Present situation and characteristics
The rapid development of China benefits from the domestic reform and opening-up policy as well as economic globalization. Economic globalization is the basic feature of contemporary world economic development. With the development of contemporary scientific and technological revolution, the economic ties among countries in the world are getting closer and closer, and countries with different social systems and different levels of development are inevitably brought into the global economic system. Economic globalization has brought about the great development of international division of labor, the great adjustment of the world economic structure, the great transfer of industries and the great flow of production factors such as capital and technology, which has improved the efficiency of economic growth, optimized the allocation of resources and maximized the development space. But it has also led to unprecedented fierce international competition, and at the same time put forward many new challenges to industrial security and financial security. How to correctly understand and deal with economic globalization has become a universal problem in front of all countries in the world.
In the tide of economic globalization, the development of China is facing a rapid change and increasingly complex new situation at home and abroad, reaching a critical point.
According to Dr. Chen Xiangyang, deputy director of the Strategic Research Center of China Institute of Contemporary International Relations, the central authorities have a profound domestic and international background in stressing the need to seize the initiative in international competition and demanding an all-round improvement in the level of opening up.
Domestically, first of all, it is the need to continue to maintain and make good use of the important period of strategic opportunities. 265,438+the first 20 years of the 20th century is an important period of strategic opportunities for the development of China. Up to now, 20 years have passed nearly 1/4, and time waits for no one. It is a long way to go to build a well-off society in an all-round way and realize the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation.
Secondly, the 11th Five-Year Development Plan will be implemented next year, and China is entering a critical stage of reform. It is a worldwide problem to deepen reform and accelerate development while ensuring stability. Opening to the outside world and foreign trade and economic cooperation, as one of the wheels to promote the development of China, will certainly provide great impetus for the smooth implementation of the 11th Five-Year Plan.
Judging from the international situation, China's rising momentum is fierce, causing international public opinion to focus on China. CNN paid unprecedented attention to China and spent a week covering all aspects of China. American Newsweek published "China Album" with the title of "China Century"; Fortune Global Forum visited China three times; Authorities on international issues frequently make comments, saying that the development of China is leading to the re-transfer of international power. ...
In an interview with Outlook Newsweek, Professor Zhong-Ying Pang, director of the Institute of Global Studies of Nankai University, doctoral supervisor and visiting researcher at the China-US Research Center of Nanjing University and Hopkins University, pointed out that under the background of globalization? The momentum of China's all-round rise has more and more influence on the world economy, so it has attracted more and more attention. The adjustment of European and American policies towards China, especially economic policies, is particularly obvious. At the same time, with the deepening of globalization, various forces in Europe and America resist globalization in all directions, which has become a new domestic political feature of European and American countries, leading to the continuous development of new trade protectionism. This feature of protectionism runs counter to the traditional spirit of free trade in the West. In this case, fast-developing countries such as China and India are becoming the main targets of new protectionist attacks in Europe and America, and scapegoats for the complicated domestic trade situation and political struggles in western countries.
Experts stressed that under the impetus of economic globalization, the friction in the international economic and trade field is increasing day by day, which has become an objective trend. As far as China is concerned, China has entered the post-WTO transition period, and has begun to face unimaginable and increasing international economic competition pressure. The unreasonable restrictions imposed by the United States and the European Union on China's textile exports show that China is facing real challenges three years after its accession to the WTO.
In addition, in the non-economic field, in response to China's strong development, western powers have also adjusted their foreign strategies, and the coordination of their China policies has been significantly enhanced, especially the comprehensive deepening of the US-Japan alliance. The United States and Japan depend on each other and use each other to contain China. The foreign strategy of the United States is shifting from anti-terrorism to anti-terrorism and non-proliferation and preventing the rise of great powers. Japan is deeply anxious about China's all-round catch-up, as evidenced by its recent troubles with China.
In the face of difficulties, it is very important to keep a cool head and choose what attitude to take. "The international and domestic situation that is undergoing profound changes requires us to plan domestic development with a global strategic vision and make better use of the international and domestic markets and resources." Liuli, a researcher at the Institute of International Strategy of the Central Party School and deputy secretary-general of the China WTO Research Association, told Outlook News Weekly: "At present, China's economic and social development has entered a critical period, and the task of realizing the' third step' strategic goal of building a well-off society in an all-round way is even more arduous. It is necessary to further expand opening up and participate in economic globalization."
