In real life, we often need to express our attitude, express our views and explain our views on people, things, things or certain phenomena. This is a discussion. An article with discussion as its main expression is called argumentative paper, also called argumentative paper. This style has high practical value, such as editorials, comments and miscellaneous feelings in newspapers and magazines, as well as speeches and debates in life.

Argumentative writing has three elements: argument, argument and argumentation. An argumentative essay, whether it is an argument, a rebuttal or a combination of the two, has a clear argument. Argumentative writing includes two basic forms: fact and truth. Arguments and arguments are organized through argumentation. So, how to read argumentative essays?

First, finding the right argument is the author's views and opinions on the issues discussed, and it is the soul of argumentative writing. Argumentative essays generally have only one central argument, and some argumentative essays also put forward several sub-arguments around the central argument. Some articles, the title is the central argument, such as "frugality and morality"; Some articles put forward arguments at the beginning, such as "Talking about backbone", which put forward that "we China people have backbone" at the beginning; The central argument of some articles appears at the end of the article; Some articles put forward central arguments in the process of discussion, such as "thinking and doing"; There are also some articles that are not very concentrated in the expression of arguments, which require readers to select and refine from a large number of materials and summarize them.

Second, the analysis and argumentation is guided by argumentation and serves for argumentation. There are two types of arguments commonly used-factual argument and rational argument.

Factual arguments: including representative and conclusive examples or historical facts.

Rationality demonstration: refers to the correct theory that has been tested by people's practice and recognized by the society, including social science theories, such as philosophical theory, as well as the principles, laws and formulas of natural science and widely circulated proverbs, famous sayings and aphorisms.

Third, clear argumentation methods There are various argumentation methods, and there are four common ones:

① Demonstration with examples: cite conclusive, sufficient and representative examples to prove the argument;

(2) Reasoning: use the incisive opinions in the classic works of Marxism-Leninism, famous sayings and aphorisms from domestic and foreign celebrities, and accepted theorem formulas to prove the argument;

③ Comparative argument: compare positive and negative arguments or arguments, and prove arguments in comparison;

4 Metaphorical argument: Use familiar things as metaphors to prove the argument. Most argumentative papers use several methods comprehensively.

Fourth, analyze the structure of the article The structure of the argumentative article is generally to ask questions-analyze problems-solve problems (that is, introduction-this theory-conclusion). It is necessary to clarify the thinking of the article: first look at the questions raised at the beginning, analyze and demonstrate from several aspects, and focus on which aspect, and then further study the reasons for this arrangement.

Fifth, when analyzing the language of argumentative writing, we should pay attention to understanding the rich keywords. The language of argumentative essays is often general, and the rich content is expressed in abstract words. For example, "frugality and moral cultivation" in "frugality and moral cultivation" means living frugally to cultivate morality. Its connotation is rich, and the police instigate the people. Only by linking the background of the work with the content of the full text can we have a deeper understanding.

Common problems and solutions in junior high school Chinese argumentative reading test

Argumentative writing is a difficult point for junior middle school students to learn Chinese, and it is also a low-scoring test site for Chinese exams. Judging from the previous inspection of students, there are mainly the following problems. 1, parameter and sub-parameter not found. I can't distinguish the types of arguments. I don't know the method of argument. I don't know the structure level. 5. Can't analyze the linguistic features of argumentative essays.

In view of the above problems, talk about their own solutions, hoping to get criticism and correction.

First, for the argument test sites of argumentative papers, we should do the following analysis. First, distinguish between the issue discussed and the author's views on this issue (that is, distinguish between topics and arguments). Second, pay attention to the position of the argument in the article: (1) At the beginning of the article, this is the so-called writing method that comes straight to the point. (2) At the end of the article, it is the so-called induction of the full text, pointing out the topic at the end of the article and revealing the writing method of the center. This kind of writing is often used to express the argument clearly. "So, in a word, therefore, in a word, in the final analysis" and other concluding remarks. Third, distinguish between the central argument and the sub-argument: the sub-argument is generally located at the beginning of the paragraph or has iconic words: first, second, third, etc. Fourth, we should pay attention to the expression form of the argument: sometimes the topic is the central argument. An argumentative essay has only one central argument. Fifth, refute the inference point through arguments: arguments serve to prove arguments, and analyzing arguments can show what it proves, affirms and supports. This is an argument.

