Schopenhauer's philosophy: Schopenhauer's philosophy is an existentialism. In his view, everything in the world exists as a representation. It is based on an irrational, blind, never-ending and never-tired desire impulse, not what Kant called "thing in itself", not what Hegel called "rationality" or "absolute spirit". This kind of desire impulse is a kind of desire impulse to survive, which Schopenhauer called the will to survive. Schopenhauer explained that the basic requirements of the will to survive are to get food for survival, to develop oneself for a better life and to possess the will of the opposite sex for reproduction. In short, the will to survive is the will to seek survival, food and clothing and sexual instinct satisfaction. Schopenhauer believes that not only the human body and its activities are the expression and creation of the will to survive, but also animals, plants and even inorganic substances. In a word, Schopenhauer thinks that everything in the universe is the externalization or expression of the will to live. He said: "Will is the self of the world, the internal content of the world and the essential life of the world. Visible world phenomena are just a mirror of will. Therefore, life and will are inseparable, just like a shadow. Where there is will, there is life and there is the world. " As a philosophy, Schopenhauer's theory of will greatly influenced the later philosophy through his anti-rationalism. Starting from this will to survive, we should have come to the conclusion that will dominates everything. However, Schopenhauer went against common sense and came to a pessimistic outlook on life that life is suffering. In his view, people live by an impulse to survive, and this desire itself is a sense of dissatisfaction or lack, and its ending is bound to be pain. Schopenhauer is the founder of voluntarism philosophy. Judging from its ideological source, Schopenhauer obviously developed some voluntarism elements in Kant's and Fichte's philosophy, and inherited and absorbed many things in Buddhist philosophy. For later generations, the voluntarism founded by Schopenhauer had a direct and important influence on various philosophical schools of humanistic thoughts such as philosophy of life, phenomenology, existentialism and Freudianism. The world we live in is a painful world, which is the basic starting point of Schopenhauer's philosophy of life. In his view, the root of human suffering is that people are dominated and enslaved by will. "People are always busy looking for something under the control and slavery of the will, but every time they find the end, they find themselves full of emptiness. Finally, they have to admit that the existence of this world is a huge tragedy, but the content of this world is pain. " A person's life, in Schopenhauer's view, is a process of understanding the suffering of life. When people are old and have suffered a lot, they will truly appreciate the bitterness of life. "If we reflect on life again, life is really a fruitless episode, which adds trouble to the nonexistent peace in vain ... The longer we live, the more clearly we can see that the whole life is full of disappointment, even a scam." Benhua completely denied the meaning of life and human existence from the bitterness of life. Schopenhauer claimed that he preached the sufferings of life in order to find a reliable compass to guide life and save people from suffering. To this end, Schopenhauer stipulated his own way of life: 1, cultivate self-cultivation, conform to nature, and everything is happy; 2. Devote oneself to art, sublimate desire and forget suffering; 3. Restrain desires, practice Buddhism and achieve nirvana. Benhua tells people that to be a wise person and a sound personality, we should not only see through the world, but also be good at survival. How to achieve a sound personality? Schopenhauer put forward the following points: 1, to have a pleasant spiritual quality; 2. Healthy body; 3, hearty temperament; 4. Have a high IQ. Schopenhauer, starting from the basic proposition that life is suffering, thinks that the wisdom of life lies in realizing the sinister nature of human nature, realizing that life is a tragedy, realizing that everything in the world, including the fame and wealth and power that people strive for, is just fleeting, and realizing that happiness is just a helpless enjoyment of life without suffering. Therefore, in his view, people should ban all desires and abandon all secular interests and demands. Get rid of all real life and realistic ideals and purposes, abandon all rational and scientific concepts, abandon all moral norms based on rationality, and enter the realm of selflessness. In this way, people can go beyond the phenomenon world, enter the will world, become a thing of their own, and talents have their own freedom.

Schopenhauer believes that there is a will in this world, and everything belongs to it, which is irresistible. In other words, between this will and personal will, you have me and I have you. The two are inseparable, interdependent and contradictory. To deny and resist it is to deny and resist one's own existence.

The misfortunes of our lives have also started from this. The will of the world is to satisfy the whole rather than the part, while the will of the individual, on the other hand, is to satisfy the part rather than the whole. We seem to be pursuing personal happiness, but in fact we are also pursuing everyone's happiness. And the whole is infinite, and our pursuit is endless. When a wish comes true, the next wish will be born. When the interval between wishes is small, we will feel happy. On the contrary, you will feel unfortunate. However, compared with endless wishes, we can't and can't realize all our wishes. In the long run, we still feel very unfortunate.

Schopenhauer is one of the few philosophers that Wittgenstein has read and appreciated. It influenced many philosophers such as Nietzsche and Sartre, and opened up irrational philosophy. Nietzsche appreciated his works very much and wrote a letter to Schopenhauer as an educator in memory of him. Wagner dedicated the opera The Ring of Nibelungen to Schopenhauer. Mo Bosang called him "the greatest dream destroyer in human history". Wang Guowei, a master of Chinese studies, was also deeply influenced by Schopenhauer. He commented on Song Ci with Schopenhauer's theory in his book "The Thorn on Earth". He also developed Redology with the help of his own theory and made great achievements.

Schopenhauer (1788— 1860) is different from philosophers in many aspects. Almost all other philosophers are optimists in a sense, while he is a pessimist. He is not a full-fledged academic school like Kant and Hegel, but he is not completely out of academic tradition. More important than pessimism is the theory of will first. Obviously, there is no logical connection between this theory and pessimism, and Schopenhauer's later advocates often get the basis of optimism from it. Many modern philosophers, especially Nietzsche, Bergson, James and Dewey, always advocate the supremacy of will in one form or another. In addition, this theory is also very popular outside the circle of professional philosophers. Therefore, with the rise of the status of will, the status of knowledge has dropped by several levels. I think this is the most remarkable change in the philosophical temperament of our time. This change was prepared by Rousseau and Kant, but Schopenhauer first announced it in a pure form. Because of this

Therefore, although his philosophy is inconsistent and superficial, it is still quite important as a stage in historical development.

Of course, there is a more extreme view that our personal will is so small relative to the world that we can't resist it at all, so that we are just a tool used by the world will to continue our long-term existence. No matter how hard we try to change, we will only be born, survive, multiply and die in the end. Such an empty and nihilistic process. There is no personal will at all.

Maybe. In other words, it makes no difference to the world whether you are here or not. No matter what you do, you will get nothing in the end, and life will become ridiculous and meaningless.

Schopenhauer's influence in the history of philosophy is enormous. Later many famous philosophers, such as Nietzsche, were influenced by him. Of course, Nietzsche later denied Schopenhauer. Schopenhauer's philosophy is quite pessimistic, and he can be called the most pessimistic philosopher in human history. He inherited Kant's distinction between phenomena and things themselves. Unlike Fichte, Schelling and Hegel, who abolished things themselves, he insisted on things themselves and thought that things could be recognized by intuition and determined as will. Will is independent of time and space, and all reason and knowledge are subordinate to it. Only in aesthetic meditation can people escape from it. Schopenhauer linked his famous extreme pessimism with this theory, arguing that the domination of will can only lead to nothingness and pain in the end. His understanding of the oppression and distortion of the mind's submission to organs, desires and impulses predicted psychoanalysis and psychology.

Marx's ideological and political influence and its influence on human history are enormous, which Schopenhauer can't compare with. Marx also founded a philosophical school "dialectical materialism", but it is also very different from traditional materialism. Let's just say that Marx's philosophy is to rule the world, and Schopenhauer's philosophy is to rule the mind. The two cannot be compared.