and die forever, and I will be in the ditch for five years." You can't raise it when you are born, and you will be sour all your life. Life is homeless, why is it steaming! When he returned to the home he had missed for a long time, he realized that his mother had died of illness. When he was called up again, no one could say goodbye! So he said bitterly, what's the point of such a life? Reading such a poem, who can't help but be moved!
Second, Du Fu's lyrics
Du Fu's lyric poems are more numerous than narrative poems. There are five or seven ancient characters in form, but more are modern. The artistic features of Du Fu's lyric poems mainly include:
1. scene fusion.
Ascending the Mountain, known as "the first of Du Ji's seven laws", is a masterpiece of blending scenes;
The wind is fast and high, the ape cries sadly, and the birds are circling in the white sand.
The endless trees are rustling leaves, and the Yangtze River is rolling unpredictably.
Li in the sad autumn scenery, a wanderer all the year round, lives alone on the high platform in today's illness.
After all the hardships and hatred, the white hair is full, and the wine glasses are damaged.
This is Du Fu's work after living in Kuizhou. Kuizhou is near the Yangtze River. The wind is rushing, apes are whistling, birds are flying, trees are falling, and the river in the poem is passing away. But in these scenes,
, deeply dissolved into the author's sigh of the status quo and his perception of life experience. For example, the words "leaves fall like the spray of a waterfall, but I watch the long river roll forward", and the words "boundless" and "endless" are added before "Yangtze River", and the onomatopoeic words "rustling" and "rolling" are used to describe the sound of fallen leaves and the sound of running water respectively, which makes the autumn scenery you can see when you climb the mountain very broad and colorful, but in the scenery. Therefore, the poem's neck couplet highly summarizes the "eight tragedies" he felt at this time in fourteen words: "Wan Li is far away."
; Sad autumn, bleak time; Be a guest and travel; Frequent visitors, long-distance travel; For a hundred years, teeth are dying; Sick and sick; Taiwan, high also; Alone on the stage, no relatives or friends. "("He Lu ") The word" bitter "is infinitely painful. The poet said, "With lofty aspirations, it is unique in ancient and modern times, and it should be the first of Du Ji's seven-character poems" (Du Shi Jing Quan). During his stay in Kuizhou, he also wrote the famous group poem Eight Poems in Autumn. The following is the first poem:
Yulu withered maple forest, Wushan Wuxia bleak.
Between the river and the sky, the waves are rough and the clouds are covered with fog.
Cong Ju shed tears the other day. She was alone in the boat.
Cold clothes push knives and rulers everywhere, and Baidicheng is anxious.
What the poet saw was autumn scenery in Jiangxia, which caused him to miss his hometown. He remembered the bitterness of having to stay in Kuizhou for two years, and the sound of evening anvil came from his ear, which brought more homesickness to the wanderers in a foreign land. In the description of scenery, there is a poet's beating passion everywhere.
2. Lyric, argumentative and narrative are integrated.
Du Fu's narrative poems are very lyrical, as mentioned above. In his lyric poems, things are often combined, such as "reciting 500 words in Fengxian", "Shu Huai" and "and so on.
Qinzhou miscellaneous poems, eight sad poems, etc. Because of the combination of narrative and lyric, it highlights the color of the times. In Du Fu's lyric poems, lyricism is often combined with discussion, especially modern poems. Shen Deqian said: "Read (Du Fu) eight autumn poems, five poems of scenic spots and historical sites, and five poems of generals, and never give up talking, painting with algae and covering the universe in cages. In the horizontal and vertical intrusion, it is complicated by macro; Great goals are not empty words. " Du Fu's argument of "moving with emotion" (on "Talking about Poetry"), for example, said in "General": "How can you make your monarch worry about his country alone? It satirizes that generals can only enjoy their success, but not share their worries for the country; "Going to the Tower" says: "If the Arctic court does not change, bandits dare not take risks from the western hills". The former sentence is full of confidence in the stability of the country, and the latter sentence warns the invading Tubo army that you will undoubtedly lose. 《
"Death without conquest, tears spilled from the hero's skirt" in the Book of Scholars not only spoke highly of Zhuge Liang's achievements in his life, but also attached his feelings to the pen.
3, lyrical twists and turns euphemistic, ups and downs.