Second, for the argument test sites of argumentative papers, the following analysis should be made. Arguments are the basis of arguments, which are generally factual arguments and rational arguments. 1, use facts as arguments. Examples must be true and reliable, have typical significance, can reveal the essence of things, and have a certain logical connection with the argument. In argumentative writing, the narrative of cited examples should be concise and to the point, highlighting the parts directly related to the argument. When clarifying the argument, we should not only know where the factual argument is used in the text, but also summarize the factual argument. To summarize accurately, we must grasp the essential characteristics of the argument according to the argument and then express it in exact language. 2. The speech used as an argument should be authoritative. When quoting directly, the original text should be recorded, which can not be taken out of context after the fact test; You can't misinterpret your will when quoting indirectly.

Third, in view of the structure and level of argumentative writing, we should understand the following knowledge. Common structures are: parallel structure, contrast structure, hierarchical structure and general branch structure. The basic form of this test center: how does the author prove the argument? The idea of answering the question is: in order to prove the point of …, the author first uses the argument of … and then analyzes the argument of …, thus proving the point of …. The key is to clarify the level of the proof process.

Fourth, the test sites of argumentation methods should make the following preparations. Argumentation method refers to the process and method of using arguments to prove arguments, and it is the link between arguments and arguments. There are four requirements for the senior high school entrance examination: 1. Explanation: It is a method of enumerating conclusive, sufficient and representative examples to prove the argument. Because "facts speak louder than words", citing hard and typical facts to prove the argument can enhance the persuasiveness of the article. 2. Reasoning and argumentation: it is a method of citing authoritative remarks to prove arguments. Therefore, this method is used properly and has strong argumentation. To analyze the function of citation method, we must first find out whose speech is quoted and what to prove, and then grasp the special function of citation method-authority and power. 3. Metaphorical argument: it is a method to prove the argument through image metaphor. This method can explain the truth in simple terms and is easily accepted by people. 4. Comparative argument: This is a way to prove the argument by comparing the positive and negative facts and reasons. By analyzing and comparing the functions of argumentation methods, comparing the two aspects, the right and wrong are more clear, and the correct view is more acceptable to readers. Thinking of answering questions: (1) Rational arguments increase the authority of arguments. (2) the factual argument, from which angle to prove the argument. (3) Metaphorical argument, or vivid image proof …, or simple explanation proof … (to be determined according to the relationship between ontology and vehicle). (4) Comparative argumentation, comparing the two aspects, making it more clear about right and wrong, and the correct view is more easily accepted by readers.

Five, according to the language characteristics of argumentative writing, we can do the following analysis. Analyze the linguistic features of argumentative writing: ① From a logical point of view, analyze the accuracy and rigor of its words. ② Analyze the generality and conciseness of his narrative from the angle of reasoning. The vivid, vivid and emotional words should be analyzed from the perspective of rhetoric. Let's explain it from different angles:

A, accurate language: ① accurate use of concepts; (2) Modifiers such as attributive and adverbial are appropriate.

B, language rigor: rigorous judgment and reasoning, meticulous language expression and strong logic.

C, the language is characterized by clear expression, no ambiguity, clear attitude, clear love and hate, proper use of rhetorical methods and special sentence patterns to enhance the vividness and persuasiveness of the language.

D, the conciseness of language generalization is as follows: the facts in the argumentative paper are not detailed and general. The purpose of argumentative writing is to convince people by reasoning. It is not appropriate to describe it in detail. Otherwise, you will usurp the role of master. This point is reflected in general argumentative essays, so I won't give examples to illustrate it.

In a word, by clarifying the basic elements of argumentative writing, coupled with flexible analysis, I believe that most candidates can pass argumentative writing.