On Architectural Structure Design (1)
Structural design plays an important role in architectural design. Therefore, this paper analyzes the principles of architectural structure design, the basic requirements of architectural structure, and the common structural types of multi-storey and high-rise houses and single-storey and long-span houses.
Keywords architecture; Structure; Design; type
introduce
Structure is the material basis for the existence of architecture. In a sense, structure dominates architecture. This is because any building needs to consume a lot of labor and materials to build. Buildings must first resist or bear various external effects such as wind, gravity and earthquake. Reasonable selection of structural materials and structural types can not only meet the aesthetic principles of architecture, but also bring economic benefits.
First, the principles of building structure design
1. meets the functional requirements.
Due to the different environment and use nature of the building, in addition to meeting the requirements of space size, some special requirements of the building, such as heat preservation, ventilation, heat insulation, sound absorption and so on. It is necessary to integrate the technical knowledge of related disciplines, optimize the design and choose economic and reasonable structural measures to meet the functional requirements of the building.
2. Ensure structural safety
The premise of ensuring building safety in correct structural calculation is to take necessary measures to ensure the safety and reliability of balcony railings, stair handrails and component nodes. In addition to the necessary calculations of building structures and components.
3. Pay attention to the comprehensive benefits of the construction economy
The design of building structure should consider economy and rationality everywhere, adopt reasonable structural scheme, use local materials on the premise of ensuring quality, save materials, reduce construction cost and reduce the operation and maintenance cost of the building.
Second, the basic requirements of the building structure
The emergence of new building materials, the progress of building technology and the development of structural analysis methods have brought flexibility and broader space to architectural design. However, this flexibility does not exclude the basic requirements that modern building structures need to meet. Its requirements include the following aspects:
1. Stable. As a rigid body, the whole structure or a part of the structure is not allowed to move dangerously. This danger may come from the structure itself, or from the uneven settlement of the foundation or the slip of the foundation soil. For example, the leaning tower of Pisa in Italy is tilted due to the uneven settlement of the foundation.
2. Balance. The basic requirement of balance is to ensure that the structure and any part of the structure do not move, and the balance condition of force can always be met. From a macro point of view, architecture is always static. The requirement of balance is structure and? Institution? That is, the fundamental difference between geometrically variable systems, so any part of the building structure should be geometrically invariant.
3. Economy. The structural cost of modern buildings usually does not exceed 30% of the total construction cost. Therefore, the adoption of the structure should make the total construction cost the most economical. The economy of structure does not refer to simple cost, but is reflected in many aspects. Moreover, the cost of the structure is influenced by the price ratio of materials and labor, as well as the construction method, construction speed and maintenance cost of the structure.
4. It's so beautiful. The requirements for aesthetics sometimes even exceed the requirements for bearing capacity and economy, especially for landmark buildings and memorial buildings. It should be understood that a simple structure will increase the aesthetic effect, and an incorrect structure will obviously damage the aesthetics of the building.
5. optimize. On the basis of architectural scheme design, the structural design is fully optimized on the premise of meeting the structural safety. When necessary, we should entrust a professional design company to carry out structural design and structural optimization design, so as to reduce the self-weight of the building and the consumption of main materials. The optimization degree of structural design should be analyzed through the project budget and its main technical and economic indicators.
The optimal design of structural specialty is not to seek economic benefits at the expense of structural safety and seismic performance, but based on structural theory, engineering experience, guided by the understanding and flexible application of structural design specifications, and by means of advanced structural analysis methods, the design is deeply adjusted, improved and perfected, and the cost is audited and monitored. ? Optimization? Based on the original design, this work pays attention to the rationality of structural system and layout and the application of high technology on the basis of full respect for the original design. In the meantime, optimize? This process is also a process of finding mistakes and correcting deficiencies, reducing unsafe factors through optimization, thus ensuring the technical and economic quality of the project. Structural design optimization is a process of Excellence, which will bring reasonable design and economic and technical benefits.
To achieve the above requirements, it is necessary to implement it in structural design? Economic and reasonable, advanced technology, safe and applicable, ensuring quality? Structural design principles to ensure the harmony and unity of structure and building.
