1. On China's participation in the war
(1) On Japan's Influence: Ray Wu believes that the dispute over China's participation in the war by the Northern Warlords during World War I, that is, the "official court dispute", is essentially a reflection of the US-Japan struggle for control of China. As a result, the warring factions represented by Duan won, that is, the Japanese invaders won. 〔9〕
(2) "The United States and Japan have the same influence": Li Zixiong believed that China's participation in the war was the result of the same influence of the United States and Japan. American diplomatic activities broke the diplomatic deadlock of China's participation in the war and laid an objective foundation for China's participation in the war. The Japanese manipulated the warlords in China politically and bought the warlords in China economically, making them agree to participate in the war. Both the United States and Japan played an important role in China's war. 〔 10〕
2. Evaluation of China's participation in World War I and the Paris Peace Conference.
Historians hold a negative attitude on this issue. On the other hand, Yuan Jicheng and Wang Hailin believe that this cannot be completely denied. If we calmly put China's participation in World War I and the Paris Peace Conference in the long history of China's modern struggle to get rid of semi-colonial and semi-feudal state and strive for national independence, we will feel that China's participation in the war is not unreasonable. China gained and lost at the Paris Peace Conference: first, he took back the privilege of Deao in China; Secondly, it signed treaties on Austria, Hungary and Bulgaria and became a member of the League of Nations. Third, China's protest at the peace conference not only reflected the indignation of the Chinese nation, but also promoted the new awakening and new struggle of the Chinese nation. 〔 1 1〕
On the Relationship between War and Revolution
Whether the relationship between World War I and revolution can be explained by the formula "War leads to revolution, and revolution stops war" has different opinions in historians.
1. Affirmation: Shi Sen believes that the important role of revolutionary struggle in stopping the war cannot be denied. War and revolution are both forms of class struggle. Although war is not the fundamental cause of revolution, it is often an important condition for accelerating revolution. When the revolutionary force is strong, it is possible to delay and stop the outbreak of war. Although the revolutionary movements in Germany and other countries failed to stop the First World War, they played an important role in accelerating the end of the war. Yao Hai believes that the most basic feature of the October Revolution was caused by World War I [13]. Pan Liming believes that World War I is the primary factor for the smooth realization of the February Revolution and the October Revolution in Russia. Both revolutions took place during World War I, and international imperialism had no time to take care of them, thus making the revolutions successful. 〔 14〕
2. Negative opinion: Mao Haijian believes that there is no direct and inevitable causal relationship between revolution and war. World War I did not stop because of the revolution, but ended after the victory of the October Revolution in Russia, when revolutionary movements in various countries were in the ascendant. These revolutions have played a certain role in accelerating the end of the war, but they are not the main factors, let alone the only factors. The war mainly ended in military victory or defeat. [15] Xia Ting thinks that it is correct for Soviet Russia to withdraw from World War I after the October Revolution, but one of its objective consequences is not to accelerate but to delay the end of the war. On the one hand, the Soviet Union and Russia made many concessions in exchange for Germany to stop attacking, which was of great benefit to Germany in military, political and economic aspects. The Allies were in a difficult situation and delayed Germany's surrender. On the other hand, the main reason for Germany's failure is its failure on the battlefield. The October Revolution only had a certain impact on the German people's anti-war struggle, which was only secondary to the benefits brought to Germany by the withdrawal of Soviet Russia from the war. 〔 16〕
On the Influence and Status of the First World War
1. World War I
Gong Min believed that the First World War was a world-scale war, which had a far-reaching worldwide impact on the international political and economic structure. [17] Li Zhifang believes that there are four reasons why World War I became a world war: First, several major capitalist countries that rule the world control several colonies and dependent countries, and a country's participation in the war also means that its colonies and dependent countries participate in the war; Second, World War I was to carve up the world again, and the warring sides fought for it in the world. Third, in order to defeat their opponents, both warring parties tried their best to attract other countries to join; Fourth, the world has been United economically, and capital output and economic interests will inevitably affect the attitudes of countries to war. 〔 18〕
2. The impact of the First World War:
Lu Wenpu believes that the influence of World War I on the modern historical process of the world is no less than that of the October Revolution, which is closely related to it. Therefore, these two events can be regarded as a sign that world history has entered a new era, namely, the era of imperialism and proletarian revolution. [19] Xia Ting and Zhang Qinxian believe that World War I had a far-reaching and extensive impact on modern world history and should be included in the category of modern world history. 〔20〕
In addition to the above problems, some scholars have made textual research on the number of countries participating in World War I. Some people think that the number of countries participating in World War I is 39 [2 1], some people think it is 36 [22], and others think it should be 37 [23].
China itself is a semi-colonial country. Why did it take part in World War I?
China itself is a semi-colonial country. Why did you take part in World War I and get involved in the struggle of imperialist powers for world hegemony? What role did China play after he entered the war?
From the perspective of imperialism, both the United States and Japan hope that by encouraging China to participate in the war, on the one hand, they will strengthen the strength of the allies and isolate them, on the other hand, they will strengthen their control over China, and then turn China into their own colony. (When Duan, who held real power, decided to listen to the Japanese, the United States saw that it could not achieve its original purpose and uncharacteristically opposed China's participation in the war. ) From the point of view of the northern warlords, since Yuan Shikai's death, the northern warlords have been divided, and all factions hope to borrow a lot from imperialism in the name of participating in the war in order to expand their power, eliminate dissidents and realize "unification by force", especially the Anhui department headed by Duan. This motive is almost exposed. After China entered the war, the Duan government did not send troops to fight in Europe, but only sent more than100000 laborers to work in France, Russia and other allied countries, which objectively strengthened the strength of the allied group, accelerated the end of World War I, and made China a victorious country in World War I. Therefore, when the news of the victory of the allied countries came, Cai Yuanpei could not hold back his excitement and shouted "Labor is sacred!" "Long live labor!"
Interviewee: Cang Ying tr- Assistant Level 3 2- 16 00:08
On China's participation in the war
(1) On Japan's Influence: Ray Wu believes that the dispute over China's participation in the war by the Northern Warlords during World War I, that is, the "official court dispute", is essentially a reflection of the US-Japan struggle for control of China. As a result, the warring factions represented by Duan won, that is, the Japanese invaders won.
(2) "The United States and Japan have the same influence": Li Zixiong believed that China's participation in the war was the result of the same influence of the United States and Japan. American diplomatic activities broke the diplomatic deadlock of China's participation in the war and laid an objective foundation for China's participation in the war. The Japanese manipulated the warlords in China politically and bought the warlords in China economically, making them agree to participate in the war. beautiful