Du Fu's lyric poems truly reflect the author's inner contradictions and complicated feelings of pain and happiness. For example, the banks of the Yellow River were recaptured by the imperial army:
The news of this distant western station! The north has been recovered! At first, I couldn't stop crying on my coat.
Where are my wife and son? There is not a trace of sadness on their faces. However, I packed my books and poems crazily.
On a green spring day, I began to go home, singing my songs loudly and drinking my wine.
Come back from this mountain, pass another mountain, go up from the south and then go north-to my own town! .
When Du Fu lived in Zizhou, he suddenly heard the news that Shi Chaoyi, a traitor, hanged himself, and his men had defected to Tang Jun. He was pleasantly surprised and blurted out. Although his mood is warm, his ups and downs are great. When I wrote the first taste for the first time, tears flowed down, and then I was ecstatic when I saw * * *' s wife sweeping away the haze in trouble, singing and drinking, and then I immediately made plans to go back to my hometown. The four place names "Ba Xia", "Wu Xia", "Xiangyang" and "Luoyang" are used as "namely", "bian" and "cong" respectively. This poem is full of surprises and is called "the fastest poem in Lao Du's life" (Reading Interpretation), but it turns freely and twists and turns to take advantage of the situation.
Going to Fengxian to chant 500 words is a very long lyric poem. In the first paragraph of the poem, the poet describes his ideal of life as "stealing chickens and touching dogs" and laments the passage of time: "In fact, it has become a decline."
Bai Shougan is generous, but even if fate is so unfair to him, he is still "worried about Li Yuan in poor years and sighing hot in his intestines". It's not that I don't want to stay away from the secular world and live a life of "sending the sun and the moon to take a bath"
It's just that "sunflowers are biased towards the sun, and physical properties are difficult to take away", which can't change your original intention! Only this first paragraph is full of twists and turns, which makes people feel Du Fu's cordial feelings.
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Third, Du Fu's artistic attainments.
Du Fu's poems have high attainments in language art. In narrative poems, he pays attention to the individualization of language, and depicts the images of different characters in different languages according to their personalities and identities. Such as the famous "Three Officials" and "Three Farewells", through the dialogues and monologues of characters, the theme of poetry is revealed and the characters are shaped, among which the dialogues in "Tongguan Officials" are:
I would like to ask Tongguan officials: "Is it necessary to repair the customs?" He told me to dismount and walk, pointing to a corner of the mountain and showing me: "Even the clouds are fighting, and birds can't get through. Stupid but self-controlled, how can you worry about western capital! Father-in-law sees the heavy place, and the bicycle is narrow. Hard work, halberd, and eternal use. " "Alas, Taolin, millions turned into fish.
. Please advise Guan Jiang not to learn from Shu Ge! "
In this conversation, the two sides look at each other. The "I" in the poem is extremely concerned about the safety of Tongguan. "Is it necessary to repair the customs?" Reveal the urgency of the mood. The officer's answer showed that he was full of confidence in the fortifications he had built. He cheerfully invited "I" to look around and pointed out the danger of the pass while watching it, which reflected the high fighting spirit and winning belief of the officers and men guarding the pass. Guan Li's eight sentences were appraised as "vivid" by Pu Yin Long (Reading Du Xinjie). The charge of "I" shows the profundity of the poet's thought.
A large number of proverbs are quoted in Du Fu's poems, which give people a sense of intimacy and realism and help to highlight the personality of the characters. For example, "Car Shop": "My parents and my wife are going to see you off" and "They are running after you, crying and tugging at your sleeve"; In "The Front Jam": "The bow should be strong, and the arrow should be long. The shooter shoots the horse first, and the thief catches the king first "; In The Wedding Farewell, words such as "No silk is attached to hemp, so it is not long to recruit vines" and "Daughter has a home, and chickens and dogs want to get married" are all in line with the identity and tone of ordinary people. Yuan Zhen's poem "Appreciating Li Fu and Seeing Li Li" said: "Du Fu's genius is quite peerless, and every time he looks for a poem, he seems to have feelings. It is not the source of the ancients to pity the canal until the time. " He spoke highly of Du Fu's poems, which used spoken language and common sayings to make them closer to life. However, Du Fu paid great attention to the tempering of poetry and was good at choosing vivid words and using them in appropriate places. For example, the word "Guo" in Summer Tour shows the relationship between Du Fu and his neighbors, and also shows the low shack caused by poverty. He is not only good at using verbs to make poetry vivid, but also good at using adverbs to make poetry full of turning points, such as the usage of the word "zi"; "Self-pity begins when you come back."
