Moral Dilemma Paper: On China's Moral Dilemma
Abstract: China is in the period of social transformation. With the change of social structure, people's moral concepts have also undergone tremendous changes in a subtle way. Nowadays, China's morality is in decline. Faced with moral problems, people are at a loss when choosing. The moral dilemma is mainly manifested in the lack of honesty and gratitude. The author looks at the essence through the phenomenon and devotes himself to exploring the causes of moral dilemma.
Keywords: reflection on moral dilemma
People take food as the sky and food is the foundation of the country. However, from malachite green fish to red-hearted duck eggs, melamine milk powder, moldy steamed bread, artificial eggs and poison capsules, even food safety has become unsafe. People joke about life and completely ignore its existence. Can we still believe in this society and this nation? Faced with this food problem, Chinese citizens complained on the Internet and in newspapers, scolding unscrupulous merchants, government inaction and social moral decline, but on the other hand, they did nothing, forgiving and conniving these behaviors again and again. Faced with this moral problem, our citizens are caught in a vicious circle. How should we think about the moral dilemma of the present society?
First, the definition of moral dilemma
At present, the definition of moral dilemma in academic circles is mixed and confusing. The first definition is that moral dilemma is a difficult problem. The second definition is that moral dilemma is a moral paradox. The third definition is that the performance of one moral obligation is the abandonment of another. The fourth definition is that moral dilemma is a state of moral anomie. The fifth definition is: the understanding of moral dilemma should begin with moral choice, because moral dilemma is a special situation that actors may encounter when making moral choices. In the words of western scholars, this situation is: faced with a confusing choice between the two. We can also see the complexity of moral dilemma. Personal understanding is more as the fifth kind, facing the choice between the two. Usually, our choice is between morality and immorality, between value and valuelessness, and between good and bad. As long as we have the consciousness of being good and the ability to distinguish good from evil, it is not difficult for us to make a choice.
Second, the performance of moral dilemma
Moral dilemma exists in the choice of personal real life, and some examples are rarely encountered. The famous tram incident is one of them. But more often, it is a problem that we must face. The moral dilemma is mainly manifested in the following aspects.
(A) the choice of integrity and interests
In today's society, honesty is a very lacking quality. We are a morbid society, and our honesty and conscience are usually lost in the pursuit of interests. Our predecessors often keep their promises, but now that we are signing a contract, there will be treachery. Even the pure land of our university has not been spared. The widespread problem of plagiarism in papers now. In recent years, there has been a trend of plagiarism in universities. The article is to search for stickers, that is, to replace trees with flowers, to steal the pillars and to make a patchwork of things? . Countless students regard it as common sense and use it one after another. Academic corruption has become an academic obstacle and shadow hanging over the ivory tower on campus. Although the vast majority of students have a negative attitude towards plagiarism in university campus papers, they also say that attitude and practice are two different things.
(B) the lack of gratitude
? But how much love there is in that inch-long grass, have you got three rays of spring? Since ancient times, China's traditional ethics has paid attention to filial piety and gratitude. Now our school will be grateful for the theme class meeting every semester, but I don't know who will listen. Every year, our CCTV holds a selection activity that touches China. Why are you holding it? It is a lack in life, so we should dig hard and publicize it.
Third, the causes of moral dilemma
One by one? Me? It constitutes this society, and the state of society cannot be separated from everyone's performance. We can't put all the responsibility on the organization and the government. We should reflect on our behavior. Moral dilemma is not a matter for elites, not for heroes, but for every citizen. So think about this problem from a personal point of view.
(A) the role of self-separation
Many people think so now? Me? Is it? Me? ,? Me? Is the role that precedes everything. I'm separated from the character. ? Me? What is the responsibility? Me? Responsibility? Role? The responsibility of is the responsibility of the role. Me? Can it be wrong? Role? Responsibility is responsibility. This directly led to the shirking of responsibility and the weakening of morality. Even though many people say I'm not, but you haven't reflected, your behavior has unconsciously distanced yourself from me. When we take responsibility, we will quietly choose some parts, or choose the easier parts, because we always shift the responsibility to others on the grounds that it is not my responsibility. We all follow the inner id, pursue the ideal egoism and abandon the role responsibility. We just judge at will by our own reason or feelings, so I can choose my responsibilities as I see fit.
