Traditionally, Historical Records is a popular book, and Sima Qian's thought is opposite to feudal orthodoxy.

Yes The biggest defect of this view is that it cuts off the connection between individuals and society and puts Sima Qian out of the times. Historical Records is rich in ideological content,

Multi-level and contradictory, Sima Qian's values still belong to the ruling class, his view of history is still the view of emperors, heroes create history and people.

The masses of the people are only beneficial supplements to emperors and generals, and their popularity is only a departure from Sima Qian's orthodox ideological value.

! Keywords "# Historical Records"; Sima Qian; Value orientation; Historical view; Feudal orthodoxy

At present, there are many discussions about the ideological nature of Historical Records, but for its thought,

It seems that the positioning of sex is not accurate enough, so the old story is brought out and studied by the author.

Reflections on the experience of historical records.

First of all, we must admit that Sima Qian lived in an era of various ideas.

In the era of fierce tidal struggle, Confucianism, Taoism, fame and law struggle with each other.

And tolerant. The characteristics of this era are reflected in Sima Qian's thought.

Now it is multifaceted and contradictory, so it is reflected in historical records, which is ideological.

It will definitely not be single and pure, but should be multi-faceted and multi-angled.

Multi-level, even contradictory. At the same time, in the whole ideological style of Historical Records,

In the department, the status of various inclinations will not be the same, among which affirmation

There is a core and a mainstream.

First, about the "Chen She family"

Chen Sheng and Guangwu Uprising are the origins of peasant wars in the history of China.

Chen Sheng, in particular, was only "Wang June", but it was meritorious to overthrow the rule of the Qin Dynasty.

It is indispensable. To this end, Sima Qian classified him as a "family" with the princes.

Articles. "Preface to Taishi Gong" said: "Solution, Zhou lost his way and made soup and martial arts, while Zhou lost his way.

Tao and spring and autumn works. The state of Qin lost its government, made a fortune, and the princes were uneasy, and the wind was jittery.

It's steaming, and the Qin family is dead. At the end of the world, it is self-involved. "Chen She and soup, Wu Xiang.

On the other hand, this evaluation cannot be said to be low. So, what about Sima Qian?

Are you watching the Chen She Uprising? What is the real reason for putting him in the "family"?

These two questions are the basis of our understanding of the Chen She family and our world.

A breakthrough in defining the ideological content of Historical Records.

Han pointed out: "Home is for the whole peasant army, not just."

Write a biography for Chen She alone. "! " # $% & Sima Qian spoke highly of Chen She, and so did he.

Always attach importance to the progressive thinking of the lower classes and the masses.

It won't open. "! " # $%&) and come to the conclusion that "this is the earliest agricultural song".

Ode to the Civil War is a concentrated expression of the author's progressive view of history. "! " #$"*+)

Yang Yanqi believes: "Sima Tan's father Sima Xi is a' five husbands', which is

Nine of Qin Jue's twenty products. He became a doctor in the early Han Dynasty, although he was tall.

Jue, exempt from service, but only a lower figure in the ruling class. Historical records can pay attention to social and economic life and the sufferings of lower-level officials and people.

And Sima Tan, Sima Qian's father and son families will also have an important relationship. “& amp！ ('()*#)

Some researchers even said, "Historical Records is a history of the people.

Sima Qian is the pioneer of "people's history" ... Sima Qian stands on the standpoint of farmers.

Stand up and praise the peasant uprising. Sima Qian is a folk singer. “& amp+'

The above paragraphs are all from famous research experts in Historical Records.

A certain representativeness. The author believes that these views do not capture Sima Qian's.

The original intention exaggerated the human factor in his thought, thus turning the company.

Ma Qian's ideological level has improved. Xie Guian pointed out: "Since the founding of the People's Republic of China, historians have

There has always been a popular view that Historical Records is "people-oriented" and "local".

Evaluate historical figures and events from the standpoint of the people. Support this

There are four main evidences for this view: First, Sima Qian boldly praised the peasants.

The historical achievements of the uprising leaders; Second, many rangers, assassins and turtles wrote.

Policy, Japanese, Huo Zhi and other lower class figures "; The third is "enthusiastic praise"

Those historical figures who have contributed to the nation and the people.

