After 50 years' development in New China, the civil aviation industry in China, as an important industry and advanced mode of transportation for national economic and social development, has grown with the development of the whole national economy. Especially in the past 20 years of reform and opening up, the air traffic volume has continued to grow rapidly, the route network has been continuously expanded, the transportation capacity of the fleet has been significantly enhanced, the infrastructure construction such as airports and air traffic control has made great progress, and the reform and opening up of the management system has made great strides. Air transport is playing an increasingly important role in China's reform and opening up and accelerating socialist modernization. ?
1, the transportation scale has expanded and its status has risen.
At the beginning of the founding of the People's Republic of China, China's civil aviation was small in scale and weak in foundation. There are only 12 small aircraft, 12 short-haul routes and 40 airstrips that can take off and land small aircraft. The total transportation turnover is only 1.5 million tons, and the passenger traffic is only 1 10,000 tons. By 1998, the total turnover of air transportation reached 9.3 billion tons kilometers, 30 times higher than 1978; Passenger traffic was 57.55 million, 24 times higher than that of 1978. In the comprehensive transportation system, air transportation has the fastest growth and its status is rising. The proportion of aviation in the total national transportation is gradually increasing, and the passenger turnover accounts for 2. 29% during the Sixth Five-Year Plan, 3.4 1% during the Seventh Five-Year Plan, 6.27% during the Eighth Five-Year Plan and 8.2% during the 1996 period. Civil aviation has become an important force in China's international passenger transport mode, especially long-distance passenger transport and international transportation. The ranking of China's civil aviation in the world is also advancing year by year, in which the total turnover of air transport has risen from the 35th place in 1980 to the present 10, and the passenger turnover has risen from the 33rd place to the 7th place. ?
2. The aviation network has expanded rapidly. By the end of 1998, the total number of scheduled flights had reached 1 122, and the navigation mileage had reached 2180,000 kilometers, increasing by 960 and19.4 million kilometers respectively. Among them, 983 domestic air routes have been opened to 135 cities and cities nationwide, and many air routes have been opened between provincial capital cities, coastal open cities, tourist cities and key economic cities, as well as to remote areas in the central and western regions. At present, the route network pattern connecting all parts of the country has basically taken shape with major cities such as Beijing, Shanghai, Guangzhou, Xi, Chengdu and Shenyang as the central hubs. Some large remote provinces and regions have formed a regional airline network. International routes 1, 3 1, 8 regional routes, 64 cities in 34 countries, and 57 airlines from 43 countries to China 13 cities. At present, an international airline network has been initially formed, starting from Beijing, Shanghai, Guangzhou and other key cities that are open to the outside world, connecting five continents of the world and communicating with important towns in neighboring countries through open cities along the border. There are 24 regular inland routes to Hong Kong and Macao, and charter flights to 23 other cities. ?
3. The transportation capacity has improved rapidly. By the end of 1998, there were 523 civil aviation transport aircraft, of which large and medium-sized transport aircraft accounted for more than 85%. The number of seats provided reached 82,200, and the commercial tonnage reached1.2000 tons, which were 9 times higher than 1.978 and 1.5 times respectively. The newly introduced aircraft include B777, B747, B767, B757, B737, A340, A3 10, A320, MD 1 1, MD 82 and MD90. While adding new planes, the old planes were eliminated. At present, the main fleet of civil aviation in China is equipped with the most advanced aircraft in the world, with short aircraft age, new technology and good economic performance, which improves flight safety, comfort and economic benefits. ?
4. remarkable achievements have been made in airport construction. Taking advantage of the favorable conditions of reform and opening up, the civil aviation industry has strengthened the airport infrastructure construction through central investment, local fund-raising and the use of foreign capital. By 1998, there were 143 airports in China, 66 more than 197, including 19 airports capable of taking off and landing B747 aircraft and 103 airports capable of taking off and landing B737 aircraft. A large number of feeder minicomputers have been built and improved rapidly, which has improved the accessibility of air transportation. In addition to focusing on the reconstruction and expansion of a number of airports in Beijing, Shanghai, Guangzhou, Chengdu, Kunming, Harbin, Lhasa, Taiyuan and Dalian, firstly, in order to improve the take-off and landing capacity of aircraft, improve the comprehensive service conditions and meet the needs of economic development, opening up and tourism development, Fuzhou, Zhengzhou, Guiyang, Nanjing, Wuhan, Chongqing, Jinan, Yinchuan, Guilin, Xiamen, Shenzhen and Yinchuan, etc. On the eve of the 50th anniversary of the National Day, the expansion of the terminal area of Beijing Capital Airport, the construction of Shanghai Pudong Airport and the construction of Hangzhou Xiaoshan and Haikou meilan airport have all been completed.