Third, the choice of building structure
Good architectural design needs good structural style to achieve. The best choice of structure type should comprehensively consider the use function of the building, the safety and rationality of the structure, the aesthetic appearance, the economy of the cost and the possible conditions of construction, and can only be finally determined after comprehensive analysis and comparison.
The following is a brief analysis of the mechanical characteristics and scope of application of common structural types of multi-storey high-rise residential buildings and single-storey long-span residential buildings.
The main load-bearing structure systems of multi-storey and high-rise buildings are: mixed structure system, frame structure system, shear wall structure system and so on.
1. mixed structure system
This is the most commonly used structural type in multi-storey civil buildings. Vertical components such as walls and foundations adopt masonry structure, and horizontal components such as floors and roofs adopt reinforced concrete beam-slab structure. In combination with the seismic requirements, the following problems should be paid attention to when designing and selecting mixed structure houses.
(1) building height and maximum height-width ratio
Limiting the height-width ratio of a building is to ensure the stiffness of the building and the overall flexural capacity of the building. The height of ordinary brick, perforated brick and small block masonry building should not exceed 4.5m
(2) the number of floors and height restrictions of multi-storey houses
In general, the number of floors and the total height of the house should not exceed the provisions in the table. Obviously, the number of layers and the total height of the mixed structure of sintered ordinary brick masonry are better than other masonry. Hospitals, teaching buildings and multi-storey masonry houses with less transverse walls should be 3m lower than those specified in the table, and the number of floors should be reduced by one layer accordingly; For multi-storey masonry houses with less transverse walls on each floor, the total height and number of floors should be appropriately reduced according to the specific situation.
(3) Vertical and horizontal wall layout
In the structural layout, priority should be given to the bearing scheme of transverse wall or vertical and horizontal wall; The layout of vertical and horizontal walls should be evenly aligned, aligned along the plane, vertical and continuous, and the walls between windows on the same axis should be even. Stairwells should not be set at both ends and corners of the house.
2. Frame structure system
Similar to the hybrid structure, the frame structure can also be divided into horizontal frame bearing, vertical frame bearing and vertical and horizontal frame bearing. Usually, the frame of a house is supported by a transverse frame, and connecting beams are arranged in the longitudinal direction of the house to connect with the transverse frame; When the floor is precast slab, the floor is arranged along the longitudinal direction, and when the floor is cast in place, the longitudinal secondary beam is generally set to form a one-way slab-ribbed floor system. When the column network is square or close to square, or the live load of the floor is large, the frame with vertical and horizontal two-way layout is often used, and the floor length is cast-in-place two-way slab or beam slab.
Frame structure system includes full frame structure, inner frame brick house and upper bottom frame brick house. The applicable heights of cast-in-place reinforced concrete frame structures are 60m, 55m, 45m and 25m respectively. The cast-in-place frame structure has good integrity and seismic performance, and the architectural layout is quite flexible. Widely used in multi-storey buildings with 6- 15 floors, such as school teaching buildings, laboratory buildings, office buildings, hospitals, etc. (The economic floor is about 10, and the height-width ratio of the building is 5-7.). Under the horizontal load, the overall deformation of the frame is shear type.
Four. Concluding remarks
Residential buildings occupy a large proportion in the national capital construction investment, so the relationship between applicability, economy and aesthetics must be correctly handled in the structural design of buildings. According to different building types, we should correctly grasp the structural types, and we can't ignore the economy of architectural design. We should build beautiful, simple and generous buildings with less investment to make people live more comfortably and healthily.
refer to
1. Xiong Danan, Building Structure, South China University of Technology Press, 2009.
Paper 2 on the analysis of building structure and the design of building seismic structure
Abstract: Earthquake resistance is a topic that must be paid attention to in current building construction, and the earthquake resistance of building structure has become the core link that must be considered in building design. This paper will discuss the requirements, objectives, principles and related contents of seismic design of buildings.
Earthquake resistance; Earthquake resistance; Structure; design method
How to prevent buildings from being seriously damaged in the earthquake is a big problem that must be considered in the current architectural structure design. Especially in recent years, frequent earthquakes have seriously threatened people's lives and property, and building safety has become an important factor affecting social security. In order to ensure the seismic capacity of buildings, designers must design houses with considerable seismic capacity according to relevant standards.
