petroleum
Oil, also known as crude oil, is a brown-black flammable viscous liquid mined from deep underground. Petroleum is mainly a mixture of alkanes, cycloalkanes and aromatic hydrocarbons. Oil is a mixture formed by long-term evolution of organisms in ancient oceans or lakes, and it belongs to fossil fuels like coal. The properties of petroleum vary from place of origin, with a density of 0.8 ~ 1.0g/cm3, a wide viscosity range, a great difference in freezing point (30 ~-60℃), and a boiling point ranging from normal temperature to over 500℃. It is soluble in various organic solvents and insoluble in water, but can form an emulsion with water. The chemical elements that make up petroleum are mainly carbon (83% ~ 87%), hydrogen (1%~14%), and the rest are sulfur (0.06% ~ 0.8%) and nitrogen (0.02% ~1. Hydrocarbons formed by carbon and hydrogenation constitute the main components of petroleum, accounting for about 95% ~ 99%. Compounds containing sulfur, oxygen and nitrogen are harmful to petroleum products and should be removed as much as possible in petroleum processing. The structure and proportion of various hydrocarbons in petroleum from different producing areas vary greatly, but they mainly belong to alkanes, cycloalkanes and aromatics. Generally, petroleum mainly composed of alkanes is called paraffin-based petroleum; Naphthenic petroleum, mainly naphthenes and aromatics; In between, it is called intermediate base oil. The main crude oils in China are characterized by high wax content, high freezing point, low sulfur content, moderate nickel and nitrogen content and low vanadium content. Except for a few oil fields, there are few gasoline fractions in crude oil, and residual oil accounts for 1/3. Different kinds of petroleum have different processing methods and products, so we should make good use of them. Daqing crude oil is characterized by high wax content, high pour point and low sulfur content, belonging to low sulfur paraffin-based crude oil.
The word "oil" was first put forward by Taiping Guangji compiled by China in the Northern Song Dynasty in 977 AD. Officially named "Oil", it was named after Shen Kuo (103 1- 1095), an outstanding scientist in the Northern Song Dynasty, who wrote that oil was born in water, mixed with spring water and disconsolate. Before the word "oil" appeared, foreign countries called oil "devil's sweat" and "glowing water", while China called it "stone grease water", "fierce fire oil" and "stone paint".
In our daily life, oil or its accessories can be seen everywhere. Have you noticed? Such as gasoline, diesel oil, kerosene, lubricating oil, asphalt, plastics, fiber and so on! These are all extracted from oil; And the natural gas (liquefied gas) we use every day is produced from special gas fields! It is delivered to all families through gas pipelines and gas stations.
At present, there are two theories about the origin of oil: ① inorganic theory holds that oil is formed in basic magma; (2) Organic theory: All kinds of organic matter, such as animals and plants, especially lower animals and plants, such as algae, bacteria, mussels, fish, etc., have been buried in sunken and anoxic bays, lagoons, deltas, lakes and other places for many times, and finally gradually formed oil.
The color of crude oil is very rich red, golden yellow, dark green, black, brownish red and even transparent; The color of crude oil itself is the content of gum and asphaltene. The higher the content, the darker the color. The lighter the color of crude oil, the better its oil quality! Transparent crude oil can be directly added to the automobile fuel tank instead of gasoline! The main components of crude oil are: oiliness (the main component), colloid (a viscous semi-solid substance), asphaltene (a dark brown or black brittle solid substance) and carbonaceous (a non-hydrocarbon).
Petroleum is mainly composed of hydrocarbons, which is a colored flammable liquid with a special smell! Natural gas is a colorless combustible gas mixture, which has a special smell and is composed of many gases, mainly gaseous hydrocarbons.
