First of all, we should pay attention to the characteristics of materials: a single material should grasp its main idea as a whole; Many materials should find out their similarities and differences, so as to grasp the center; Metaphorical materials should understand their metaphorical meaning; Materials containing philosophical fables should grasp their meanings. The so-called grasping the theme (that is, the intention tendency and emotional tendency of the material),
The methods are as follows: 1. Grasp the key sentences or suggestive language in the material; Second, we should pay attention to the classification of materials, summarize the meanings of layers, and comprehensively analyze the basic viewpoints of materials; Third, we should use the correct point of view to make correct judgments on positive and negative materials.
For example:
Read the following materials and write an article of not less than 800 words as required.
The tortoise and the rabbit ran a race. Because the rabbit was very proud, the tortoise unexpectedly won the competition. Knowing this, the butterfly also wants to compete with the tortoise. The tortoise thought about it and accepted the butterfly's challenge, but he made a request: "I can only climb, but you can fly." Let's compare the 60-meter, 20-meter drill, 20-meter river and 20-meter flower. "Butterfly agrees. At the beginning of the game, the butterfly had drilled through the circle and flew over the river, but when she came to the flowers, she saw beautiful flowers, smelled the sweetness of nectar and met beautiful companions. Look at this time, the turtle didn't even drill the circle, and the butterfly was relieved. She was having more and more fun among the flowers and forgot the game. Unexpectedly, the tortoise has drilled through the circle, crossed the flowers and quietly reached the finish line.
For some people, it is difficult to cross the river, but for some people, flowers are the most difficult to cross.
Ask for the right angle, clear thinking, choose your own style and draw up your own title; Don't deviate from the content and meaning of the material, don't copy it, and don't copy it.
This fable is very rich in connotation. To accurately grasp the meaning of materials, we can think from the following aspects:
1. Why can the tortoise win the race?
2. Why do butterflies wander among flowers?
3. Contact with real life. What does it mean to drill a circle across the river? What is a flower?
4. Why can butterflies get through the circle and fly over the river quickly, but not through the flowers?
Guide:
Based on this, we can make up our minds that we should have a big goal and a big direction in our life. The tortoise can win the game because he can.
Always remember your big goal. Butterflies give up halfway because they can't get rid of the temptation of something, so they lose their way.
When writing, you can think as a whole and explore from the details. There are many things worth thinking about. Be sure to write a personal understanding.
The second step is to see clearly the requirements of material composition, grasp the main idea of raw materials, extract a correct theme (that is, viewpoint) and establish the center (that is, argument).
Materials with a single theme can be conceived according to the materials, such as the second composition we met in the exam (the conception should start with "unification"). Rich materials can be conceived from multiple angles, that is, divergent thinking and multi-faceted conception (for example, the first composition can start from the angles of "sharing" and "dedication" respectively). Generally speaking, a material can be viewed from at least two perspectives: the material of "one thing with many people" often has several perspectives when there are several "people"; There are several "causes" in the material of "one thing with many causes", and there are often several perspectives. An event, according to its different background and writing purpose, has produced several different perspectives. In this link, we can consider divergence from the following three directions: ① Horizontal divergence: that is, analogy and association are carried out from the basic theme of materials, so as to seek common ground and see which things or phenomena have similar or related properties, or which things or phenomena this truth can be extended to. ② Vertical divergence: that is, the social phenomena or facts expressed in the research materials are traced from the outside to the inside, seeking the causal relationship of the development and change of things and grasping the universal and profound truth reflected by them. 3 reverse divergence: that is, from positive to negative, from the opposite direction of things to think, ask more what would happen if not. With the theme excavated from the above angles, we must choose the best angle and thinking to write.