5. The supporting infrastructure is complete. While strengthening airport construction, we are also vigorously building supporting infrastructure. In terms of navigation support, radar coverage has been basically achieved on the routes over 6,600 meters east of Harbin-Shenyang-Beijing -Xi 'an-Chengdu-Kunming, and more than 70 advanced air traffic control radars have been installed. More than 20 sets of instrument landing systems 120 have been deployed in airports and busy airports in all provincial capitals, autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the Central Government, and more than 40 sets of omnidirectional beacons 160 sets of ranging equipment120 have been equipped in airport terminal areas and air routes throughout the country. Land and air communications, aircraft communications and meteorological facilities have been improved, and flight support capabilities have been greatly improved. In terms of aircraft maintenance, Beijing, Chengdu, Shanghai, Guangzhou and other aircraft maintenance bases have been built to improve the technical level and enhance the maintenance capability. Now, the structural maintenance of the large wide-body passenger aircraft imported from abroad has been completed. In terms of transportation services, a computerized passenger reservation system has been established. At present, nearly 300 cities in China and 70 foreign civil aviation offices have realized computer networking and opened joint booking; The construction of oil supply facilities in Beijing, Shanghai, Guangzhou and other airports and southwest China has improved the oil supply capacity. ?
6. The system reform has achieved initial results. In the early 1980s, civil aviation began to embark on the road of system reform. Up to now, a management system pattern of separating government from enterprises and separating airlines from airports has basically been formed. During the Seventh Five-Year Plan period, substantial progress was made in the reform of civil aviation management system, breaking the old management system, establishing six regional administrations in North China, Northeast China, East China, South China, Southwest China and Northwest China, and establishing six backbone airlines in China International, China Oriental, South China, Southwest China, Northwest China and North China, as well as Xinjiang, Yunnan, Shanghai, Xiamen, Hainan, Sichuan, Shenzhen and Hainan. Some major airports have become independent enterprises, responsible for the construction and management of airports and providing services for airlines. 1992, with the approval of the state, a civil aviation enterprise group with China International, China Oriental and China Southern Airlines as the core was established. After the pilot, Shanghai Hongqiao Airport was decentralized to local governments, marking the deepening of the reform of civil aviation management system. In recent years, civil aviation has implemented the strategy of big group and big company, and made great progress in structural adjustment. China Eastern Airlines merged with China General Aviation, and some local airlines formed the "New Star Alliance". Through the system reform, the local enthusiasm for developing civil aviation has been brought into play. During the Seventh Five-Year Plan period, 23 provinces and cities invested in the construction of 42 airports, with an investment of1200 million yuan; During the Eighth Five-Year Plan period, local investment in airport construction was in the ascendant, reaching 654.38+0.3 billion yuan; In the first three years of the Ninth Five-Year Plan, local governments invested nearly 25 billion yuan, which became an important source of funds for civil aviation to improve airport facilities. Aviation enterprises run by some localities and departments have played a role in invigorating local economy and increasing transport capacity. ?
7. Great progress has been made in open cooperation. Opening to the outside world and introducing foreign capital have promoted the development of civil aviation. From 198 0 to 1998, civil aviation leased more than 300 aircraft from abroad; Loans from foreign governments are used to build airports and route reconstruction projects in Beijing's capital, Pudong, Xiamen, Wuhan, Jinan, Shenzhen and Lanzhou. In order to improve the maintenance capability and service level of civil aviation in China, two aircraft maintenance engineering companies, Beijing and Guangzhou, were jointly established with Lufthansa, Lockheed and Hutchison Whampoa respectively, and some Sino-foreign joint-venture hotels, restaurants and aviation catering companies were built. At present, there are more than 60 Sino-foreign joint ventures in the civil aviation field. With the deepening of reform and opening up, the field of foreign cooperation in civil aviation has been further expanded, and policies and regulations on foreign investment in civil aviation have been promulgated, allowing Sino-foreign joint ventures to build and operate airports, and allowing Chinese-controlled and wholly foreign-owned airlines to operate. During the period of 1997, China Eastern Airlines and China Southern Airlines carried out joint-stock reform and successfully listed overseas. Foreign investment in civil aviation has also taken a step. While absorbing foreign capital, it has carried out extensive foreign economic and technological exchanges and cooperation in airworthiness management, flight standards, business management and personnel training. ?
