First, the basic principles of citing references
1. References shall be accurate, comprehensive, objective and fair, and the original meaning shall not be distorted.
2. References shall respect intellectual property rights and shall not infringe the copyright of others.
3. The cited references shall conform to academic norms, and shall not copy, plagiarize or tamper with other people's research results.
Second, the method of citing references
1, direct quotation method
Direct quotation refers to directly quoting part of the original text into your own article, and indicating the source at the quotation. Direct quotation is usually used to quote important definitions, theorems, formulas, data, cases, etc.
For example, according to statistics, the total population of China has exceeded 654.38+0.3 billion (quoted from China Demographic Yearbook).
2. Indirect citation method
Indirect quotation refers to the restatement of some contents in the original text in one's own language, and the source is indicated in the quotation. Indirect speech is usually used to quote some common viewpoints, conclusions, analyses, etc.
For example, according to research, the impact of air pollution on human health is very serious (quoted from environmental science research report).
3. Mixed reference method
Mixed citation refers to the combination of direct citation and indirect citation. Mixed citation method is usually used to quote some complex contents, which not only refers to the specific content of the original text, but also explains and explains it in its own language.
For example, according to research, the impact of air pollution on human health is very serious. Among them, PM2 and PM5 are one of the most dangerous pollutants, which can directly enter human lungs and cause many diseases. (quoted from environmental science research report).
Format of citing references
1, footnote format
Footnote format means that each citation is marked with numbers or letters at the bottom of each page or at the end of each chapter, and the source is indicated in the corresponding footnote. Footnote format is usually used for formal academic documents, such as academic papers and monographs.
2. Text format
Text format means that in the body of the article, each citation is marked with the author's surname and publication year, and a list of references is listed at the end of the article. In-text format is usually used in informal academic documents such as scientific reports and popular science articles.