Steps of scientific papers: 1, finding problems 2, putting forward problems 3, solutions 4, implementation process 5, and results.

Essays on scientific observation

Scientific observation essay refers to teenagers' careful observation of something or a natural phenomenon, careful analysis and comprehensive study of the obtained materials and data, and then draw conclusions and make scientific explanations and descriptions.

Liao Hao's father in Hunan often coughs. Through long-term and repeated observation, he found that the wind direction has a very close relationship with his father's cough, and found out the "culprit"-a large amount of smoke from the chimney of Hunan Rubber Factory, which contains sulfur dioxide. As soon as his father smelled it, his throat was allergic and he coughed reflexively. His essay "Dad's Cough" mainly draws a conclusion by observing this research method, which belongs to scientific observation prose and won the third prize of the second national youth science seminar.

It should be noted that the research objects in scientific observation papers are objective natural things or phenomena, and the observed objects, processes, conditions and phenomena generated by them cannot be attached with any artificial conditions or personal prejudice. In addition, observation is a long-term, systematic and repeated activity that needs to be done.

Tadpole's forelegs

When we observe tadpoles, we often find that they have hind legs and no front legs. So people always think that tadpoles grow their hind legs first and then their front legs. Is that really the case? Out of curiosity, I observed the growth of tadpoles It was found that their front and rear legs grew almost at the same time, but their hind legs grew outside the body and were easy to be found, while their front legs were hidden in the body first and were not easy to be found.

In May, I caught some tadpoles from the pond and raised them in a small pot at home. After a period of time, the hind legs of tadpoles are almost shaped. Put a tadpole in the palm of your hand, and it can jump clumsily on its two backs.

One day, I caught a little tadpole and let it jump into my palm and observe it carefully. Suddenly, I found something moving on both sides of the tadpole's abdomen. I was surprised to turn it over and see a little black spot and a little protrusion where the front leg should be long. I touched these two protrusions with a toothpick, and they actually moved. It looks like a man covered by a cloth bag is struggling to get rid of it. Those two strange things immediately reminded me of human hands. I was thinking that there was a little thing at the black spot on the tadpole's abdomen, and I quickly realized that it was the tadpole's front leg. Soon, the other front leg also sticks out from the small black spot.

In the past, my tadpoles always found their front legs suddenly appearing, but now I know the real answer. It turns out that the front and rear legs of tadpoles grow at the same time, but in the process of growth, the hind legs are outside the body and the front legs are inside the body. The hind legs are long and the front legs are long. At this time, two small holes will appear on both sides of the front part of the tadpole's abdomen, and the tadpole's front legs will protrude from the small holes. In a few days, its skin will grow with the skin of its abdomen. A little frog will grow up at first.

In order to satisfy my curiosity and ensure that the phenomenon I observed is not a case, I caught several tadpoles with mature hind legs, and then observed that each tadpole grew like this. I can't help but sigh, the creatures in nature are really amazing!

Patience, meticulousness and perseverance.

Essays on scientific experiments, sometimes called experimental reports, are for teenagers to create specific conditions for research objects. After repeated experiments,

Spider feeding

My mother once told me such a riddle: "Zhuge Liang in Nanyang, sit tight." Arrange the eight diagrams and catch the flying generals. "This myth tells us that spiders only eat living things, but don't they eat dead things? This aroused my interest and I did the experiment.

I caught a little spider from the corner and put it in a box (with holes around it and glass on it for easy observation). Before the spider could weave a web, I picked up a dead bug and a dead fly and put them in front of the spider. The spider ignored them, then hit the box with her hand, and the spider crawled in other directions.

In order to find out whether spiders eat dead flies completely, the next day, I came to the box to observe and saw that dead insects and dead flies were still in their original places, but there was a net in the corner of the box, and the spider was lying quietly on the net. At this time, I thought: Is it because there is no net that the dead flies and insects didn't eat it yesterday? So I picked up the dead fly and gently put it on the net, but the spider still didn't move. Then, I gently touched the edge of the net with my pen. Gee, the spider seems to have a reaction and started to climb in a trembling direction. I took the pen back and the net stopped shaking. The signal was interrupted and stopped. Soon, the spider climbed to the center of the web again. I touched the dead fly's body on the net with the pen tip again, and the net began to vibrate, and spiders began to crawl here. I took back the nib again and the spider stopped. Like last time, after a while, the spider climbed to the center of the web again. Oh! I finally understand that spiders feel by the vibration of their webs and prey by weaving them. So, I recorded the experimental results.