A major shift in strategic thinking
In his speech, Hu Jintao pointed out that in order to play an important role in promoting China's economic and social development, we must adapt to the new development of economic globalization and the new situation of China's reform and development, further establish a global strategic awareness, actively participate in international economic and technological cooperation and competition, and comprehensively improve the level of opening up.
Exploring the profound meaning of Hu Jintao's emphasis on global strategic vision and global strategic awareness, Zhong-Ying Pang believes that today's world is a globalized world, and China is also globalizing. Globalization makes it possible for benefits and opportunities to exist anywhere in the world, and competition, threats and challenges will also come from all directions. Japan, South Korea, Singapore and other Asian countries are all developed based on the global economy. If China wants to succeed economically in the world, it must think globally. China's top leaders put forward to establish global strategic awareness, which is a major strategic thinking change, and the whole society should attach great importance to it.
"In this collective study, General Secretary Hu put forward two concepts of China's global strategic vision and global strategic awareness, which have far-reaching historical significance." Chen Xiangyang believes that it contains two meanings: one is to look at the world from the perspective of China, and to maximize the protection and promotion of China's national interests by actively participating in international competition; Second, look at the development of China from a global perspective, that is, stand at a global height, accurately grasp the position of China, and promote the progress of the world with the development of China.
In his view, under the new situation, the development of China is more and more integrated with the development of the world. The influence and significance of domestic affairs in the original sense have already transcended national boundaries and become a part of the overall changes in the world. Therefore, it is urgent to formulate China's development strategy from the perspective of internal and external integration, including the global and global perspectives.
Moreover, the timely formulation of China's global strategy is the need to realize China's real rise and national rejuvenation, and it is also the need for China to bravely take responsibility and become a responsible world power. With the increasing comprehensive national strength and international status of China, China is moving from a big country in population and geography to a big country in politics and economy, and from a big country with great influence in the region to a big country in the world. It is an irreversible trend for China to stride into the world, and it is also recognized and accepted by all countries in the world. As a developing world power, China should have its own grand strategy, one of which is China's global strategy.
Looking at the world and planning for the future is not only a precaution, but also a necessary move. Zhong-Ying Pang believes that judging from the recent trade disputes between China and the United States and the European Union, the world economy has two outstanding characteristics: First, economic and political ties are very close, and European and American trade protectionism has seriously impacted the world trade order; Second, the influence and position of China and other emerging economies in the world economy have been further enhanced. The world economy is facing a historic and major structural turning point, and competition, contradictions, disputes, conflicts and cooperation are intertwined.
Therefore, for China, only by fully understanding the changing nature of the world economic system and grasping the fundamental trend of the global economy can it take the initiative. What should be done at present is: First, economic decision makers and company leaders must think from the overall perspective. Today, China has become an inseparable part of the world market, and the international competition in this market is very fierce. China enterprises should strengthen their competitiveness not only in other markets in the world, but also in China. Therefore, it is necessary to explore a new growth model, improve management, attach importance to quality, seek legal protection, respect and protect intellectual property rights, and respect market mechanisms.
Second, in the global market economy, we should get used to trade wars. A trade war is normal, but no trade war is abnormal. The China administration should clearly understand the essence and performance of new trade protectionism in Europe and America, and face the political pressure from Europe and America. On the one hand, we should proceed from safeguarding the fundamental interests of China's market, enterprises and workers, rationally and forcefully counter unreasonable trade protectionism, and enhance our ability to fight trade with Europe and the United States (learn from the experience of dealing with trade disputes between Europe, America and Japan). On the other hand, we should make full use of the dispute settlement mechanism of the World Trade Organization and take up international legal weapons to protect China's interests.
Third, further promoting respect and protection of intellectual property rights will help improve economic and trade relations with Europe and the United States.
Zhong-Ying Pang told Outlook News Weekly: "The most fundamental thing is to deepen reform, liberate productive forces and enhance competitiveness."
The profound background of "four efforts"
In the face of severe international competition, Hu Jintao summarized the urgent task of comprehensively improving China's opening-up level as "four efforts", that is, four difficult problems that must be solved to grasp the initiative in international competition under the current situation. Ni Yueju, a researcher at the Institute of World Economics and Politics of China Academy of Social Sciences, and Liuli, a researcher at the Central Party School of China, who have been tracking the world and China's foreign trade for a long time, analyzed these four aspects that the central high-level officials thought should be paid special attention to one by one.
● Focus on changing the growth mode of foreign trade.