8. The flight safety performance is remarkable. For decades, civil aviation has always adhered to the working principle of "ensuring safety first, improving service and striving for normal flights" put forward by Premier Zhou, and has made great achievements in flight safety and quality and efficiency. During the Eighth Five-Year Plan period, civil aviation strengthened macro-control, carried out industry-wide safety rectification, moved the security checkpoint forward, created a good environment to ensure safety, and effectively improved flight, maintenance, air traffic control and security inspection, which effectively guaranteed safety in production. During the Eighth Five-Year Plan period, the accident rate of transportation flight decreased by 26% compared with that during the Seventh Five-Year Plan period. 1994 since the second half of the year, the flight safety situation has remained stable and the hijacking incident has been contained. The whole industry has created a transport flight safety record of 1023 consecutive days, with 2.7 million hours of safe flight and 2 million landings, which is the longest transport flight safety cycle since 1982 and the best safety record in the civil aviation history of China, with many guarantees emerging. 1998 realized the year of transport flight safety. Strengthen the normal flight management, develop the service quality to a higher level, create excellent service model activities, and significantly improve the normal flight and service quality. The benefit of transportation production has been greatly improved. During the Eighth Five-Year Plan period, civil aviation realized a total profit of 65.438+06.5438+09 billion yuan and paid taxes to the state of 65.438+07 billion yuan. In the first three years of the Ninth Five-Year Plan, the tax paid was 6543.8+065438+0.5 billion yuan. General aviation actively serves key construction projects such as industry, agriculture, forestry, energy and transportation, and has achieved good social benefits. ?
9. Strengthen the construction of civil aviation legal system. Taking the formulation, promulgation and implementation of the Civil Aviation Law of People's Republic of China (PRC) (1996) as an opportunity, drawing on, introducing and integrating the advanced technical management and applicable legal standards of international civil aviation, a number of standards, regulations and internal rules and regulations supporting the civil aviation law have been formulated, especially in the technical standards and regulations of safety, flight, maintenance, airworthiness and air traffic control, which have cultivated the aviation market. Strict administration and management according to law, establish and improve the system and mechanism of law enforcement supervision, and raise the management of the industry according to law to a new level.
3. The position, function and existing problems of the civil aviation industry?
Judging from the development history and current general situation of civil aviation, the position of China civil aviation industry in the national economy has been continuously improved, and its role has been further enhanced and expanded. ?
First of all, civil aviation is the basic framework of national economic modernization. Transportation is the foundation of the national economy, and the civil aviation industry has the function of high-speed long-distance transportation, which is not only the foundation of the national economy, but also the foundation of realizing the modernization of the national economy, the symbol of modernization and the direct embodiment of comprehensive national strength. Therefore, with the development of national economy and the improvement of modernization level, we must constantly strengthen the construction of air transport to adapt to and promote the realization of the three-step strategic goal of national economic development. ?
Secondly, the civil aviation industry is a modern mode of transportation with high-tech equipment, which is characterized by quickness, comfort, mobility, safety and internationalization. Its share in passenger transportation is increasing, and its position in the comprehensive transportation system has developed from a subordinate position and auxiliary transportation force before the reform and opening up to one of the main modes of passenger transportation, especially long-distance passenger transportation and international transportation, and it is also the main mode of transportation in areas that cannot be reached by other modes of transportation and special needs.
Third, reform and opening up is China's basic national policy. The integration of China's economy with the world economy and its integration into the world economic system must be supported by air transport. The development of air transport plays an important role in promoting and supporting the introduction of foreign enterprises. Therefore, with the improvement of China's openness, air transport will surely develop faster.
China has a vast territory, a large population and abundant resources, which is suitable for developing fast and convenient air transportation. The sustained and rapid economic growth, the deepening of reform and opening up and the gradual improvement of people's lives will all promote the development of air transport; The increase of foreign exchange and the development of tourism and foreign trade will create greater demand for air transport. The development prospect of civil aviation in China is very broad. Remarkable achievements have been made in the development and reform of civil aviation, but it still cannot meet the needs of national economic and social development to a certain extent. Facing the challenges of the new century, there are some important problems that need to be solved urgently in the current civil aviation industry. ?
