Broadly speaking, any protuberant lesion protruding from the intestinal cavity can be called polyp, but it is generally called polyp, which is only a local protrusion of mucosa. The name polyp has no histological significance, so don't confuse polyp with adenoma. It should be said that polyps are benign lesions, not cancer, and will not endanger life. The histological types of polyps are adenoma, hamartoma, inflammation and hyperplasia. The most common sites of colonic polyps are rectum and sigmoid colon. The occurrence of colonic polyps is related to many factors: 1, long-term diarrhea. Many patients are allergic to intestinal mucosa, such as diarrhea after drinking, eating Chili or greasy food or seafood, and some patients will have diarrhea for no reason. In this way, chronic inflammation will occur in the intestinal mucosa, which will easily lead to the growth of intestinal polyps. 2, long-term constipation, constipation patients often defecate once every few days, feces stored in the intestine for a long time will produce various toxins, leading to chronic inflammation of intestinal mucosa, easy to grow polyps. 3, heredity, such as familial polyposis is a genetic disease. 4, inflammatory diseases, such as ulcerative colitis, Crohn's disease and other diseases are prone to polyps. There are five causes of colonic polyps: the occurrence of colonic polyps may be related to the following factors: 1, infection: it is reported that the occurrence of adenomatous polyp is related to viral infection; 2. Age: The incidence of colonic polyps increases with age; 3. Embryonic abnormality: Juvenile polyposis is mostly hamartoma, which may be related to abnormal embryonic development; 4. Living habits: Fibrous polyposis in food is less, and vice versa. Smoking is also closely related to adenomatous polyp. People who smoke for less than 20 years often have small adenomas, and those who smoke for more than 20 years often have large adenomas; 5. Heredity: The occurrence of some polyps is related to heredity. The patient obtained a defective APC allele from his parents' germ cells, while the other APC allele in the colon epithelium was normal at birth. Later, when this allele mutates, adenoma will occur at the mutation site. This mutation is called somatic mutation. Pathogenesis and pathophysiology 1. Pigmented polypus syndrome is more common in teenagers, with family history and canceration, belonging to hamartoma. Multiple polyps can appear in all digestive tracts, especially in the small intestine. There is pigmentation on lips and their surroundings, oral mucosa, palms, toes or fingers, which is black spots or brownish yellow spots. Because of its wide range, this disease cannot be cured by surgery. When combined with massive intestinal bleeding or intussusception, partial enterotomy can be performed. 2. Familial intestinal polyposis is related to genetic factors, and APC gene mutation on the long arm of chromosome 5. It is characterized by no polyps in infants. It often begins to appear in youth and has a great tendency to become cancerous. The rectum and colon are often covered by adenomas, and the small intestine is rarely involved. Colonoscopy showed that the intestinal mucosa was covered by sessile small polyps. If the rectal lesions are mild, total colectomy and terminal ileocecal anastomosis can be performed; Intrarectal adenoma was resected or destroyed by transrectal endoscopic electrocautery. In order to prevent postoperative canceration of residual rectal adenoma, lifelong follow-up is needed. If the rectal lesion is serious, the rectum should be removed at the same time and a permanent ileostomy should be done. 3. Intestinal polyposis complicated with multiple osteomas and multiple soft tissue tumors is also related to genetic factors. This disease mostly occurs in 30-40 years old, and has obvious canceration tendency. The treatment principle is the same as that of familial intestinal polyposis. The treatment principle of extraintestinal tumor is the same as that of patients with the same tumor without intestinal polyposis.