Things'; Fourth, "Sima Qian set out from sympathy for the oppressed people" and "dare"

Expose and attack those violent rulers and their imperial minions.

All kinds of crimes. This view and its evidence are wrong. “& amp,'

Obviously, although these four points of evidence reflect Sima Qian's sympathy for the people,

Oppose tyranny, but prove that Sima Qian has always attached importance to the lower class.

It is not enough that People and Historical Records are a "history of the people".

"The overall nature of history books is determined by their value orientation. ...

The value orientation sometimes deviates from the whole because of the influence of the author's own emotional fluctuation.

Physical attributes. "&So, as far as the value orientation of Historical Records is concerned, the author thinks that

Should still belong to the ruling class. "Preface to Taishi Gong" said: "Since the Han Dynasty, Ming Dynasty.

Fu Rui, the son of heaven, accepted Zen, was at the new moon, easily impressed, and was ordered by Mu Qing and Liu Ze.

It's a waste of time, and it's rare overseas, and money is too heavy. People who come to see can't win the war. monarch

Hundreds of officials recite morality and still can't declare it ... and I tried to take charge of their officials and abolish them.

Ming Sheng's failure to uphold his virtue ruined the career of heroes, aristocratic families and wise men, leaving his ancestors behind.

As you said, this is a terrible crime. I told a story methodically, not as a work.

Also, compared with Spring and Autumn Annals, Jun is ridiculous! "Can be sorted out from this passage.

Three messages: First, it shows pride in the prosperity of the Han family.

It is also the greatest affirmation of the martial arts of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty. The second is to explain Tai Shigong.

The content of the book is "statement of health and virtue, describing the inheritance and record of the hero's family and doctors."

What the ancestors said "; Third, it shows that Sima Qian tried his best to protect his writing methods.

Keep the original appearance of history and try to avoid personal feelings.

The first two articles all show that the value orientation of Historical Records is to sing for the Chinese.

To praise virtue is to praise virtuous men, virtuous men, loyal ministers and righteous people. Yi said:

"Sima Qian takes into account ancient and modern times and draws inferences from others. This is the whole of history." Ji "began with the emperor.

Wang and Shi Biao talked about the post-China, current affairs and detailed system.

Degree, "pass" to the characters, and then to a generation of monarchs, ministers, political virtues, gains and losses, confluence.

In a series. "&-('(+') family" except Chen She and Confucius! , the rest

Either a vassal or a powerful person, there are few biographies except Japanese Biography.

Outside of space, other preachers have nothing to do with "people" This is also

It is proved that the narration of characters in Historical Records is centered on the activities of emperors and generals.

The values expressed are those of the ruling class.

The third message shows that it is good for emperors and generals and good for civilians.

No matter what the surname is, Sima Qian intends to put them back according to the principle of "record"

It is written locally, which is what it calls "the so-called neat storytelling."

Passing the exam is not a job. "His handling of the" Chen She family "is the same, just.

Is to try to show the whole process of this peasant uprising. Of course, record history.

Instead of strictly pursuing "pure objectivism" as Frank emphasized,

There is no historian who is detached from history and the feelings of historians.

Experience will inevitably interfere with history and even affect it. In the book Historical Records, there are

Sima Qian's own shadow, this must be admitted. As a thinker,

His feelings are rich and delicate, and he is extremely sensitive. In its ruling order

The level of values includes human factors and is related to thinkers.

With keen observation, he saw the sufferings of the lower class to some extent.

It is difficult to show sympathy, which is a deviation from the overall nature of Historical Records. white

Shou Yi said, "Some people hold Sima Qian too high, saying that he praises farmers such as Chen Sheng.

Leaders, praise the peasant uprising. There is no such thing. But his idea

I think, at that time, it did reflect some wishes of the people. “& amp。 '

((/) But more importantly, Sima Qian saw something from the peasant war in the late Qin Dynasty.

The great strength of the masses realized that in order to consolidate the unification of the Han Dynasty,

A firm stand needs the mediation and relaxation of social contradictions, especially the relaxation of rule.

The contradiction between the class and the majority of the ruled class. Sima Qian recorded this truthfully.

A peasant uprising, its intention is obvious, is to rule the Han Dynasty.