1. The goal of seismic fortification
Seismic fortification refers to the seismic design of buildings, and at the same time, some targeted seismic structural measures are taken to achieve the seismic effect and purpose of the structure. Generally speaking, seismic fortification is mainly based on seismic fortification intensity. The basis of seismic fortification intensity is the documents approved or issued by the state, which is an area as the seismic fortification standard. Usually, the basic intensity specified in the seismic intensity zoning map issued by the State Seismological Bureau is adopted. Judging from the overall development trend of seismic fortification targets at home and abroad, it is basically required that buildings can cope with earthquakes with different frequencies and intensities during use, that is, small earthquakes are not bad, moderate earthquakes can be repaired, and large earthquakes cannot collapse. . This is the seismic fortification target adopted in China's seismic design code.
The fortification target of the construction project under construction is: 1) If the fortification intensity of the building is lower than the local conventional earthquake, the building will not be damaged and can continue to be used without repair; 2) In the event of an earthquake with the specified fortification intensity in this area, buildings, including structural and non-structural parts, may be damaged, but they will not pose a threat to people's lives and the safety of production equipment, and can still be used after repair; 3) If you encounter a rare earthquake with a fortification intensity higher than that in this area, try to ensure that the building does not collapse.
In other words, in the seismic design of building structures, designers can consider three levels: common intensity, basic intensity and rare intensity. From the probability point of view, the intensity of frequent earthquakes is the earthquake level with greater probability. The building designed according to the current code should achieve such seismic effect in design: when encountering frequent intensity, the building is in the elastic stage and usually will not be destroyed; When encountering an earthquake with the corresponding basic intensity, the building will enter an elastic-plastic state, but generally it will not be seriously damaged; When encountering rare intensity, the building may be seriously damaged, but it will not collapse.
2. Key points of seismic design method for building structures
China's "Seismic Code" puts forward a two-stage design method to meet the requirements of the above three intensity levels. The design scheme of the first stage must conform to the principle of seismic design. At the same time, according to the multi-value intensity (equivalent to small earthquake) ground motion parameters corresponding to the basic intensity, the seismic action characteristic value and corresponding seismic action effect of the structure in elastic state are obtained by using the elastic response spectrum method, and then combined with other load effects according to a certain combination coefficient. At the same time, the section bearing capacity of structural members is checked. If the building is tall, deformation checking must be carried out to ensure that its lateral deformation is not too large. In this way, on the one hand, it meets the necessary bearing capacity reliability under the first level, and at the same time meets the fortification requirements of the second level (damage can be repaired). Of course, in the end, it is necessary to achieve the three-level fortification requirements through conceptual design and structural measures.
For most building structures in non-earthquake-prone areas, it is enough to design in the first stage. However, according to the characteristics of buildings and regions, a few structures, such as buildings with special requirements and structures prone to collapse during earthquakes, must also design in the second stage, that is, according to the rare intensity corresponding to the basic intensity (equivalent to a major earthquake), check whether the elastic-plastic interlayer deformation of the structure meets the requirements of the code (does not collapse). If the weak layer with excessive deformation is found, the design should be actively modified, and corresponding structural measures can also be taken to meet the requirements of three-level fortification, that is, it cannot collapse after a major earthquake.
3. Structural selection and layout
3. 1 Selection of structural materials
The choice of materials has a direct impact on the seismic performance of building structures, so the choice of materials should be synchronized with the design of building schemes, and the research should be carried out while studying the architectural forms. At the same time, we should also determine what kind of structural system to adopt. The purpose of doing this is mainly to choose a structural type that meets the seismic requirements and is economical and practical according to all aspects of the project. Structural type selection is a complicated work, which must consider the importance of the building, fortification intensity, building height, site, foundation, foundation, materials and construction, and then determine it after comparing the technical and economic conditions. If only from the seismic point of view, a good structure type should have the following characteristics: 1) high ductility coefficient; 2)? Force/gravity? Large proportion; 3) good homogeneity; 4) orthogonal isotropy; 5) The connection of components has integrity, continuity and good ductility, which can exert the full strength of materials. If we only look at the data, according to the above standards, the theoretical order of seismic performance of common building structures is: 1) steel structure; 2) steel reinforced concrete structure; 3) Concrete-steel mixed structure; 4) Cast-in-place reinforced concrete structure; 5) Prestressed concrete structure, etc. Of course, it must be emphasized here that the advantages of the steel structure with the best seismic performance are relative. From the advantages, it has good ductility, good connection, reliable joints and full and stable hysteretic curve under low cyclic loading. From the actual experience, the performance of steel structure building is good. However, relativity, we only refer to the design concept, that is, the construction method. If it is not in place, these buildings will also be damaged in the earthquake.