Since the reform and opening up, the biggest change in the field of international trade is China's return to the world market as an exporter. From 1979 to 2004, the total export volume of China increased by about 43 times, with an average annual growth of 17.4%. The huge export volume of goods shows that China has become a "big trading country". However, as far as the mode of foreign trade growth is concerned, China still has a long way to go to grow into a "trading power". Mainly manifested in:
From the perspective of export commodity structure, although the proportion of manufactured goods in exports is rising, the proportion of high-tech products is still low. According to the WTO? According to the statistics of WTO, as early as 2000, the average high-tech content of products of the top ten exporting countries and regions in the world reached 40%, while that of China was only about 28% in 2004.
From the trade mode, processing trade is still the main trade mode of China's product export. In recent years, processing trade has always accounted for more than half of total exports. Take high-tech products as an example. In 2002, China exported 60.63 billion US dollars of high-tech products through processing trade, accounting for 89.6% of the total export of high-tech products. This is quite different from the situation that the proportion of general trade exports is greater than that of processing trade exports in the world's major trading countries, indicating that China is still at a low level in the international division of labor system of high-tech industries.
China continues to expand its exports according to the current export product structure, which may lead to the following adverse results: On the one hand, China's low value-added products have low uniqueness, poor anti-crisis ability and weak competitiveness of export commodities, making it difficult to stabilize exports at critical moments. On the other hand, China's labor-intensive export products are based on low labor costs, and all these industries have a common feature: low cost and easy access to the market. Therefore, it is easy to cause excessive investment, which in turn leads to overproduction. Overproduction eventually leads to oversupply, which inevitably leads to vicious competition. The final result of disorderly competition is anti-dumping prosecution or safeguard measures. At the same time, constantly lowering the international market price of low value-added labor-intensive products will lead to "high yield but no harvest" in foreign trade exports, that is, an increase in export volume will lead to a decline in export benefits.
Therefore, only as Hu Jintao emphasized, while giving full play to China's comparative advantages, can China gradually realize the transformation from a "trading power" to a "trading power" by expanding the export of high-tech products, products and services with independent intellectual property rights and brands, expanding the export of high value-added products, improving the industrialization level of processing trade and enhancing its domestic supporting capacity.
● Focus on improving the quality and level of foreign capital utilization.
Since 1992, when the National People's Congress made the decision to deepen the reform and opening up, China has been absorbing foreign direct investment at a faster and faster speed and with a larger amount. In 2003, the utilization of foreign capital reached 53.5 billion US dollars, and will exceed 60 billion US dollars in 2004. According to the statistics of UNCTAD, after reaching the peak of $654.38+388 million in 2000, the global foreign direct investment has dropped to $559.6 billion in 2003, and China has absorbed nearly 654.38+00%. The contribution of foreign direct investment to GDP exceeds 40%, and 1/4 of the tax revenue comes from foreign capital. However, China's foreign trade continues to grow substantially, and two thirds of it comes from international direct investment. In addition, the market competition effect brought by the entry of foreign-funded enterprises and the related effects produced by the localization strategy of multinational corporations have played a positive role in China's economic development.
However, foreign direct investment has also brought many problems to China. First of all, the pursuit of profit is the fundamental driving force for multinational companies to invest in China. Therefore, foreign investors show a very obvious phenomenon of "picking the fat and picking the thin" in the choice of investment industries, and they are very interested in investing in high-profit industries. The investment of multinational companies is often inconsistent with China's industrial policy, and it is difficult to combine the introduction of foreign capital with the adjustment of domestic industrial structure.
Secondly, the technology transfer and development of multinational companies are not satisfactory. The Research Center of Multinational Corporations of the Foreign Economic Research Institute of the Ministry of Commerce pointed out in the Report of Multinational Corporations in China in 2005 this year: "A lot of foreign direct investment? The result of FDI is the lack of core technology, which is really incredible but has to be faced. " We "gave up the market but didn't get the corresponding technology upgrade, which is still far from our original intention of' market for technology'."
Thirdly, enterprises invested by multinational corporations in China are in an extremely favorable position in the competition with China's state-owned enterprises by virtue of their economic and technological advantages, constantly expanding their share in the domestic market, while state-owned enterprises are losing ground.