In order to prove that spiders feel through the vibration of their webs, I did another experiment. Put the pen tip on the dead fly on the net and vibrate for a long time. The vibration of the web is getting bigger and bigger, and the spider seems to feel stronger and stronger. Spiders will come in a hurry. When a spider meets a fly, I will take back the pen tip, only to see that the spider's tail will soon spit out sticky silk to tie the fly, and then look at the spider's back, as if sucking the fly. Soon, there was a complete empty shell left on the Internet. This experiment proves that spiders eat moving insects.

Our secret group went to the library and bookstore to consult a lot of books about spiders. Among them, General Zoology wrote that spiders are carnivores, and their food is mostly insects or other arthropods. But the mouth has no upper jaw, so you don't swallow solid food directly, but suck it slowly. When insects and other animals come into contact with the net, they will struggle desperately on the net to make the net silk vibrate, so that spiders will find it soon. Spiders will crawl along the longitudinal silk to their prey, wrap the prey with spider silk and fix it on the net. First, the venom secreted by poisonous glands in claws is injected into the captured prey to kill it, then the digestive enzyme secreted by midgut is injected into the captured tissue torn by claws, which is quickly decomposed into juice, then inhaled into digestive tract, and finally eaten the remaining body shell. These fully prove that flying insects make the spider's web vibrate, and the web vibration will make it feel, and the spider will catch its prey if it feels. So it is confirmed that spiders only eat live animals, not dead insects.

An article written by analyzing and synthesizing the obtained materials and data and drawing a conclusion. It focuses on the objective description of the experimental process and the scientific explanation of experimental phenomena.

Parthenocissus can climb the wall, which is known to many students. But why can Parthenocissus climb the wall? Xiong Bin, a student in Wuhan, found through observation that this is related to the "tentacles" of Parthenocissus tricuspidata. Then he estimated that there were 25 "tentacles" attached to the wall on the average one-meter-long stem of Parthenocissus tricuspidata, and made an experiment of "measuring and adsorbing the tension of tentacles". The purpose of the experiment is clear, the experimental steps are detailed, the data are accurate, the explanation is strong, and the conclusion is true and credible. It is an excellent scientific experiment essay.

The spirit of giving up.

title

The title is the "eyes" of the article. A good title is accurate, concise and attractive, which can give readers a fresh feeling and a deep impression, and play the role of making the finishing point.

The so-called "exact" means that the title of the article must summarize the central content of the article, so that people can see it at a glance, and they can't digress or deduct the topic, let alone use exaggerated words. The so-called "conciseness" means that the index questions should be refined, comprehensive, focused and concise.

begin

There are many ways to start, depending on the research content and your favorite writing style, but generally speaking, you should come straight to the point and ask the questions you are discussing. How did you come up with the idea of studying this problem?

The article "Why Guiyang is the Second Spring City of the Motherland" begins: "I live in Guiyang, and I often hear people say that' Kunming is the Spring City and Guiyang is the Second Spring City'. As for why, I don't understand. I am determined to record the weather forecast and see if Guiyang is really the second spring city. " The desire to verify its scientific nature stems from such a sentence.

The problems in some articles are produced and discovered by accidental observation. You can also describe the process in chronological order from the beginning, and then ask questions at the right time.

main body

That is, analyzing and solving problems. It includes hypothesis, observation, experiment, investigation process, phenomenon discovery, judgment, reasoning and conclusion, which is the core part of the paper.

It should be noted that the research steps should be carefully written, the experimental process, data and the origin of phenomena should be clearly written, and the narrative should be in a certain order. The data materials should be accurate and can be designed into tables and charts that can explain the problem. If necessary, photos and collected specimens can be attached to enhance persuasiveness. The conclusions drawn should have their own unique opinions, be consistent with the arguments and have strict logic. Words should be concise and vivid, with distinct levels and clear organization.

final result

At the end of the article, you should write down your conclusions and suggestions on a certain problem.

At the end of the article "Vision of Earthworms": "Oh, I see, earthworms are completely blind. They rely on their sense of smell to find their favorite food, and use photoreceptors to distinguish the intensity of light. "Taking the conclusion as the end and giving consideration to the questions raised at the beginning have achieved good results.

After the first draft of the paper is completed, it will be revised repeatedly. See whether the beginning is concise, whether the argument is typical and true, whether the argument is logical, whether the argument is novel and coherent, whether the paragraphs are naturally connected, and whether the language is smooth and accurate. Let the classmates and teachers help to revise, and gradually improve after the revision.

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