3.2 Determination of Seismic Structure System
Different structural systems have different functions in seismic performance, service effect and economic index. Therefore, it is very important to determine the appropriate seismic structure system. Basic requirements of Seismic Code: 1) There must be a clear calculation diagram and a reasonable seismic action transmission path; 2) form multiple seismic defense lines to avoid the loss of seismic capacity or gravity bearing capacity of the whole system due to the damage of some structures or components; 3) Must have the necessary strength, good deformability and energy dissipation capacity; 4) It should have reasonable stiffness and strength distribution, so as to avoid forming weak parts due to local weakening or sudden change, resulting in excessive stress concentration or plastic deformation concentration; For the possible weak parts, measures should be taken to improve the seismic capacity.
In a word, the relationship between building stiffness and site conditions must be considered when selecting and determining the structural system of buildings. If the natural vibration period of the building is close to the optimal period of the foundation soil, it means that the building may produce * * * vibration, which will further aggravate the damage of the building. Generally speaking, the natural vibration period of a building is related to the stiffness of the structure itself. Therefore, before designing a house, the design unit must master the site, foundation soil and its outstanding period, so as to adjust the structural stiffness in the structural design of the building and finally avoid the * * * vibration period.
Of course, when choosing a structural system, we should also pay attention to choosing a reasonable basic form. The foundation should be buried deep enough. If it is a multi-storey house, a basement should be set up. According to the actual investigation, the basement building can reduce the earthquake damage of the whole structure. For the weak foundation, pile foundation, raft foundation or box foundation can be considered. In view of the uneven fluctuation of rock strata, pile foundation can be considered, which can go deep into non-liquefied soil layer to make the building structure more stable. If there are not many buildings and the foundation conditions are good, single foundation or cross-belt foundation can also be used.
3.3 General principles of structural arrangement
3.3. 1 The plane layout shall be symmetrical. Under normal circumstances, symmetrical structures will only have translational vibration under the ground translation action, and the lateral displacement of each component is equal, so the horizontal seismic action is distributed according to the stiffness of each component, so the force on each component is relatively uniform and will not lead to unbalanced force distribution. If the structure is asymmetric, the center of the rigid body will be biased to one side, and the center of mass will not coincide with the center of the rigid body. Even if the ground only moves horizontally, torsional vibration may occur. Eventually, the members will be far away from the rigid center, with large lateral displacement and excessive horizontal seismic shear. This is easy to cause serious damage, and may even lead to the collapse of the whole structure due to the failure of one member.
3.3.2 The vertical layout should be uniform. The vertical layout of the structure should be uniform, which can make the vertical stiffness and strength change evenly to the maximum extent, thus effectively avoiding the weak layer. Judging from the structural characteristics of buildings, buildings facing the street often have large ground floor space because of commercial needs. There may also be a hall, restaurant or parking lot at the bottom of a building that is not facing the street, resulting in a large space. In this structure, the upper reinforced concrete seismic wall or vertical support or masonry wall is suspended here, and the lower part must adopt frame system. In other words, the upper floors are full-wall systems or frame-seismic wall systems, while the lower or two or three floors are frame systems. What does the whole structure belong to? Frame supporting wall? System. Earthquake experience shows that this system is not conducive to earthquake resistance. Therefore, in the actual seismic structure design, the uniformity of the vertical layout of the structure should be maintained.