1. In recent years, the transportation demand is insufficient, the growth rate of passenger traffic decreases, and the transportation efficiency decreases?
China's civil aviation transportation has been growing rapidly, especially during the Eighth Five-Year Plan period. Compared with 1990, the civil aviation volume of 1995 increased by 2.08 times, with an average annual growth rate of 25.25%. However, during the Ninth Five-Year Plan period, the demand for transportation was insufficient, and the growth rate of passenger traffic dropped sharply. Compared with 1999, the average annual passenger traffic only increased by170,000. ?
At the same time, the growth rate of traffic volume has decreased, and the efficiency of civil aviation transportation has also decreased significantly. During the Eighth Five-Year Plan period, the passenger utilization rate of civil aviation flights remained at a high level, with 199 1 77%, 1992 78.4%, 1993 7/0.8% and 1994 60. However, after the Ninth Five-Year Plan, the utilization rate of passengers decreased year by year, from 69% of 1996 to 65% of 199 7, and from 57.5% of 1998 to 55% of 1999, which was not only much lower than the level of the Eighth Five-Year Plan, especially on international routes. Insufficient demand and low efficiency are prominent problems in the current civil aviation operation. ?
2. Declining economic benefits, resulting in industry losses?
Over the years, civil aviation management has achieved good economic benefits, but in recent years, economic benefits have declined, costs have increased and enterprises have suffered losses. 1997 Compared with 199 1, the passenger flow increased by 1.27 times, while the cost increased by 2.7 times. During the Eighth Five-Year Plan period, there was a profit every year. Enterprises directly under CAAC197 realized a profit of 6.337 billion yuan, and198 realized a profit of 210.50 billion yuan. However, the whole industry suffered a serious loss of 2.24 billion yuan at 1998.
There are many reasons for the loss of civil aviation enterprises. The first is the lack of demand, and the passenger flow can't go up. For example, the passenger traffic of 1998 only increased by 2.2% compared with 1997, which increased by1250,000 people; 1999 ratio 1998 increased by 0.78%, with an increase of 450,000 people, and the growth of passenger flow fell to a low point. Followed by vicious price cuts, selling air tickets below cost. 1998 the average cost of the civil aviation industry is 0.66 yuan/person-kilometer, and the published fare is 0.75 yuan/person-kilometer, accounting for 88% of the fare. In order to compete for tourists, some airlines have spared no expense to cut prices sharply, and some even offer 45% discount fares. According to experts' estimation, the loss caused by selling air tickets below cost is more than 2 billion yuan. Third, the transportation capacity is faster than the traffic volume growth, and the transportation capacity is relatively surplus. Compared with 1997, the civil aviation capacity of 1998 increased by 13 .2%, while the passenger traffic only increased by10.5%. According to the existing aircraft capacity, as long as the passenger load factor reaches the normal level of 72%, it can meet the needs of an average annual increase of 5.8 percentage points in passenger traffic. At the same time, the technical structure of civil aviation capacity was adjusted from 1996 to 1998, and 90% of aircraft types were upgraded within three years, which increased the fixed costs of airlines. Fourth, the air transport agency market is not standardized and the agency cost is too high. 1998 has 57.55 million air passengers and more than 5,000 air ticket sales agents. On average, 1 agents only sold 1 10,000 air tickets throughout the year, and there were a large number of "black agents" (second generation and third generation) without agency qualification, with an estimated 30,000-50,000 sales agents. There are less than 200,000 employees in the civil aviation system, and it is a heavy burden to support so many agents. In addition, the agent took advantage of the psychology of airlines competing for customers and threatened to raise the agency fee standard. It is estimated that in 1998, the airlines paid more agency fees of1500 million yuan, which aggravated the losses of the airlines. ?
3. The scale of civil aviation enterprises is small, the degree of collectivization is low, and economies of scale have not been formed?
The development of civil aviation transportation in China takes the road of extension reproduction. 1998 has 523 civil aviation transport planes, which is only equivalent to the size of a large and medium-sized airline in the United States, while China has 26 airlines operating. The largest airlines, such as China International Airlines, China Southern Airlines, China Eastern Airlines and China Northern Airlines. There are only dozens of planes each. However, the fleet size of the top 20 airlines in the world is above 100, and several domestic airlines each have only 3-4 small planes with less than 100 seats. Under the trend that the world civil aviation industry tends to be large-scale, collectivized and efficient, the airlines in China are still fragmented and lack the sense of cooperation in joint ventures and joint ventures. ?