The third step, some students will write the composition of this exam as an argumentative essay (we satirize this composition as a "four unlike" composition), but writing an argumentative essay is also good. We chose a lot of argumentative essays in the last textbook, but you should master some methods-use materials reasonably to enter the short passage and quote the short passage (according to the speech of team leader Cao). (1) "Cite", analyze materials, and put forward opinions or central arguments. (2) "Discussion", connecting the preceding with the following, and discussing (write a transitional paragraph or sentence first, and then write this theory). Generally speaking, we should first discuss the central argument positively, reveal the positive truth, and then cite positive examples to demonstrate "why and what are the benefits". It is best to demonstrate "why not" from the opposite side and give negative examples. (3) "Contact", contact with reality, deepen the center (mainly the reality of society or individuals, select typical materials from life, and further demonstrate the central argument). (4) "knot", summarize and take care of the problem (you can take care of the material or the beginning, starting point, summary, sublimation, call, etc. This formula can be used, but don't make it into a new eight-part essay. Material composition is a form of composition in which materials are analyzed and refined according to established materials, so as to obtain certain opinions and opinions. There is not only the limitation of proposition composition, but also the freedom of self-made topic composition; It can not only examine students' writing ability as required, but also provide students with a broad space to fully display their writing ability. Because of its flexibility, richness and keeping pace with the times, this propositional form of composition is favored by propositional composition teachers.
Throughout recent years, there are indispensable materials in the composition questions of the senior high school entrance examination all over the country.
The first composition we met in the exam was the second one of the two choices in the senior high school entrance examination in Henan Province in 2009.
The sources and forms of materials provided by the composition of materials are various, such as fables, historical facts, poems, cartoons, famous sayings of celebrities, recent events, news published in newspapers and so on. These materials are sometimes a single material and sometimes a group of materials. Material composition contains a wide range of contents. According to the requirements of the topic, you can write narrative, commentary, discussion and other styles. Even, some require to write an argumentative essay after reading it, some require to write an argumentative essay from the perspective of material selection, some require to write an explanatory text according to pictures and attached drawings, some require to continue writing with the provided materials, or expand and abbreviate according to the materials.
Third, writing a good composition is also a key, and the composition should be accurate. Because the material itself is loose, not compact, its meaning is understood by the readers themselves, which leads to the diversity of understanding. This diversity is allowed as long as it conforms to the theme of the material and the intention of the proposer. But the problem is that many candidates can't accurately grasp the information conveyed by the materials. If you want to accurately grasp the topic, you must refine and integrate the materials, that is, extract the essence of those * * * in the materials, and you can't judge them at will or post them subjectively. It is easy to distinguish the theme and intention of general materials, but it is not so easy to distinguish the theme and intention of moral materials, because their themes and intentions are hidden and not exposed. Only by understanding and analyzing its meaning in a deeper level can we correctly grasp the theme and intention. Many students suggested that the essay topics "sharing" and "unity is strength" in this exam were too big and dull, so I couldn't find the center and brilliant place of your article. How to avoid this situation?
Reading materials carefully and thoroughly is a key step in writing a good composition. If you don't accurately grasp the main idea of the material, the composition you write will be off topic and off topic. There are several ways to grasp the main idea of the article.
1, pay attention to the title of the material. Some article titles are the theme of the article.
2. Pay attention to the beginning and end of the material. Some articles point out the center of the article at the beginning or end, especially at the end.
3. Pay attention to the lyric and argumentative sentences in the materials. Questioners often point out the center of the article with the help of lyric and argumentative sentences in the article. .
4. Pay attention to the requirements or tips behind the materials. For example, a material composition put forward such a request at the back of the original text, "We are very inspired by reading the material. Please write an article of not less than 600 words on a certain aspect (such as success and failure, temptation and opportunity). " After reading the tips carefully, it is not difficult to find that the three meanings in the material "success and failure", "temptation" and "opportunity" are three areas of writing, and you can write a composition according to one of them.
At the same time, we should grasp the idea of examining questions in material composition. Examining questions is the key to the success or failure of composition examination. Due to the short time of the composition examination in the senior high school entrance examination, it is impossible to spend too much time on the examination of questions. Therefore, we must concentrate on expressing complex materials in words and grasp the examination questions as soon as possible. What do you choose? What kind of expression methods are mainly used? How to embody the idea of the article? And so on, this is because the material of composition can often be written from different angles, determine different ideas, choose different writing methods and seek different ideas. Secondly, we should pay attention to other requirements of the topic. There is often a hint that "except poetry, there is no limit to style" in composition topics. This understanding must pay attention to two points: first, the so-called "unlimited" generally means that there is a lot of room for stylistic choice when conceiving, but once a certain style is selected to enter the specific writing process, it must follow the basic pattern of a certain style, and it cannot be written as an argumentative essay or a narrative essay unlike a "four unlike" article. Finally, we should read carefully and grasp the main idea of material composition. Some students scored high on their compositions in the exam, while others scored low. Why do they get low marks? Look at my explanation below and you will know:
Fourth, the writing of material composition "four taboos".