In other words, the frame columns on the same floor must have roughly the same stiffness, strength and ductility, so as to avoid the danger of being broken by one because of the disparity in stress during the earthquake. In addition, it must be noted that in a high-rise building with pure frame structure, when the stair tread inclined beam and platform beam are directly connected with the frame column, the column should be prevented from becoming a short column, so as to effectively avoid shear failure during the earthquake.
4. Conclusion
In a word, in the seismic design of building structures, designers must design a scientific and reasonable seismic scheme according to the actual situation of the building, combined with the geological environment and considering economy and safety comprehensively, so as to ensure the construction of the building under the corresponding seismic standards and ensure the safety of the building.
References:
[1] kou xiumei. Seismic design in structural design [J]. science and technology of west china, 2008(06).
[2] Li Zhijian, Shi Yanming. On seismic design in building structure design [J]. Science and Technology Information, 2009( 12).
[3] Wang Cuikun, Yang Shen. Enlightenment of Wenchuan Earthquake on Architectural Structure Design [J]. Earthquake Disaster Prevention Technology, 2008(03).
Paper 3 Building Structure Talking about the Strengthening Technology of Building Engineering Structure
Abstract: With the continuous progress of the times and the rapid development of economy, the degree of urbanization in China is deepening day by day, which has great significance and far-reaching influence on China's future economic and social construction. However, with the development of urbanization, people's requirements for the quality of life are getting higher and higher, and the requirements for the performance of buildings are becoming more and more comprehensive. Comfort, functionality and energy saving have become problems that cannot be ignored in the construction design of building projects. Among them, the quality of construction projects is particularly important. Strengthening the application of structural reinforcement technology in building engineering, finding suitable reinforcement methods and improving the quality of building engineering have become a very important link in the process of building engineering construction in China. Therefore, we must attach great importance to it to meet the needs of the people and society, thus promoting economic development and improving people's living standards.
Keywords: construction engineering; Structural reinforcement technology; Current situation; way
Once a building cannot meet the requirements of a certain function for some reason or has doubts about meeting the requirements of a certain function, it is necessary to test the overall structure of the building or a certain part of the building structure. When the test results show that there are hidden dangers in the inspected building, it is necessary to reinforce the building to a certain extent, and even to demolish and rebuild it in serious cases. In China, about two-thirds of big cities are located in earthquake areas, and every earthquake will cause very serious damage to local buildings. In addition, with the development of urbanization in China, the density of population and buildings is getting higher and higher, and the frequency of fire is also increasing rapidly, which is very unfavorable to people's work and life. Therefore, strengthening the application of reinforcement technology in building engineering is the basic requirement under the background of the times.
First, the development status of structural reinforcement technology in China's construction projects
With the rapid development of China's construction industry, people have higher and higher requirements for structural reinforcement of construction projects, and our government has also paid more attention to the construction of construction projects. At present, China has promulgated some relevant codes of conduct, including "Technical Specification for Seismic Reinforcement of Buildings" and "Technical Specification for Reinforcement of Concrete Structures", which have made very clear provisions and requirements on the reinforcement methods, basic reinforcement principles, reinforcement materials, construction safety, project acceptance and so on during the construction of building projects. This can greatly promote the development and application of structural reinforcement technology in China's construction projects. However, because most people are used to using traditional reinforcement experience, they can't make good changes in the practice of concrete structure reinforcement, and they haven't explored and analyzed the reinforcement technology at a deeper level, which leads to the slow progress of reinforcement technology in China. This makes the reinforcement technology of building engineering in China still in the relatively backward traditional process stage, with low technical content.
Second, the significance and reasons of structural reinforcement of building engineering
The so-called reinforcement technology of building engineering refers to improving the quality and reliability of building engineering by adopting various technical measures, so that the building can meet the requirements of safety, durability and applicability. The significance of structural reinforcement in building engineering lies in meeting the requirements of structural strength. According to China's construction code, the structural design of building engineering should follow the principle of limit state design, and the concrete structure must meet the requirements of structural use to ensure that it meets the relevant standards of stiffness, strength and durability.