4. The supply of civil aviation exceeds demand, the total capacity is relatively surplus, and the structure is unreasonable?
In recent years, the civil aviation department has purchased a large number of aircraft, and its transportation capacity has increased a lot. Compared with 1994, the number of transport planes has increased by 3 1%, and the passenger capacity provided has increased by more than 70%, while the number of passenger vehicles has only increased by 40%, resulting in excess capacity and oversupply. It is estimated that the relative excess capacity of domestic airlines will be maintained for some time. According to the calculation of the Civil Aviation Administration, even if the existing capacity of civil aviation is reduced by 10%, it can fully meet the market demand.
There are many reasons for overcapacity. First of all, since the early 1980s, the capacity of civil aviation has been growing abnormally, far exceeding the economic growth rate in the same period. In the middle and late 1990s, the economic growth rate began to slow down, the national economy as a whole changed from the past shortage to the overall relative surplus, the demand for air transport services slowed down accordingly, and the capacity of civil aviation also changed from the past shortage to the surplus. The impact of the Asian financial crisis has made the problem of overcapacity more prominent. Secondly, redundant construction and unreasonable layout. As an emerging technology-intensive industry with high investment and high return, civil aviation has attractive market prospects. In addition to increasing investment in China's civil aviation system, introducing fleet, expanding or building new airports, the local investment enthusiasm is unprecedented. In just a few years, dozens of airlines, large and small, have mushroomed all over the country, and airports have mushroomed. Some airlines blindly buy large aircraft regardless of the actual market demand growth, and the capacity exceeds the demand too fast, resulting in a surplus situation. Most airports don't have enough to eat, and the passenger and cargo throughput of some airports can't even reach a fraction of the designed capacity, and the capacity is largely idle. Thirdly, due to the rapid growth of civil aviation costs, the cost increases, and the passenger fares are seriously high, which also restricts the growth of market demand. 1992, the combination of foreign and domestic ticket prices has led to a sharp rise in ticket prices, which is unbearable for society. From 1995 to 1998, the passenger volume increased by 12.5%, while the cost increased by more than 20%, which made the transportation cost per kilometer increase by 10% and the ticket price remained high. This also increases the competitive advantage of other modes of transportation and reduces the number of passengers in civil aviation. The high price of civil aviation transportation has seriously hindered the formation of effective demand. Air transportation has its advantages in saving air time and comfort during transportation, but in terms of transportation price, transition from airport to city before and after transportation or inconvenient transportation procedures, airlines have lost some passengers and shippers, resulting in excess capacity.
While the capacity is relatively surplus, the structure of civil aviation capacity is not reasonable. Since "Yun Qi" withdrew from the market one after another, a large number of regional tourists were forced to withdraw from the air transport market. A considerable number of small and medium-sized airports are only keen on the strategy of opening long lines and flying big planes to compete with big airports, while ignoring the "win-win strategy" of combining feeder lines with trunk lines to transport necessary supplementary customers for trunk lines. The aircraft fleet is unreasonable, and China Airlines is dominated by large passenger aircraft, lacking regional aircraft with advanced technical performance.
5. The low degree of organization and scale makes it difficult to cope with the increasingly severe competitive pressure at home and abroad?
On domestic routes, China Airlines has encountered fierce competition from railways and highways. With the acceleration of railway map adjustment, modern expressways gradually form a network, and the competition in the transportation market is becoming increasingly fierce. In recent years, the situation that roads compete for railways and railways compete for civil aviation has basically taken shape. Inter-provincial expressway, two trains speeding up and the express train from dusk to dawn have provided great convenience for people's travel from price to time. Compared with civil aviation, long-distance buses and express trains from dusk to dawn are cheap and relatively time-saving, which makes the advantages of civil aviation relatively weakened. Tielaoda launched a propaganda campaign of "flying in the sky, running on the ground, traveling better" for the market, and special trains for students, tourists and holidays came into being. We have to admit that some tourists are diverted by the railway, which has a certain impact on the civil aviation passenger transport market. For example, after the opening of Guangzhou-Shantou Expressway and Railway, China Southern Airlines used to have only 50% passengers on three flights a day. With the acceleration of China's accession to the World Trade Organization, China's sky is opening to the outside world much faster than originally thought. Domestic governments and enterprises are not ready for ideas, policies and management. Foreign airlines directly enter the domestic market in large numbers, and domestic airlines are facing severe international competition challenges and survival crisis. In order to speed up the occupation of China market, foreign airlines have carried out serious dumping, mainly on economy class fares. At present, American Airlines has significantly increased its flights to China, while China International Airlines has significantly reduced its flights to the United States. It is understood that China International Airlines loses 600 million yuan every year when it flies to the United States, and 200 million yuan only when it flies to new york. China International Airlines had to fly nonstop to new york.