1, never throw away the materials and "start a new stove". Although both material composition and topic composition have materials, they are handled in different ways. Topic composition emphasizes relevance, and materials can be used or not; The materials provided by the material composition are the basis of writing, including the main idea of the article, and the materials must appear in the article. Many candidates are used to writing topic compositions, which leads to ignoring the materials in the material composition, thus "starting a new stove". For example, some students put forward the topic "rebellion also needs trajectory", which is simply incomprehensible. How can they get high marks?
2. avoid not writing according to the instructions. The test questions of material composition generally include two parts, one is the material, and the other is the writing requirements. Writing requirements may appear in the form of prompts, or "requirements" and "precautions" may be listed separately. When reviewing questions, you should not only thoroughly understand the materials, but also make clear the specific requirements of writing and write according to the instructions of the stem. Don't ignore the requirements, or you can't see the requirements clearly, that is, write a thousand words, but digress from Wan Li.
3. Avoid inaccurate opinion refinement. The main idea of material composition comes from material. If the ideas extracted by the candidates deviate from the connotation of the material when reading the material, it will directly lead to the failure of the composition, that is, "What can I do without fur?" .
4. Avoid ignoring key sentences in the material. As a material composition, each material has key sentences, but some are not obvious. The function of key sentences in the article is either the finishing touch or the outline. Some candidates overemphasize the central idea of the whole material and ignore the key sentences, which makes it difficult to write an article. First of all, we should make clear the difference between material composition and topic composition. The difference between material composition and topic composition is that topic composition only provides a topic, and material only leads to the topic, which has nothing to do with writing. Material composition provides some materials. For example, a poem, a fable, one or more allusions, a story, a few famous sayings and aphorisms, and one or more paintings are an introduction to a certain phenomenon in real life, an overview of a certain social viewpoint, and the design of a certain situation. It is required to write according to the materials provided and in accordance with the requirements of the topic and the prescribed ideas.
Finally, I want to say that some of our students rushed to write in order to seize the time during the exam without careful consideration of the materials; Even misinterpreted the materials provided, the result is naturally "haste makes waste", which inevitably leaves regrets.
During the exam, some students scored very low in their compositions and even wanted to talk to me about it. I don't think you need to worry. Look at some problems I found in this exam, and you will understand why your score is low:
First, in the process of writing a composition, some students digress without thinking deeply.
"The success or failure of the article depends on the intention", and digression is the most fatal "injury" of the composition in the examination room. There are often two kinds of problems in the examination of questions. One is to completely abandon the topic (topic, material) and start a new stove, which leads to digression, and the other is to find another way and lead to digression. Grasp the "three meanings" in examining questions. First, to understand the literal meaning: accurately understanding the literal meaning (especially keywords) of the topic (topic, material) is the first step to understand the theme; Material composition and topic composition, the text of the topic is generally more, which requires careful reading, correct understanding and comprehensive grasp. Second, we should thoroughly understand the extended meaning: the extended meaning is contained in the topic, which requires candidates to have a certain level of understanding and analytical ability to perceive; The extended meaning of the title also includes its figurative meaning and symbolic meaning. The third is to understand the meaning of hints: some topics are accompanied by hints, which are a hint given by the proposer to the candidates and a step for the candidates to examine the questions and open their minds; Regardless of the length of the prompt, candidates should attach great importance to it, read it carefully, ponder it carefully, and actively get inspiration from it. After examining the meaning of the questions, candidates should learn to constantly deduce and punctuate the stem of the questions in writing, so as to "turn around one step at a time". "If she just turns her head and smiles, there will be a hundred tricks."
Second, individual students have different styles.