(2) The moral binding force is weakened.
? Fan paopao? The incident also illustrates a problem to a certain extent, that is, in the minds of the people, the moral restraint mechanism has not been fully established. Morality is an established practice passed down from our daily life. Once we break this convention, we should be condemned or punished. Our current moral mechanisms are all traditional Confucian moral norms that have been passed down for thousands of years, and there is a paradox between this norm and civic education advocated by today's society. Once we violate this agreement, the punishment is only public opinion or other insignificant results.
(C) the lack of moral education
The transformation from traditional society to market society means that people have turned from an acquaintance society to a stranger society. The objects people deal with are no longer limited to acquaintances, and the second is to expand to strangers. In such a society, in order to make market transactions orderly rather than disorderly, we need a new morality, that is, the morality of * * * *. Is used to regulate the morality of public relations between people. This kind of morality should clearly define the rights and obligations of individuals in public life. However, for a long time, we have not paid attention to the construction of citizens' morality, and the market transformation lacks moral support. Although we used to advocate market economy, such as? Selfless? 、? Suffering comes first, happiness comes last? .
Moral dilemma is a process of choosing good. It doesn't mean that our morality has completely declined, nor does it mean that our morality has completely stagnated. This can only show that our morality is in a difficult period. Therefore, we should have a clear understanding of moral dilemma. Constantly reflect on your behavior and strive to be a qualified citizen.
Moral dilemma thesis:? Help or not? Social moral dilemma behind the phenomenon
Since the reform and opening up, China's economy and society have made great progress, people's material needs have been greatly met, and living standards have been continuously improved. However, there are many problems in the field of social morality, and the social morality in China is being reformed? Pain? .
Key words:? Help or not? ; Social morality; ethical dilemma
Over the past 30 years of reform and opening up, in the process of transforming from the traditional planned economy to the socialist market economy, China's economy has developed rapidly, people's material needs have been greatly met, social living standards have been greatly improved, and real life has undergone tremendous changes, but the field of social morality has been greatly affected. Due to the conflict between old and new values and moral norms, social life has emerged? Poisoned milk powder? 、? Xiaoyueyue? Events,? Hidden rules? 、? Academic misconduct? And a series of moral anomie problems.
First, typical social and moral problems? Help or not?
20 14 CCTV spring festival evening, the sketch "help or not" was a smash hit. People can still get up when they fall, but they can't get up when their hearts fall. ? Pointing directly at one of the hot social issues ―― Will Lu Yu help or not?
As early as before the sketch "Help or Not", public opinion had already begun to pay attention to it? Help or not? Question, 2006? Peng Yu case? The event spread like a butterfly effect, and then what? Xu Yunhe Yin Hongbin? The occurrence of such cases makes the society pay more attention to this issue. Many news such as helping the elderly fall down and being blackmailed and seeing the elderly fall to the ground are often seen in newspapers. August 20 12, an old man fell to the ground in Shanghai, and no one dared to help the onlookers, which attracted the passing foreign women to curse; 20 13 June, three primary school students in Sichuan helped the fallen old man to be wronged, and finally the framed one was detained; 20 14 a man in Guangdong was blackmailed for helping an old man fall, and chose to prove his innocence by death; February 20 15, an old man fell to the ground in Zhejiang, and 23 people passed by but no one helped him, which eventually led to the old man being crushed and killed by a car. 20 15 In May, a primary school student in Sichuan was framed as an attacker after helping the elderly who fell to the ground, but was cleared by witnesses.
20 14, initiated by Sichuan daily? Lei Fengri? Lei Feng Spirit Questionnaire? , in? When an old man stumbles in the street, will you help this topic? 17.88% of netizens chose it? Stay out of it and pretend not to see it? 36.7 1% netizens voted for it? No, just dial 1 10 or 120? 45.4 1% netizens said they would help the elderly. [1] However, it is worth noting that among the respondents who choose to help the elderly, only 9.65% will go forward to help the elderly without hesitation, 19.94% will choose to find a witness before helping, and 15.82% will encourage people around them to help. Simple? Help or not? The problem reflects the current social moral dilemma in China during the social transformation period.