At present, China's civil aviation industry does not have the ability to compete with large foreign airlines. First, airlines can not form economies of scale, unreasonable route resources, unreasonable fleet structure and lack of competitiveness. Moreover, airlines have a heavy burden and insufficient capital, which not only has insufficient development potential, but also restricts the promotion of competitiveness. Second, for many years, the state has not invested in airlines, and its development mainly depends on loans. All facilities and equipment are purchased by loans, and the asset-liability ratio is high. For example, the asset-liability ratio of China International Airlines is as high as 9 1%. At the same time, major airlines have to hand in a large number. The development of civil aviation has taken a detour, mainly because a large number of airlines have been established. Although many airlines should go bankrupt from a technical point of view, none of them went bankrupt and did not follow the unified rules of political policy, which disrupted their position. Third, there is still a gap in the country's policy understanding and positioning of the civil aviation industry, and the support is not enough. All countries in the world attach great importance to the civil aviation industry, treating it as a low-profit and high-risk industry and giving it support from all sides. However, we not only lack policy support, but also exploit jet fuel, computers and settlement at the airport due to institutional problems, which increases the burden on airlines and weakens their price competitiveness. Fourth, there is a considerable gap between the management level of domestic airlines and foreign airlines, the cultural composition of employees is low, many cadres lack modern management knowledge and skills, and there are many problems in management such as law, accounting and marketing. Some airlines are often cheated of all kinds of fees, and the costs are out of control. Lack of basic elements of scientific management in route planning and fare strategy. Because the pace of reform cannot keep up with the development of the situation, the existing civil aviation system, system and structure will inevitably lead to vicious competition in the domestic civil aviation industry. At the same time, what we are facing is not mainly the competition between domestic airlines, but mainly the international competition brought by foreign airlines, and this pressure is even greater. ?
6. Excessive competition and monopoly coexist, which seriously restricts the healthy development of the civil aviation industry?
After more than ten years of reform, the competition in the civil aviation industry has been very full, and even excessive competition has appeared. China's civil aviation enterprises are small in scale and too scattered. Under the policy inclination of local protectionism, national airlines are facing the situation of disorderly competition, and domestic airlines are killing each other. Regardless of the blood price competition, the whole civil aviation industry has fallen into the dilemma of the whole industry crisis. At the same time of excessive competition, there are various monopolies in the civil aviation industry. First, regional market monopoly under local protection. Some airlines said that Yunnan Airlines, Xinjiang Airlines and other local airlines do not distinguish between government and enterprise, and other airlines are not allowed to enter the local market. Local airlines are supported by local governments, and Hainan Airlines is also a model. The second is to form a systematic monopoly by virtue of administrative power. The aviation fuel, settlement and computer booking in the civil aviation system are monopolized by the administrative power of the Civil Aviation Administration, and the services provided are of high quality and low price.
7. The development of civil aviation industry is highly dependent on foreign aircraft and related technical equipment?
With the rapid development of China's national economy and transportation, there is a huge demand for imports from civil aircraft, especially passenger aircraft. Only 1996 bought 33 passenger planes from Airbus Group and 1997 bought 50 passenger planes from Boeing Company, which cost 5 billion dollars in foreign exchange. In addition, civil aviation imports a large number of aviation materials every year. While a large number of aircraft are imported and foreign exchange flows out, many aviation industrial enterprises in China are facing various difficulties, with no tasks, no wages and no way out, and workers are laid off. According to the analysis of China Aerospace Information Center, by 20 16, China will supply 159 1 passenger aircraft with a total value of $75 billion and an average annual procurement cost of $3.8 billion. If China does not step up the development of passenger planes, there will be a large outflow of foreign exchange. The high dependence on imports not only greatly increases the cost of the operation and development of the civil aviation industry, but also increases the fragility of the development of the civil aviation industry and seriously restricts the development of China's aviation industry. ?