Material composition generally requires "three selves"-angle self-selection, style self-selection and topic self-formulation. The openness of style creates conditions for candidates to make full use of their strengths and avoid weaknesses, and students can give full play to their advantages. However, many students mistakenly think that "diluting style" means not wanting style, which leads to the writing of articles that are neither fish nor fowl: writing argumentative essays, unlike argumentative essays, does not know how to ask questions, analyze problems and solve problems; When writing a narrative, people, places, things, times and things are unclear; Writing prose has unclear clues and scattered forms. There is nothing if you cut the tail, so the "four unlike" composition that is neither donkey nor horse can only be below the third category. At the same time, don't rush to write poetry. Candidates are advised to publicize my advantages according to their own preferences.
Third, the topic is simple.
The title is the eye of the article. A good title can often play a leading role. In the exam, if there is no topic in the composition, in principle, a certain score should be deducted. In fact, a composition without a title is not a complete article, which will affect the expression of the theme. The marking teacher will think that you lack the most basic things, which will lead to psychological distance, unconsciously increase the score, and candidates may lose more points. I suggest you get into the habit of writing the title first and then the text. The title should be written in the middle, and you should read carefully after writing the article. This is also an effective way to avoid this kind of "hard injury".
Fourth, some students' compositions have a long beginning and a long end, and even a postscript.
This kind of "hard injury" is manifested in the deviation from the basic requirements of "phoenix head and leopard tail", the opening is slow, and the main idea cannot be pointed out for a long time; The ending was tedious and moaning. The beginning and the end should be concise. Generally speaking, each part should not exceed one tenth of the total number of words in the article, so as to fully ensure the richness of "streaky pork". It is suggested that the beginning of the article should come straight to the point, in Liu Xie's words, it means "singing glory first" and borrowing proverbs means "please come out to see the Buddha". At the end, or make the finishing point and close the full text; Still taking care of the beginning, the structure is rigorous; Or quote poetry, touch and sublimate; Or lyrical freehand brushwork, memorable; Or ask questions to inspire people's thoughts.
5. The quoted example or poem is inaccurate.
When marking papers, some students are arrogant and ridiculous. Suggestions: First, strengthen the usual accumulation and avoid making common sense mistakes as much as possible; Second, try to avoid such long quotations as "I have seen such stories on TV or heard such stories or when I was in the third grade of primary school …"; Thirdly, if you can't remember the quoted poems and phrases clearly, candidates can translate them freely, and even if they make mistakes, they will certainly be understood by the marking teacher.
6. Some students are extreme and criticize at will.
In adolescence, you are prone to impulsive thinking, extreme thinking, saying "excessive words" and arbitrary tone. When writing a composition in the exam, I suggest you write it with a peaceful and dialectical attitude, so that what you write will look atmospheric and give people a calm feeling, and the teacher will feel comfortable after reading it. Be sure to avoid bias and extremes. That will make your composition look childish and ridiculous.
Seven, the roll surface is messy.
Rolling noodles is your "meeting gift" to the marking teacher. Some students usually develop the bad habit of scribbling, and the surface of composition paper is always sketched and altered to be dirty and ugly: some handwriting is scrawled and illegible; Some handwriting is scrawled and illegible. Judging from the actual situation of marking, the composition with standardized writing, correct and beautiful appearance and neat volume will win the favor of the marking teacher from the beginning, and the marking teacher will not care about some unprincipled problems. On the other hand, although the article is clear in thinking, vivid in plot, fluent in language and beautiful in writing, it is very difficult for people to look at it, and the final deduction is definitely more than the prescribed writing score. In addition, when writing, don't use multi-color pens, the font should not be too big or too small, and punctuation marks should occupy the space.
Eight, the number of words should not be extraordinary.
The so-called extremely large number of words means too few or too many words. Some students can't get away from their writing. Thousands of words can't fit in the box, and the margins are full, giving people a bloated and complicated feeling. The solution to this problem is to make full use of the space given by the test paper, neither writing too much nor writing too little.
Nine, some students think that as long as they write, the teacher will give points, so there is not much time left to rush to write.
In the Chinese exam, sometimes candidates often neglect the reasonable arrangement of time because of mental stress, which leads to the composition being half finished and becoming "incomplete". It is recommended that you finish your composition on time at ordinary times and strictly control the composition in the simulated examination room within 40 minutes.