1, direct observation. It is a way for people to observe natural phenomena under natural conditions by looking carefully with their eyes.

Be careful when observing, don't let go of any subtle details. Zhuang Yueping, a student from Yunnan, spent 2_0_ days observing the whole process of pigeon hatching in detail. Almost every day, new discoveries are made, even a black spot on the pigeon and wrinkles on its eyelids are not let go. Therefore, this article "Observing Pigeon Hatching" is true and rich in content. At the same time, the observation should be recorded in detail, otherwise it is impossible to get real first-hand materials.

2. Hands-on experiments. The experimental method is to artificially intervene and control the research object, which is more conducive to giving full play to the initiative of students to reveal hidden natural mysteries than observation.

What do insects do with their hind legs? Zhang Jun, a student from Hubei Province, has successively caught more than a dozen insects such as locusts, grasshoppers and crickets, and cut off their hind legs. Through repeated experiments, observations and comparisons, many special functions of insects have been discovered.

3. Field trip. Including investigation, visit and field trip. Before the inspection, the purpose of the inspection and the necessary tools, instruments, medicines, daily necessities, etc. must be made clear. Must be prepared. In the process of inspection, it is necessary to record the time, place, process and inspection results in detail at any time and place, and sometimes bring back necessary specimens and samples to take pictures of more important phenomena. These are very useful first-hand information.

4. Get information. Due to the limitation of time, space or objective conditions, it is impossible to observe, experiment and investigate some materials in person, so we have to consult books and periodicals or consult teachers and parents. This indirectly obtained material is called second-hand material. Some problems can't be solved by your knowledge level, ability and conditions. This problem must be solved in your topic selection, so you have to check the information and find out.

(2) Analysis

After obtaining the materials, it is necessary to conduct analysis and research, select materials that can be used as arguments, select the essence according to the arguments, discard the false and retain the true, sort out and analyze according to the scientific attitude, and get your own arguments and opinions.

First of all, we should check the authenticity of various materials. Some of the materials we consult are outdated views, some explanations are only applicable to a certain range, some materials are not universal, some materials are recorded incorrectly or are fictional. This material should be used resolutely.

Secondly, we should pay attention to the typicality of materials, that is, choose materials that can explain the problem, not too much, but fine, and discard materials that have nothing to do with the argument or have little to do with it.

Thirdly, it is an argument to classify the selected materials, study their similarities and differences, and the relationship between them, and then draw a conclusion. The thesis argument comes from the analysis and research of materials, so we can't draw a conclusion first, and then find the materials suitable for proving the argument. For example, Xiong studied the eyesight of earthworms. She chose four materials (1) and shook them in front of earthworms with wooden sticks, red scarves and pencils. (2) the response of earthworms to various foods; (3) the response of earthworms placed at home; (4) Please ask Grandpa to get information about whether earthworms have eyes. Through the analysis of the first three experiments, it is preliminarily judged that earthworm has no eyes, and it is the place where the sense of smell finds food and the photosensitive cells find darkness. The fourth material further confirmed her inference and made the argument fully demonstrated and convincing.

Writing of Small Scientific Papers

After sorting out and analyzing the materials, you can start writing. Although there is no fixed format, writing should generally follow the steps of asking questions, making assumptions, researching and analyzing, and drawing conclusions. Generally speaking, scientific papers should include the following parts.

The title is the "eyes" of the article. A good title is accurate, concise and attractive, which can give readers a fresh feeling and a deep impression, and play the role of making the finishing point.

The so-called "exact" means that the title of the article must summarize the central content of the article, so that people can see it at a glance, and they can't digress or deduct the topic, let alone use exaggerated words. The so-called "conciseness" means that the index questions should be refined, comprehensive, and focused, so as to be concise.

There are many ways to start, depending on the research content and your favorite writing style, but generally speaking, you should come straight to the point and ask the questions you are discussing. How did you come up with the idea of studying this problem?

The article "Why Guiyang is the Second Spring City of the Motherland" begins: "I live in Guiyang, and I often hear people say that' Kunming is the Spring City and Guiyang is the Second Spring City'. As for why, I don't understand. I am determined to record the weather forecast and see if Guiyang is really the second spring city? " The desire to verify its scientific nature stems from such a sentence.

The problems in some articles are produced and discovered by accidental observation. You can also describe the process in chronological order from the beginning, and then ask questions at the right time.

main body

That is, analyzing and solving problems. It includes hypothesis, observation, experiment, investigation process, discovered phenomena, judgment, reasoning and conclusion. This is the core part of this paper.

It should be noted that the research steps should be carefully written, the experimental process, data and the origin of phenomena should be clearly written, and the narrative should be in a certain order. The data materials should be accurate and can be designed into tables and charts that can explain the problem. If necessary, photos and collected specimens can be attached to enhance persuasiveness. The conclusions drawn should have their own unique opinions, be consistent with the arguments and have strict logic. Words should be concise and vivid, with distinct levels and clear organization.

final result

At the end of the article, you should write down your conclusions and suggestions on a certain problem.

At the end of the article "Vision of Earthworms": "Oh, I see, earthworms are completely blind. They use their sense of smell to find their favorite food, and use photoreceptors to distinguish the intensity of light. "The conclusion is the end, which echoes the questions raised at the beginning and has received good results.

After the first draft of the paper is completed, it will be revised repeatedly. See whether the beginning is concise, whether the argument is typical and true, whether the argument is logical, whether the argument is novel and coherent, whether the paragraphs are naturally connected, and whether the language is smooth and accurate. Let the classmates and teachers help to revise, and gradually improve after the revision.