Second, the reasons for the current social and moral dilemma
The meaning of social morality has three elements. One is the morality of a certain society in its operation and development, that is, sociality and procedure; The second is the morality formed to coordinate the interests of various social groups and members, that is, it has the function of adjusting social relations; Third, the sum of moral standard system, moral values and moral practice activities has the dual characteristics of ideological form and practical form. [2]
As far as economy is concerned, the development of social economy, reasonable distribution mode and fair competition mode are related to people's moral needs and aspirations, and also to the moral level of the whole society. First of all, since the reform and opening up, due to the influence of national policies, the regional economic development is unbalanced and the social distribution is unfair, which leads to the widening gap between the rich and the poor; Secondly, the market economy system provides more freedom for individual and collective economic behaviors, and all economic behaviors and economic means are for themselves and their groups to gain more benefits. Commodity exchange activities no longer really abide by the law of value, and competition methods no longer follow the principle of fairness and justice; Third, the blindness and fluctuation of the development and operation of market economy make many individuals abandon social morality in pursuit of maximizing interests. In the process of market economy development, one-sided pursuit of efficiency priority and economic benefits, while ignoring the management of market economy and the quality of education and citizens in the process of market economy development, has caused soft and hard problems in the development of market economy.
As far as social system is concerned. Imperfect system is an important factor leading to moral anomie in China during the transitional period. First, the system is lacking, second, the existing system is unreasonable and unscientific, and third, the system renewal is out of touch with social development. System is a powerful guarantee for moral practice, and the imperfection of social system in the transition period will inevitably lead to moral anomie in many aspects of social life.
Personally, one is the lack of moral belief. Moral belief is an individual's profound and rational belief in the correctness and justice of moral ideals, moral personality, moral principles and moral norms advocated by social morality. [3] The lack of moral belief, first of all, is the moral subject's doubt, vacillation and even denial of some moral ideal goal and spiritual foundation. In the transitional period, people have been greatly impacted from the aspects of economy, politics, culture, social form and mental state in real life. People re-evaluate the original moral value system. When the existing moral ideal goal is doubted, shaken or even denied, the moral norms lose their original binding force. Secondly, the indifference and lack of moral emotion. Moral emotion is the inner experience caused by the moral subject's judgment of good and evil, and it is a moral tendency formed from his own heart. [4] When the moral subject doubts, shakes or even denies the moral ideal goal, moral behavior is forced to happen, people's worship and respect for the original value system is diluted or even disappeared, moral emotion is indifferent and lacking, and moral anomie also occurs. For example, in real life, self-abandonment, unwillingness to do the right thing, indifference to society and others, and loss of social responsibility.
Second, the psychological structure is unbalanced and the subjective consciousness is strengthened. China's social transformation has brought rapid economic development, greatly improved people's living standards and greatly impacted individual psychology. On the one hand, the traditional culture values the collective over the individual, values righteousness over profit, fairness and other concepts are strongly challenged, and people's selfish desires expand; On the other hand, egoism, individualism and other individual subject consciousness are constantly strengthening, overemphasizing personal interests and taking individuals as the center, thus causing a series of social moral anomie phenomena.
Third, solve the social and moral dilemma.
The party report points out? Promote the civic moral construction project, carry forward the truth, goodness and beauty, condemn the false, evil and ugly, guide people to consciously fulfill their legal obligations, social responsibilities and family responsibilities, create labor glory, create a good social atmosphere, and cultivate a good fashion of knowing honor and disgrace, stressing righteousness, making contributions and promoting harmony. ? [5]
First of all, we should strengthen moral education. Moral education is the most important and basic way of social moral regulation. First of all, we should attach importance to family education. Family moral education is the starting point of a person's life-long moral education, which plays a fundamental role in cultivating individual moral quality and moral personality that schools and society cannot play. Second, pay attention to social moral education. Social moral education is an important aspect of moral construction in the whole society. First of all, we should realize the educational responsibility that the whole society should bear, strengthen the research and construction of ethical system, and pay attention to the practice and application of ethical thought. Pay attention to the blending of various cultures in the transition period, and pay attention to the importance of moral education in guiding the educated and regulating social life under the alternation of old and new cultures. Third, pay attention to the ways and means of moral education. To strengthen moral education, we should not only pay attention to the educational activities in practice, but also pay attention to the new moral problems brought about by the transition from closed to open and from single to multiple, and seek moral education methods suitable for the new social form. Combine individual uniqueness with lifelong education, cultivate the ability of individual independent learning and self-education, and let moral education run through all fields and levels of social life.