In the whole petroleum system, the division of labor is also fine: geophysical prospecting is responsible for determining the location of oil and gas layers in areas that may contain oil and gas by using various geophysical prospecting equipment and combining geological data; Drilling uses drilling machinery and equipment to drill an oil well in the oil-gas bearing area and collect geological data of this area; Downhole operation uses downhole operation equipment to run various downhole tools or production strings into the well on the ground, record various production materials of the well, or make the well produce crude oil or natural gas normally, and be responsible for the maintenance of the oil well in the future; Oil production in the normal production process of oil wells, the intake of oil well production materials and the daily maintenance of oil well production equipment; Gathering and transportation is responsible for the external transportation of crude oil; Refining will refine the crude oil delivered to the refinery into different petroleum products such as gasoline, diesel oil and kerosene as required!
The properties of petroleum vary from place of origin, with a density of 0.8 ~ 1.0g/cm3, a wide viscosity range, a great difference in freezing point (30 ~-60℃), and a boiling point ranging from normal temperature to over 500℃. It is soluble in various organic solvents and insoluble in water, but can form an emulsion with water. The chemical elements that make up petroleum are mainly carbon (83% ~ 87%), hydrogen (1%~14%), and the rest are sulfur (0.06% ~ 0.8%) and nitrogen (0.02% ~1. Hydrocarbons formed by carbon and hydrogenation constitute the main components of petroleum, accounting for about 95% ~ 99%. Compounds containing sulfur, oxygen and nitrogen are harmful to petroleum products and should be removed as much as possible in petroleum processing. The structure and proportion of various hydrocarbons in petroleum from different producing areas vary greatly, but they mainly belong to alkanes, cycloalkanes and aromatics. Generally, petroleum mainly composed of alkanes is called paraffin-based petroleum; Naphthenic petroleum, mainly naphthenes and aromatics; In between, it is called intermediate base oil. The main crude oils in China are characterized by high wax content, high freezing point, low sulfur content, moderate nickel and nitrogen content and low vanadium content. Except for a few oil fields, there are few gasoline fractions in crude oil, and residual oil accounts for 1/3. Different kinds of petroleum have different processing methods and products, so we should make good use of them. Daqing crude oil is characterized by high wax content, high pour point and low sulfur content, belonging to low sulfur paraffin-based crude oil.
There are four main links from searching for oil to using oil, namely, searching, mining, transportation and processing, which are generally called "oil exploration", "oilfield development", "oil and gas gathering and transportation" and "oil refining" respectively. The following are four links to trace the development history of petroleum industry.
There are many methods of "oil exploration", but whether there is oil underground or not is ultimately confirmed by drilling. The progress of drilling technology in a country often reflects the development of its petroleum industry. Therefore, some countries compete to announce that they have drilled the first oil well in the world, which shows that they have taken the earliest step in the development of the oil industry.
"Oilfield development" refers to the confirmation of oil and gas distribution range through drilling, and the wells can be put into production to form a certain production scale. In this sense, the Ziliujing gas field in Fushun County, Sichuan Province, which was developed in 182 1 is the earliest natural gas field in the world.
With the development of oil and gas, "oil and gas gathering and transportation" technology came into being. Around A.D. 1875, Ziliujing Gas Field used locally abundant bamboo as raw material, cut off knots, wrapped in linen, coated with tung oil for external use, and connected to form what we now call a "gas pipeline", with a total length of 200-300 miles. At that time, in the artesian well area, long interwoven pipelines crossed hills and gullies, forming a gas transmission network.
As for oil refining, it started earlier. Notes on Water Mirror was written in the Northern Wei Dynasty and in 5 12~5 18. This paper introduces the situation of extracting lubricating oil from oil. Yue Se, a British scientist, pointed out in his paper: "In the 10 century, China already had oil and it was widely used. Therefore, before this, China people distilled oil. " . It shows that as early as the 6th century A.D., oil refining technology sprouted in China.
Petroleum is a liquid mineral product with hydrocarbons as the main component. Crude oil is oil extracted from underground, or natural oil. Artificial petroleum is a liquid hydrocarbon extracted from coal or oil shale. The main elements that make up crude oil are carbon, hydrogen, sulfur, nitrogen and oxygen.
A brown color, mainly composed of a mixture of hydrocarbons with different structures. Dark green or black liquid
Iraq and China have the second largest oil reserves in the world.