Those who are alert. Therefore, from this perspective, the "Chen She family" is for the whole.

It is reasonable to say that the peasant army is not only preaching for Chen She.

This is the first meaning of Sima Qian's Chen She family. Secondly, the king of the Western Han Dynasty

The dynasty was the product of the peasant uprising at the end of Qin Dynasty. Although Liu Bang was a pavilion leader, he was in the Qin Dynasty.

There is no grade for the title of Grade 20, and it can only be classified as "person". From this

In a sense, the Western Han Dynasty was a dynasty established by the peasant regime, so

This regime is related to the Chu regime. place

In order to write Chen She as a "home", Sima Qian valued "preconceptions".

Chen She made great contributions to the establishment of the Western Han regime. Facts have proved that the entire Western Han Dynasty

Once upon a time, Chen She was never regarded as a "thief". On the contrary, "Gaozu is a thief."

Chen She guarded 30 graves, and he has been sucking blood so far "&; % ('Volume, ") Chen She Family", (/#. /). Han Jing

During the reign of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, between Huang Sheng and Yuan Jiasheng about "Tang Wu regicide" and "Tang Wu was ordered"

This famous debate just affirmed the rationality and legitimacy of the Chen She Uprising.

Sima Qian's thought is not only unrelated to "people's nature", but also similar.

Be orthodox. This should be the real reason why Sima Qian spoke highly of Chen's participation in writing him as a "home".

Second, about "the emperor's view of history" and "the people's view of history"

Sima Qian's values belong to the ruling class in terms of its subject, but

It contains the factors of human nature. The problem lies in the people's nature in Sima Qian's thought.

What is the proportion of children? Will this ratio change with the specific situation?

Changing? Another problem is the role of "people" mentioned by Sima Qian.

Who are you referring to? Hou Wailu said: "Historical records record a large number of ordinary people.

People's life, which shows that he regards people's life as the historical subject.

And themes. "! " # This equates "people" with "working people at the lower level"

Here it comes.

Bai Shouyi said: "What does Sima Qian mean by the role of people?"

People? From the perspective of historical records, it still refers to outstanding individual figures ... Sima Qian's approval.

Because the most important things in history are emperors and princes ... what about Sima Qian?

Estimate the historical role of the people? I think he's watching to some extent.

The role of the people in history ... Some comrades think that Sima

Qian praised the peasant uprising. I don't think Sima Qian can do this yet. my

The point of view is that he has not realized, nor can he realize, that the masses of the people have played an important role in history.

In order to play a decisive role, we realize that people are the creators of history, and people

The production struggle and class struggle of the masses are the driving force of historical development.

Ma Qian acknowledged that the people played a certain role, but it played a leading role in history.

Not them, but individual leaders. "! $ # % & amp''(

Hegel famously said, "It is always easy for people to think of what we are familiar with."

What was added to the ancients changed them. "! (#&) Some researchers

This is that the modern Marxist world outlook and values have been improperly added.

Sima Qian. Ban Gu's judgment on Historical Records is "not empty beauty, not hidden"

Evil ",this thesis is also true for today's evaluation of Sima Qian and Historical Records.

Applicable. Zhang said: "The Historical Records has three purposes for giving this example: First, it says,

Zhou Xiao Palace's virtue of being both civil and military; Second, following the Spring and Autumn Annals, Confucius "repaired the old and discarded the new".

Principle of interpersonal relationship; Third, eulogize the unification of Han and Xing, and discuss the death of county Chen Yi.

People's. Combining these three aspects, that is, taking the people as the center, the emperor will give priority.

Wade's unification is the anti-academic thought of centralized politics in Qin and Han Dynasties.

It shows that ... Sima Qian's worship of Taoism is just a legacy of political thought in Wenjing era.

It's just a reflection He opposed the exclusive respect for Confucianism and advocated a hundred schools of thought contend.

Want to become an organic whole, self-contained, the direction of the unified thought of Emperor Wu of Han Dynasty is one.

To. "! *(# & amp； +") This analysis is more rational.

In addition, Historical Records is of course the research object of emperors and generals.

General history, but people are social, and the relationship between emperors and princes must cover the whole.

A society can only be uncovered by putting them into the whole society to investigate.