Second, improve the legal system and moral mechanism. The first is the legalization of morality. It is necessary to bring a wide range of basic moral behaviors into the legislative scope, and determine what should and should not be done in the relationship between people, people and society, and people and nature as legal provisions, so as to make moral norms more authoritative in real life. The second is ethics. Law is the safety bottom line in the moral system, but in practice, more moral behaviors do not reach the level of legal sanctions, and more are in a position of violating morality but not enough to be punished by law. This requires the integration of ethics into industry and local customs to make moral behavior more clear and accurate. Secondly, using multi-angle and multi-media communication methods, the spread of moral norms in real life is deeper and wider. The third is to build a moral supervision mechanism. The legalization and standardization of morality cannot be separated from an effective supervision mechanism. It can be said that a reasonable and perfect supervision mechanism has played an escort role for the legalization and standardization of morality.
Third, actively play the value-oriented role of advanced culture. Strengthening social moral construction is inseparable from the value-oriented role of advanced socialist culture. To improve the level and strength of social morality, we must inherit and carry forward the excellent traditional culture of the Chinese nation and criticize and reflect on the values of money worship, egoism and individualism. First, we should inherit the excellent traditional virtues of the Chinese nation. In the long history of thousands of years in our country, traditional culture has been constantly improved and developed in people's lives, infiltrating into all aspects of our lives, thus forming national moral cultivation. Make people form a moral concept of patriotism, law-abiding, courtesy, honesty, unity and friendship, diligence and self-improvement, and dedication. It plays a very important role in promoting the healthy development of society.
The second is to establish socialist core values. Vigorously cultivate and practice socialist core values, create a good social atmosphere and moral environment, clearly carry forward the truth, goodness and beauty, condemn the false, evil and ugly, establish a correct orientation, clarify vague understanding, correct anomie behavior, form an ideological and moral public opinion field to fan the flames, suppress evil and promote good, and guide people to consciously be builders of good moral atmosphere and promoters of social civilization and progress. [6] (Author: Inner Mongolia University of Science and Technology)
References:
[1] An Wei, "Will the elderly help nearly 50% of netizens when they fall? Help? Sichuan Daily 2065 438+04 008 March 5.
[2][3][4] Wang Lidong, Essentials of Marxist Ethics, Yuelu Bookstore, 20 14.
[5] Hu Jintao, "Unswervingly Building a Well-off Society in an All-round Way along Socialism with Chinese characteristics Road ―― Report of the 18th National Congress of the Producers' Party of China", 20 1 1.8.
[6] Liu Yunshan, "Focus on cultivating and practicing socialist core values", "Seeking Truth", 20 14 02.
Moral Dilemma: Modern People's Moral Dilemma and Moral Civilization Construction
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China is a country with a profound moral foundation. Before modern times, it was recognized as a state of etiquette. Moral culture is the most important and mature part of China traditional culture. Ancient economy, politics, education, literature, art, philosophy and even religion were all branded with morality. However, under the impact of western culture in modern times, with the disintegration of traditional society and the overall decline of feudal culture, traditional moral culture has gradually declined and declined. The traditional moral culture dominated by Confucianism encountered a holistic crisis in China. The traditional moral philosophy has been doubted and denied by people, and it can no longer provide people with universal and effective values and moral beliefs; The traditional moral order is also increasingly challenged by new lifestyles and interpersonal norms; The moral taboos formed over thousands of years have been broken and profaned more and more. Traditional moral laws and regulations are not only difficult to become people's behavior? Legitimacy? According to, and the rationality of its own existence seems to have become a problem.