Liuli, a researcher at the Institute of International Strategy of the Central Party School, believes that the key to improving the quality and level of foreign capital utilization is to do the following:
First, the focus of attracting foreign investment is to promote the upgrading of domestic industries. The utilization of foreign capital should be combined with the coordinated development of regional economy and the reform and reorganization of state-owned enterprises;
Second, the policy of encouraging foreign investment should be changed from universal preferential system to differential preferential system. Adopt preferential policies in key areas such as agriculture, high-tech fields, the transformation of old industrial bases, and the development of the central and western regions, allowing preferential policies for foreign investment and canceling preferential policies for general projects;
3. Encourage foreign investors to set up service outsourcing enterprises, R&D centers and regional headquarters. Transfer high value-added industries to China;
Fourth, promote the cooperation between domestic enterprises and foreign-funded enterprises in technology research and development and market development, and guide China enterprises to participate in the global production network of multinational companies.
Five, the central government should strengthen policy coordination for foreign-funded enterprises, to avoid unreasonable competition for foreign capital.
● Focus on implementing the "going out" strategy.
To "go out". This is not only the need to expand domestic demand and realize the sustainable development of China's economy, but also the objective requirement in the face of economic globalization. This is not only an important measure to deal with China's accession to the WTO, but also an inevitable choice to further promote opening up.
With the joint efforts of the government and enterprises, the strategy of "going out" has achieved initial results. But in the process of "going out", some problems have also been exposed. For example, some enterprises lack careful thinking and make blind mistakes in strategy, which leads to business failure. However, due to the backward investment decision-making mechanism and management system of some state-owned enterprises, overseas investment has become a kind of government decision-making, and there are different degrees of problems in selecting projects, locations, partners, formulating business strategies, staffing, implementation and supervision, which leads to investment failure. Moreover, the lack of effective supervision of overseas investment has become a huge loophole in the loss of state-owned property in China. In addition, due to the lack of unified "going out" strategy coordination, there are too many departments that manage "going out" and the policies are not matched, and legal norms and policy provisions sometimes conflict with government management. Foreign exchange, investment, examination and approval, finance and other related policies also need to be improved. Wait a minute.
Therefore, in order to better implement the "going out" strategy, we must further improve the laws, regulations and service system for foreign investment, give enterprises greater autonomy in overseas operation and management, and improve the risk prevention mechanism. Liuli believes that there must be a key point in implementing the strategy of "going out" and avoiding "rushing headlong into action". First, overseas resources development, mainly in resource-rich areas; The second is to promote the export of processing trade and ease trade friction; Third, through investment in developed countries, the purpose of using advanced technology in developed countries can be achieved.
● Focus on reforming the foreign-related economic system.
Over the past 20 years of reform and opening-up, China has made great progress in economic system reform and played an increasingly important role in the world economy. However, there are still some problems in China's economic system, especially the foreign-related economic system. If these problems are not effectively solved, it will affect the process of China's reform and opening up, and even affect China's future international status.
From the perspective of China's foreign trade system, although the reform has made great progress, the current import and export system still lags behind the requirements of WTO rules and China's accession protocol in terms of market opening, policy transparency and trade management, and there are many contradictions and problems. In response to these contradictions and problems, China accelerated the reform of the import and export management system for some time before and after its accession to the WTO, concentrated on cleaning up, abolishing and adjusting a number of policies and regulations, and successively promulgated new policies and regulations such as anti-dumping regulations, countervailing regulations and safeguard measures regulations. However, in order to realize the intensive and balanced development of foreign trade, it is far from enough to repair the existing import and export system partially or temporarily. Instead, it is necessary to comprehensively adjust China's import and export system and build a new foreign trade system in line with WTO rules to adapt to the new situation of international competition and development in the era of economic globalization.
Judging from the foreign investment policy, China still relies on various preferential policy arrangements to attract foreign investment. Excessive dependence on preferential policies not only aggravates market distortions and widens regional disparities, but also constitutes an obstacle to China's integration with international rules after its accession to the WTO. Therefore, the universal application of the principle of national treatment to foreign-invested enterprises should be the core goal of China's foreign investment policy adjustment, so that foreign-invested enterprises can finally enjoy the same legal status, rights and obligations as domestic enterprises. Create a fair competitive market environment for domestic and foreign enterprises. In the long run, establishing a competitive and highly legal market system is an important factor to attract foreign investment, especially from large multinational companies, and it is also a key step to optimize the investment environment in China. In order to adapt to the new situation of foreign investment after China's entry into WTO, the main purpose of China's foreign investment policy should gradually shift from market access to encouraging competition, improving domestic market competitiveness and standardizing the market behavior of domestic and foreign-funded enterprises.
A 600-word civilized fashion in a high school argumentative essay.