Show their true colors, such as Historical Records, in which

Brush strokes are bound to involve all aspects of ordinary people's lives. However, work

Sima Qian, a feudal scholar-bureaucrat, lived in a time that determined that he was just.

We can regard emperors and generals as the main body of his historical research, and the lives of ordinary people.

Living can only be a supplement to the life of emperors and princes. The so-called "original observation" and "seeing"

"Rise and fall" is an out-and-out "public security policy of the ruling class". In fact,

The preface to Taishi Gong explains the writing motivation of Historical Records: "Han Xing"

From now until tomorrow, Fu Rui, Feng Chan, Yi Feng ...

Hundreds of officials recite morality and still can't declare it ... and I tried to take charge of their officials and abolish them.

Ming Sheng Shengde didn't hold back, destroying the hero's family and the wise doctor's legacy was not stated, which was the loss of ancestors.

In other words, the crime is extremely bad. "That is to say, his Historical Records is to promote the Western Han Dynasty.

In the world, the content is to designate sacred virtues and describe the heroic family and the career of wise doctors.

Yes His morality and values are based on Confucian orthodoxy.

His ideal political model only stays at the level of "kingly way". in addition

Outside, from the style of Historical Records, we can also clearly see this feature.

"Chronicle Chronicle, covering the military, contains imperial edicts symbolizing the calendar.

Integration of historical development. "Family" describes the founding princes who inherited the family. Narration of characters in biographies

My deeds, auxiliary BiJun, such as stars guarding beichen. This different title

And descriptive brushwork, which is a hierarchical sequence. Therefore, Ji's biography is based on the emperor.

The history centered on the other side vividly reflects the hierarchical order of feudal regime.

Adapted to the ideological system of feudal rulers. This is the feudalism of Ji.

The internal reason why the imperial edict became the official history. "! #% &,-)+(So, Sima Qian's

Historical view or imperial historical view.

Third, about "orthodoxy" and "rebellion"

There is a comment in the biography of Sima Qian in Han Dynasty. "Right and wrong are quite sacred."

People, on the road, first Huang Lao and then six meridians, and make the ranger retreat into rape.

Male, Huo Zhi is snobbish and ashamed of poverty. This is also included. "! /(# Volume $/，&； /0,")

In addition, researchers have always had several understandings: first, they think Sima.

Thought is Taoism, while the mainstream thought in the era of Emperor Wu of Han Dynasty is Confucianism.

Sima Qian was influenced by his father, so his thoughts were deviant; The second is to realize that

Sima Qian opposed the theory of heaven-man induction represented by Dong Zhongshu, and these

Things at that time were orthodox; Thirdly, Sima Qian exposed and criticized Israel.

The evil of the feudal ruling class headed by Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty "praised the peasants".

Uprising and the lower classes such as rangers, Huo Zhi, Kampuchea and Japanese ",this is a kind of.

The idea of "rebellion" It is concluded that Sima Qian's thought is consistent with orthodox thought.

Rebellious thoughts that want opposition.

For example, Bai Shouyi said: "Contrary to Dong Zhongshu's orthodoxy, it is the company."

The school of thought represented by Ma Qian. "! $ #(& amp； /Sima Qian put forward the viewpoint of "investigating the relationship between heaven and man"

International' is actually the same as Dong Zhongshu's taboo theory of Yin-Yang and Five Elements.

Orthodox Confucianism is the opposite. "! $(# & amp； , *) Sima Qian's "Heaven and Man", since

However, the phenomenon of heaven is separate from the superstition of Yin-Yang and Five Elements. Superstition is

Exposing the historical source and process of superstitious activities is a great challenge to Hanwu.

The attack on the imperial feudal autocratic regime was essentially aimed at the ruling class.

Ideological opposition. "! $(# & amp； , 1) Yu Zhanghua also thinks, "In order to control public opinion and unify thoughts, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty adopted Dong Zhongshu's suggestion, deposed a hundred schools of thought and respected Confucianism alone.

The cultural policy of respecting Confucianism ... is the key to Confucianism becoming the ruling class.

While unifying thoughts and occupying the whole society, Sima Qian's words are not affected.

Popular, will inevitably be left out in the cold, or even hit. “& amp'()

In fact, this comment by Ban Gu is untenable. For example, he said, "Yes.