The transformation of traditional ethics and the emergence of modern ethics are a long and contradictory process. ? May 4th Movement? It will take a long time to complete the historical task of opposing old morality and advocating new morality put forward by people in the times. On the one hand, the old morality, as an ideology, will not die out immediately with the changes of economic and political structure even if the superficial moral order and moral norms change, and this change is deeply accumulated in the deep psychological structure of China people? Moral unconsciousness (moral mentality and habits) is difficult to change for a while. On the other hand, the construction of new morality also needs a long process. Is this because the economic foundation and political system on which the new morality depends will not be ready-made in history? Pay? It needs to be remolded in the process of modernization, and more importantly, it needs to truly establish modern morality and ethical spirit. Like traditional morality, it should not only establish explicit moral relationship, moral order and moral ideal, but also penetrate into people's deep psychological structure and internalize into implicit moral mentality, moral belief and moral beauty. The essence of the current moral dilemma lies in: on the one hand, the traditional moral culture and ethical norms have disintegrated, on the other hand, the modern moral system and ethical principles have not been fully constructed; Traditional ethics has been unable to provide ultimate value for China people. Modern China people live in the historical evolution period of old and new morality, bear the conflict between the old and new morality, and fall into an inevitable moral dilemma. This dilemma is mainly manifested in the following aspects:
First, the dilemma of moral value. Moral value is the moral subject's understanding of the rationality, justice and sublimity of his behavior, which is produced by people's noble moral behavior, excellent moral quality and lofty moral ideal? Respect? For humble behavior, vulgar quality and low taste? Shame? . In a highly integrated society of moral values, what people are proud of and ashamed of; What is good and what is evil; What is clean and what is dirty; What is beauty and what is ugliness; What is noble, what is vulgar and so on. , is self-evident or established. People can make judgments that conform to the moral principles generally accepted and recognized by most people without thinking. In the era of moral transformation, people are influenced by double standards or multiple standards. It seems that no matter which standard has a certain degree. Legitimacy? . This situation makes today's moral evaluation ambiguous and uncertain. People no longer believe that there is a universal and effective constant standard in moral evaluation, and often fall into a self-contradictory dilemma.
Second, the dilemma of moral choice. Under the social evaluation system of double or multiple value standards, any kind of activity and phenomenon will be evaluated differently because of the different value standards. However, improper evaluation will inevitably lead to confusion in moral choice. Any choice can be supported by a value culture, affirmed or praised by a value standard, and at the same time it will be denied and ridiculed by another value standard. This choice conflict permeates all levels of today's social structure, and people can often feel its existence. For example, people's career choice, marriage choice, interpersonal relationship choice, behavior choice and ideal personality choice are always difficult to find a direction with the most sufficient reasons. The imbalance of choice makes people generally lose confidence and sincerity in their social roles. The choice of culture and morality seems to be the one written by Qian Zhongshu. People inside the besieged city want to climb out, while people outside want to squeeze in.
Third, all kinds of immoral behaviors are rampant. Immoralism is a tendency to oppose any moral constraint, advocate laissez-faire and treat the moral ideals and codes of conduct advocated by society with nihilism. The essence of immoralism is the combination of extreme individualism and decadence. In the modern changes, China people's ethical spirit is undergoing a historic evolution, people's traditional moral consciousness is relatively relaxed, and immoralism begins to rise and flood in a certain range. Social deviance and anomie occur from time to time, which are manifested in many aspects of moral life. For example, professional ethics are lax, unhealthy trends in the industry are rampant, and power is used for personal gain and position is used for profit; In commercial activities, the phenomenon of forgetting justice by cheating, cheating, abduction and cheating to obtain huge profits occurs from time to time; Family wedding cigarettes? Third-party phenomenon? 、? Sexual freedom? 、? Formal couple? Usually tolerated to a certain extent.
Even many evil phenomena that have disappeared in New China have resurfaced, and the sediment has emerged, which has brought serious harm to social life and personal life.