8. The current civil aviation system can't meet the requirements of the new situation?
Separation of government from enterprise is a common problem in enterprise reform, but it is particularly prominent in civil aviation. In terms of operation, especially in financial and capital issues, some airlines and airports are losing money, while the regional administration and the Civil Aviation Administration of China are transferring a lot of funds. The relationship between the major systems of the civil aviation industry has not been straightened out. For example, jet fuel, computer and settlement are state-owned and highly centralized monopoly departments, which are exclusively controlled and overcharged, increasing the operating costs of airlines. The relationship between the airport and the airlines is also not smooth. At present, the airport controls airlines, and the charges are arbitrary, which not only increases the burden of airlines, but also obviously favors foreign airlines in the control of flight time and the cooperation of various services because of fees, ticket agents and service agents, which enhances the competitive advantage of foreign airlines and makes China Airlines lose the means of foreign competition. ?
4. What are the objectives and main contents of the civil aviation reform in China?
The reform of civil aviation management system involves all aspects, but its core problem is to really separate government from enterprises and straighten out the relationship between civil aviation administration and airlines, airports and other infrastructure, oil and air materials management, computer settlement system and so on. At present, CAAC still has strict direct control over the production, supply and marketing, property and other aspects of directly affiliated airlines. And indirectly control the airlines through the monopoly operation of oil, aviation materials and computer settlement system, so airlines can't really become independent and market-oriented enterprises. The relationship between the airport and air traffic control departments, local governments and airlines has not been straightened out, and the construction and operation of the airport as a whole has not entered a virtuous circle. If we don't carry out fundamental reform on the big management framework, we can't get rid of the old road of treating the headache and treating the foot. ?
The key to separating government from enterprise is to realize functional transformation and institutional reform on the basis of scientifically clarifying the government management functions of CAAC. The "orientation" of the management function of CAAC should, of course, proceed from the actual situation of our country at this stage, and at the same time pay attention to drawing lessons from international experience and connecting with international practices. This is not only the need to straighten out the relationship and improve the management level in China, but also the need to adapt to further opening up. Generally speaking, the government management functions of China's civil aviation transportation industry generally include: first, the management of airworthiness conditions and aviation safety; The second is the management of market access and route resource allocation; The third is the construction and management of infrastructure such as navigation facilities and some non-profit airports; The fourth is to study, guide and manage freight rates; Fifth, examine and approve the merger and reorganization of civil aviation enterprises; Sixth, the management of international cooperation and exchange in the civil aviation industry; Seventh, formulate industry development plans and promote legal system construction. Except for a few of the above functions (such as the construction and management of infrastructure such as non-profit airports), most of them should be performed by the Civil Aviation Administration of China. ?
On the basis of clarifying the government's management functions, the civil aviation management system should form the following basic patterns: First, separating government from enterprises. Civil Aviation Administration of China and its branches, as government departments, should be separated from airlines, airports and other infrastructure enterprises, aviation oil and materials management, computer settlement systems and other enterprises. The Civil Aviation Administration only does things within its functions, and no longer directly operates and interferes with the business activities of enterprises. The relationship between CAAC and enterprises is mainly industry management. The second is the separation of government administrative functions and state-owned assets management functions. CAAC and other relevant government departments no longer directly manage the state-owned assets of the civil aviation system. The state-owned assets owned by the central government are managed and operated by large enterprises or enterprise groups entrusted by the State Council according to the current system, and the state-owned assets owned by local governments determine their management and operation methods. Third, the for-profit business is separated from the non-profit business, that is, the non-profit business with significant social benefits, such as airport business with small passenger flow in economically backward areas, is separated from the for-profit business, such as airline business, aviation fuel and aviation materials business, and airport business with large passenger flow in economically developed areas, and different investment, management methods and fiscal and taxation policies are adopted. Fourth, natural monopoly business is separated from competitive business. For natural monopoly businesses such as airport services, government regulation should be carried out in terms of business scope, charging price and service standard. For non-natural monopoly businesses such as airline business, aviation fuel and aviation materials business, administrative monopoly should be broken and joint venture competition should be introduced and encouraged. ?
No, it's over 10000 words ..... not all distributed.