1, three washes: First, the plots with pH value over 8.5 should be washed with alkali when raking. When washing with alkali, the water layer must not be blocked, and it will drain after soaking for 2-3 days. Second, mixed water should be washed with alkali. Mixing water into rice soup during tillering often leads to slow seedling growth, dead seedling growth and "pants off". Third, wash the alkali when the temperature is high. In the middle and late June, when the water temperature is above 22℃, red leaves and red spots (red blight) are prone to occur. Be sure to wash it and spray foliar fertilizer. If the saline-alkali soil is heavy, the acidified grass carbon can be put into a silk bag and put into a channel or outlet when fresh water is released, so as to improve the acid-base situation of Honda, and the effect is good.
2. Three preventions: ① Protect seedlings with water. Leave an inch of water when transplanting, and properly deepen it to about half the height of seedlings after planting, which is beneficial to heat preservation and rapid tillering; When the temperature at tillering stage is lower than 65438 05℃, the water layer should be deepened properly to protect the seedlings. (2) The blade protects the water. If the paddy field encounters high temperature above 35℃ for several days after transplanting, the surface water temperature of the paddy field will also rise. At this time, the growing inner leaves flush with the water surface are prone to scald and cell death. When this leaf comes out, the burnt part of the leaf loses chlorophyll and turns yellow. In severe cases, it will burn the upper part of the leaves. Because it can't absorb nutrients, water dries up and dies, so bacterial blight is characterized by yellow cross-section of new leaves that grow after several days of high temperature, but it is not contagious. The plots with more nitrogen fertilizer or topdressing nitrogen fertilizer 2-3 days before high temperature are more serious. In this case, fresh water should be replaced in time to reduce the temperature or drain the leaves. (3) Fetal protection water should not be cut off at booting stage (from the end of June to the middle of July, from the fourth leaf to the second leaf). When the average low temperature is below 17℃, the water layer will be deepened to 10- 15 cm to protect the fetus in deep water.
3. Light sun: The land with slight saline-alkali (or moss) and red withered can be lightly sun-dried at the end of June, and it is better to sun the fields at night or on cloudy days. After a slight crack, fill it with horse soaking water, or drain it about 4-6 hours after flooding, and then establish a water layer.
4. Pick up water after harvest: Pick up water about a week before harvest to prevent cold wind and alkali damage. The harvest time is generally from September 25th to June 5th. 10. Harvesting too early or too late will easily lead to cracks, waist explosion and discoloration, which will affect the quality. First look at the maturity rate, which can reach more than 95%, and the branchlets (ear axes) turn yellow. Second, look at the water content, grain water content 18-22%, which is conducive to reducing the broken rice rate and facilitating mechanical harvesting. Third, look at the re-drying time (that is, the drying time after cutting), which should not be too long, and threshing can be done in a week in normal weather.
Fertilize soil or land
(A), the principle of fertilization
1, the law of fertilizer requirement of rice
① Absorption in different periods: The key period of nitrogen nutrition in rice (which is the key period of nutrition, but not necessarily too much) is the tillering stage, and the maximum efficiency period of nutrition (the most absorbed period) is from the late tillering stage to the panicle differentiation stage, accounting for about 65% of the total; The key period of phosphorus nutrition in rice is seedling stage, and the period of maximum nutrient efficiency (the period of maximum absorption) is from tillering stage to maturity stage, accounting for about 85% of the total, which is basically balanced throughout life. The key period of potassium nutrition in rice is booting stage, and the maximum efficiency period of nutrition is from tillering stage to heading stage, accounting for about 95% of the total.
② Overall absorption: In theory, rice needs to absorb about 2kg of nitrogen, 1kg of phosphorus and 2.5kg of potassium from the soil per 100kg of grain, while japonica rice needs less potassium. The ratio of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium varies with the yield: when the yield per hectare is about 6000-7000 kg, the ratio of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilization is 3: 2: 2; When the yield per hectare reaches more than 9000 kg, the ratio of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilization is 3: 2: 4.5. The combination of various fertilizers is also an important means to improve fertilizer efficiency, which is also an important principle of fertilization. The heavier the salt, the more fertilization, especially phosphorus and potassium fertilizer. If high-quality rice is produced, attention should be paid to the use of magnesium fertilizer and other trace fertilizers.
2. Fertilizer consumption of Honda
The fertilizer consumption in the whole Honda period is about: pure nitrogen 180 kg (equivalent to 350 kg of urea), pure phosphorus 100 kg (equivalent to 200 kg of diammonium), pure potassium 75 kg (equivalent to potassium sulfate 150 kg), zinc sulfate 20 kg and silicon fertilizer 200 kg. Reduce the amount of phosphorus and potassium fertilizer used next year. Nitrate nitrogen should not be used in water conservation period, which will lead to more losses and pollution to water sources.