Who was the standard of "sage" and "sage" at that time? It was nothing more than

It refers to Confucius, but in fact Sima Qian pretends to be the heir of Confucius.

Yes, his Historical Records is also modeled after the Spring and Autumn Annals. Sima Qian's thought is

In many ways, like Confucius, this "right and wrong is quite misunderstood by saints" comes from

What do you mean? There is no doubt that the mainstream of Sima Qian's thought is orthodox, isn't it

Then the feudal rulers would not have listed Historical Records as the first official history. As for Bangu

We should understand the difference from Sima Qian from a deeper level. In fact,

Their ideological orientation is the same, and both serve to consolidate feudal rule.

Service, but only in different ways, two people are "the world is consistent and worry, with.

Get back on the road. "

As for the ideological tendency of Sima Tan and his son. Although Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty was "independent"

Respect for Confucianism ",but he didn't suppress other thoughts. And the thoughts of Sima Tan and his son.

Confucianism is profound in system, but it is one-sided.

In the pre-Qin "pure Confucianism" and away from the "vulgar Confucianism" in the Western Han Dynasty, Sima

It is very unlikely to talk about the ideological conflict between father and son and Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty. also

"preface to Shi gong" says: "today, the Han dynasty is prosperous, and all rivers run into the sea, and the Ming dynasty is loyal to the monarch and loyal to the ministers."

Scholars, I am too ambitious to write it, and I am too afraid of wasting the history of the world.

Read it! "Thus, Sima Tan's" start from the example ",one is to imitate the summary of Confucius.

History, the second is the prosperity of Xuanhan. Therefore, Qian Daxin in Qing Dynasty pointed out: Historical Records.

There are three purposes: one is to suppress Qin, the other is to respect Han, and the third is to achieve success. "& amp*) (Volume (* and beam)

Historical Records of Yao Bei Theory)

This just shows that the thoughts of Sima Tan and his son are the same as those of Emperor Wu of Han Dynasty.

Being in tune with the whole trend is orthodox. Zhang Dui said: "(Historical Records) issued."

The purpose of each example has three purposes: first, let the duke of Zhou praise the virtue of being both civil and military; February episode

The Spring and Autumn Annals follows the principle of Confucius' "repairing the old and discarding the old" and sets a standard for human relations. Han Xing San Yue Fu

Unity, on' people who are intelligent, loyal, loyal and righteous'. Combine these three ends and you are human.

It was in the Qin and Han dynasties that the unified weeds were praised, with things as the center and emperors and generals as the mainstay.

The reflection of centralized politics in academic thought ... Sima Qian praised Taoism,

It is only a reflection of the political thoughts left over from the Wenjing era. He objected.

He respects Confucianism alone, but advocates the integration of a hundred schools of thought and his own family.

Words, and the direction of Liang Wudi's unified thought is consistent. "&) (+*,) Of course,

"Respecting Han" does not mean singing hymns, "so the theme of Historical Records is to respect Han and serve.

Consolidating the centralization of power in the Western Han Dynasty exposed some despots.

The darkness of righteousness satirizes some privacy of Emperor Xian of Han Dynasty "&; '"()+-)。 Its starting point and

Its purpose is to "provide security policies for the ruling class" to consolidate feudal rule.

Business.

In addition, for Sima Qian's inheritance of Dong Zhongshu's thought, we

We should also have a correct understanding. Dong Zhongshu's ideological system has both a sense of heaven and man.

The thought of "response" is also the theory of "disaster", and it is Dong Zhong that Sima Qian criticized.

Shu's "Catastrophic Theory" was impacted at that time and was regarded as orthodox for him.

Sima Qian inherited the idea of harmony between man and nature.

Lenin said: "When analyzing any social problem, Marx's theory

The absolute requirement is to put the problem within a certain historical scope. “& amp'-)

. +-'! /When analyzing the ideological nature of Historical Records, we should also mention the problem to a certain calendar.

Within the historical scope, we should not only see the personality in Sima Qian's thought, but also see it.

His * * * nature. Otherwise, the grasp of Sima Qian's ideological tendency will not be.

It is a whole, and the evaluation of the ideological value and artistic value of Historical Records is

It will be biased.