However, due to various reasons, it is difficult for buildings to fully meet people's needs, and the building structure has to be strengthened. Common reasons for strengthening in China include the following aspects. First, there are defects in the design process. In the design process of architectural engineering designers, although various factors affecting the safety and use of building structures have been comprehensively considered, in practical application, due to the uniqueness of each structure, it is difficult to express all factors through the mathematical model adopted in the design. Second, the defects caused by the investigation. In the early stage of construction, surveyors will conduct on-the-spot investigation on the construction site, collect the actual topographic data of the construction base, and adjust the construction method appropriately according to the actual situation to ensure the construction quality. However, if the situation of foundation soil and groundwater can not be truly reflected in the survey process, it is likely to cause defects in the construction project. Third, the defects caused in the construction process. It mainly includes the lack of professional and systematic training for the construction team, the low quality of personnel and the confusion of construction management. In addition, improper use of buildings, harsh environment, natural disasters and other factors will also cause damage to buildings, so that they have to be strengthened.
Three, China's current commonly used construction engineering structure reinforcement methods
(A) reinforcement methods
The reinforcement principle of steel-clad reinforcement method is that the mechanical properties of building components are greatly enhanced by wrapping steel at two corners or four corners, so as to achieve the purpose of reinforcement. There are two kinds of reinforcement methods: wet reinforcement and dry reinforcement, and the general wet reinforcement effect is better. Steel-wrapped reinforcement method is simple in operation and small in site workload. It is suitable for occasions where the cross-sectional area of building components cannot be increased but the bearing capacity needs to be greatly improved, such as the reinforcement of reinforced concrete columns, beams and web members.
(2) Strengthening method with enlarged section
As the name implies, the reinforcement method of enlarging section is a kind of reinforcement method that wraps concrete outside the building components, which greatly increases the cross-sectional area of the building components and the reinforcement amount, thus enhancing the bearing capacity of the building components. This method is relatively traditional in China, and the reinforcement process is also very simple, so it is widely used. Generally speaking, this method can be used to strengthen concrete structures such as beams, slabs, columns and walls.
(3) Bonding steel plate reinforcement method
The principle of this reinforcement method is to stick steel plates on the surface of concrete members with special building structural adhesive, so that they can work together and bear the whole force, thus achieving the purpose of reinforcement and greatly improving the bearing capacity of the structure. The reinforcement method of sticking steel bars has very high requirements for building structural adhesive, which must meet the requirements of strong adhesion, high strength, aging resistance, small linear expansion coefficient and high elastic modulus.
Four, the key points of the selection of reinforcement methods in building engineering
At present, there are many common reinforcement technologies for building structures in China, each of which has its own characteristics and is suitable for different reinforcement situations. Therefore, when selecting the reinforcement method, we should carefully analyze and evaluate its reliability, and comprehensively consider the layout characteristics of the building structure, the stress characteristics of the main structure of the building, the requirements of new functions and the surrounding environment of the building, so as to ensure that the application results of the reinforcement technology meet people's actual needs.
Verb (abbreviation of verb) conclusion
The quality of construction projects is related to the national economic development and the safety of people's lives, and it is a hot issue of people's livelihood, which has aroused widespread concern from all walks of life. Scientific reinforcement of building structure is an important part of the quality and safety assurance system of building engineering. Therefore, we should attach great importance to the reinforcement technology of building engineering. First of all, strict compliance with relevant norms is the most basic requirement. Secondly, it is necessary to strengthen the application of reinforcement technology in building engineering and choose appropriate reinforcement methods to ensure that the building quality meets the design requirements. Finally, we should pay attention to the innovation and development of reinforcement technology in construction engineering, which is the basic requirement to promote the development of construction engineering under the background of continuous economic and technological progress, and is of great significance to the long-term development of our country.
References:
[1] Chen Gang, Rao Yafei. Discussion on structural reinforcement technology of building engineering [J]. Theoretical research on urban construction (electronic version), 2015,5 (12): 912-913.
[2] Chu, man. Analysis of structural reinforcement technology in building engineering [J]. Building Engineering Technology and Design, 2015 (19):133-133.
[3] Li Jiangtao. Brief introduction of structural reinforcement technology in building engineering [J]. Building Engineering Technology and Design, 20 15 (2 1): 57-57.
& gt& gt& gt More exciting next page? A paper on architectural structure?