For super rice such as Ji Jing 88, the amount of nitrogen fertilizer should be about 1/5 more than that of common varieties, otherwise the goal of high yield of super rice can not be achieved.
Special note: rice is also a silicon-loving crop, and the demand for silicon exceeds the demand for nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium. Silicon fertilizer: 1 is used in rice to promote the silicification of plant epidermis and enhance the mechanical resistance to diseases (especially rice blast). If the supply of silicon is insufficient, the tissue will weaken, and at the same time, the soluble nitrogen and sugar will increase relatively, which is convenient for the propagation of pathogenic bacteria. 2. Due to the precipitation of silicon on plant epidermis, the mechanical strength is increased, and the rice leaves are upright, with small angle and small curvature, which reduces the mutual shading between leaves and improves the photosynthetic efficiency of the population. 3. Silicon can increase the oxidation ability of rice roots to low-valent iron and manganese in the environment, promote root growth, improve root respiration, and promote plant phosphorus nutrition transformation. Albic soil, meadow soil, meadow black soil and old paddy field are all silicon-deficient soils, and the application of silicon fertilizer has good yield-increasing effect. At present, silicate containing calcium, magnesium and zinc is mainly used as silicon fertilizer and applied simultaneously with other fertilizers. The effective silicon content per hectare is 15 kg.
(2) Fertilization in the field
1, the amount of base fertilizer is generally 20-30m3 or 300kg of commercial organic fertilizer per hectare, diammonium150-200kg (both phosphate fertilizers), urea 75-100kg (about 30% of total nitrogen in the whole growth period) and potassium sulfate 50-/kloc.
2. Tillering fertilizer: the application of tillering fertilizer can play a dual role in promoting rice tillering and flowering. In order to see the fertilizer effect at tillering stage, topdressing must be done immediately after transplanting and turning green. Although it can protect tillers, it is easy to increase ineffective tillers. Nitrogen fertilizer is the main tillering fertilizer, and ammonium sulfate plus black fertilizer is the best, followed by ammonium sulfate and urea. Generally, the amount of fertilizer applied is about 30% of the total amount of nitrogen applied, which is equivalent to urea per hectare 100- 150 kg. It is best to apply it twice a week: first, apply a little more, 70% of the planned amount, to promote early growth and rapid development; In a few days, the remaining 30% will be used to change places with poor growth, mediate weak seedlings and catch up with weak ones. It is also called fertilization (standing outside the field to see the growth of rice, fertilizing places with yellow dwarf plants, usually around June 15).
3. Ear fertilizer: it should be applied about 25-30 days before heading (about July 5- 10). The main purpose of applying panicle fertilizer to rice is to prevent spikelets from degenerating, increase the number of spikelets, and lay a good foundation for heading, improving seed setting rate and increasing grain threshing. Urea 100- 150 kg and potassium sulfate 50 kg were applied per hectare. According to the growth of rice, it is mainly clever application (generally, 400-450 ears per square meter should be guaranteed. If it is expected that the number of stems around June 25 will not meet the requirements, you should apply in advance. If the expected number of stems is 1. 1 times. The principle is: yellow at first glance, and then apply it after the leaf color fades; Second, see if the leaves at the bottom are yellow, and if they are yellow, the roots are damaged. First, before fertilization (about 20 days before heading), remove water to dry the strong roots of the field; Third, see if there is any disease, treat the disease first and then fertilize it.
4. Granular fertilizer: it can only catch the safe heading (generally before August 10). Applying granular fertilizer can increase protein, but too much will lead to green greed and reduce grain weight. At the end of July and the beginning of August, 30 kilograms of urea was applied to each hectare (foliar fertilizer was used instead-once for crevasse, first heading and full heading), and the fertilizer efficiency was fast, early and remarkable. Large population, susceptible to diseases and poor light can not be topdressing; If the leaves are pale, the lower leaves are yellow, the upper leaves are premature, and those with early heading, low density and open plant type can be chased, and those with yellow leaves can be chased.
Topdressing method: Before topdressing every time, the aged water should be discharged (high temperature at noon can promote salt dissolution, and drainage should be carried out at 3-4 pm), and the field should be properly aired at night or on cloudy days, then fertilizer should be spread, and then irrigation should be carried out (it is appropriate to keep water for 5-7 days, and it is appropriate to use less fertilizer for plots without water) to make the water reach the roots. If intertillage and seedling scraping are better combined, fertilizer efficiency can be improved and odor, cold air and toxic gases in the soil can be released.
The above fertilization and water management are commonly used methods in saline-alkali land in Jilin, and the date is mainly based on years of experience. The actual application date should depend on soil conditions, weather and seedling conditions.
Disclaimer: The above is a published paper, not an online excerpt.