Lonely clouds have no self-mind, and "secretly flying fireflies look at themselves" and "taking one's country as one's own" increase the expressive power of sentences. Du Fu attached great importance to the refinement of ci. He said, "New poems need to be changed and sung for a long time", "Most of them are beautiful sentences of human nature, and the words are not surprisingly endless" (a brief talk about the water on the river is precious to the sea). It is this conscious pursuit that makes him achieve great success in the art of poetic language. Therefore, Pi Rixiu said that Du Fu's poem is "thirty conductor, not a word can be donated" ("Lu Wang saw 500 words yesterday, and it became a thousand words").
The artistic styles of Du Fu's poems are diverse, as Yuan Zhen, a poet in the Tang Dynasty, said, "Poetry is thin and elegant."
, Shen Song, Yan Bangsu, Li, Qi from Cao, Liu, Yan, Xie's aloof, miscellaneous Xu, Yu and other beautiful, to the best of the ancient and modern body, and everyone's unique. "(Preface to Du Jun's Tomb of Yuan Wailang, Ministry of Industry of Tang Jiao Jian). As Wang Anshi, a poet in the Song Dynasty, said: "As for the beauty of children, it is sadness or joy, poverty or pity, and there is nothing to do. Therefore, his poems are plain and simple, beautiful and accurate, serious and mighty, handsome in the three armed forces, and ambitious.
Some are indifferent and quiet, some are secluded, some are romantic, and some are noble and upright ... This child is beautiful, so he covers up all his predecessors and then has no succession. "("Du Jing Quan "Appendix III)
Du Fu's unique style, which combines the strengths of many families, is unified.
, and showed richness. The overall style of Du Fu's poems is his own "Carved Fu Table" written in Jin.
There is a saying in the Six Classics: "Although I can't preach the Six Classics, I'll sing a few words first. As for depression and frustration, I will be agile at any time, and Yang Xiong Gaomei can be reached by ordinary enterprises. " Although Du Fu's "depressed and frustrated" refers to his ci-fu, it also refers to his poetic artistic style. Du Fu worries about life and thinks about chaos, and the people love things. He not only has the ambition to help the world, but also suffers from poverty, disease and displacement. Here, "depressed" and "frustrated" refer to the author's poems, which are sometimes "calm and happy"; Sometimes it says "very deep"; Sometimes "health is male"; Sometimes it is thick and crooked, and the root chassis is deep; Sometimes the waves roll, sometimes they rise and fall, and the syllables show urgency.
Du Fu lived in a difficult and devastated era, and his personal fate was as unfortunate as that of his country. As a kind and deep poet, his poems show a deep sense of hardship, and all kinds of feelings come to mind and act on his heart, which embodies the aesthetic characteristics of Du Fu's poems.
In addition to the main style of depression and frustration, Du Fu also has the characteristics of being spontaneous and natural. This style is generally manifested in scenery writing and lyric poetry, which is a work in a relatively stable period of life, such as "Seven Flowers Alone by the River" (3):
There are two or three families living in the bamboo forest beside the river bank, and the provocative red flowers set off the white flowers.
I have a place to repay the happiness of spring. Joan can take her time at the hotel.
Jiangcun:
The clear river winds around the village, and everything in the village looks elegant in the long summer.
Swallows on the beam fly freely, and blind dates in the water are similar and accompanied.
The old lady is using a chessboard, and the younger son is making a hook with an injection.
What do many diseases need more than drugs?
The realm is peaceful and quiet, showing a chic, leisurely and pleasant taste. Such as "the heart of water is indisputable, why can't the cloud care" ("Jiangting"), "Look at the birds on your back and look back at the wrong person" ("Two Stories in the City"). , wrote a kind of peace of mind, carefree mood and expression.
As for the influence on later generations, I think it is mainly the influence on Jiangxi Poetry School headed by Huang Tingjian in Song Dynasty!
I wonder if I can help you.
Goodbye!