Fourth, the social moral control mechanism is inefficient, and moral evaluation and public opinion supervision are weakened. If a society wants to form a stable moral order, create good social customs and maintain the healthy development of spiritual civilization, it must establish an effective moral control mechanism. The control of social morality should be supervised by public opinion and controlled by every member of society? Conscience? Self-discipline supervision by public opinion refers to moral guidance through mass media, publicizing new people, new things, new concepts and new lifestyles with the values of spiritual civilization of the times, criticizing and condemning immoral behaviors that are not conducive to social stability and development and hinder modernization, criticizing feudal moral heritage that runs counter to the values of the times and modern civilization, and criticizing decadent moral nihilism. Conscience self-discipline is the self-supervision of moral subject. It can purify personality and soul through self-reflection and self-evaluation, cultivate good moral quality and ideal realm, and thus adjust and control its own behavior to meet the needs of society. However, due to the alternation of old and new moral values, the implementation of double value standards and the lack of unified and authoritative moral ideals, it will inevitably lead to the confusion of public opinion supervision and the desalination of moral conscience, which will make the social moral control system unable to play its role. People have made just sacrifices and contributions, but they have not been praised by society. On the contrary, they did something morally sorry to others, but they didn't feel humiliated and ashamed. This is another moral dilemma that China people cannot get rid of today.
Fifth, moral education is distorted. Moral quality is the result of cultivation, not human transcendental nature. Cultivating noble and beautiful personality is inseparable from effective moral education. Moral education is to educate social members on moral concepts, norms and ideals according to social moral values, so as to cultivate and form people's noble moral quality and influence people's moral activities. In the traditional society where moral values are highly integrated, family education, social education, school education and personal self-education are highly consistent in moral goals, which ensures the success of traditional moral education. The problem we are facing now is that due to the coexistence of dual values, the content of moral education often lacks consistency and stability, and sometimes there is a phenomenon of instilling contradictory things into the educated. The great contrast between the ideal of moral education and immorality in real life, as well as the influence of bad social atmosphere, often makes moral education a mere formality, and even encourages the rebellious psychology of the educated, thus rejecting and contradicting moral education. The lack of consistency in moral education and the contradiction between moral ideal and real life have seriously reduced the level and influence of moral education.
The moral dilemma of modern China people has hindered the orderly development of material civilization and spiritual civilization in the 2 1 century. The intersection of old and new moral values has caused the confusion of modern people's values and moral choices, and people can't find a perfect existence? Okay？ . The construction of material civilization and spiritual civilization in 2 1 century is inseparable from a complete civilized subject with internal vitality. They should not only have modern knowledge and skills, but also have modern lifestyle, modern moral mentality and modern personality ideal. This requires stepping out of the contradictory moral dilemma and rebuilding a new type of moral civilization consistent with the goal of modernization.
Rebuilding the modern moral culture system with China characteristics and the ethical spirit embodying the spirit of the times are the inevitable trend of moral choice faced by every modern China people. The basic starting point of this choice should be to grasp the nature and theme of the social and historical stage in which modern China lived. Modern China is in a historical transition period from traditional society to modernization, and the historical theme of this period is comprehensive modernization. Therefore, our moral choice and the reconstruction of our moral culture and ethical spirit must always grasp the theme and historical development trend of this era and establish the value goal of modern modernization. Establish moral culture and ethical spirit to meet the needs of modernization and promote its development. The basic principles of this moral culture and ethical spirit should be: (1) the unity of self-improvement and professionalism and the spirit of fighting for morality; (2) A moral standard system with patriotism as the core and collectivism as the basic value criterion; (3) Advocating competition in career and understanding, supporting and tolerating each other in life; (4) Respect yourself, understand others, and combine the diversity of personal life with the identity of social group life; (5) The combination of external utility and internal moral perfection. These five principles are in line with the modernization goals of commodity economy, democratic politics, open society and all-round development of human beings, and also meet the requirements of modern China people's desire to get out of the moral dilemma.
To construct the ethical spirit of China's moral culture, we must firmly grasp the value goal of modernization and serve the needs of modernization. To build modern moral culture in China, we must carefully clean up and critically inherit the positive factors in traditional moral culture. Take the essence of tradition and use it, discard the dross of tradition and discard it. Today, with the reconstruction of modern ethical spirit, we should pay attention to inheriting and carrying forward the tradition. Under the guidance of modern value ideal, it is also one of the choices that traditional culture must make to modernize.