1. What is a scientific paper?
Some students regard writing small scientific papers as normal, and think that it is a matter for scientists, which is unattainable for us children. This is a complete misunderstanding. Students can not only write, but also write high-quality papers.
Scientific papers written by scientific workers refer to scientific research reports written by the author through experiments, observation and other means, and then through analysis and research according to the scientific research projects and determined scientific research topics. The short scientific papers written by students are shorter and shallower than those written by scientists
In fact, a scientific paper is a written summary of the achievements made by students through scientific observation, experiment or investigation in extracurricular scientific activities. Its manifestations are various: it can be a conclusion drawn after careful observation and in-depth thinking about something; It can be the conclusion of analysis after hands-on experiment; It can also be a summary after a local investigation; You can also draw conclusions through logical reasoning. ...
So, are there any quality standards for small scientific papers? Yes It must have "three characteristics" = three requirements.
Second, the methods and skills of writing small scientific papers
A scientific paper is a summary of students' scientific research, not a literary work. The writing of the thesis has certain standardization, including the following contents:
1. Thesis title: The topic should be consistent with the content of the study, and the article cannot be irrelevant. The title should be concise, novel and attractive to readers. For example, "Why does salted egg yolk produce oil?" Clear and attractive to readers. The research topic should not be too big, otherwise there is no way to start.
2. Introduction: It is the introduction of the paper, which briefly explains the purpose of this study or how the author thought of conducting this study.
3. Materials and research methods: it is necessary to write clearly the objects of investigation and observation, the materials of the experiment and the sources of the materials; What research methods and specific research steps are adopted; What instruments to use, etc. , should truthfully explain, in order to stand the repeated inspection of others.
4. Results: This is the argument part of the thesis. In addition to words, you can also use the data, pictures and photos in the table, which is convincing. The authenticity and reliability of data is the key to experimental research.
5. Discussion: This is the argumentation and argument part of the paper. What scientific conclusions have been drawn through experiments? And it should be explained on the basis of theory. Arguments must be based on scientific research methods and results, appropriate and realistic. If divorced from reality, deliberately expand the research results, it will lose the scientific nature of the paper, and the result will be nothing.
The topic selection of this scientific paper can refer to the related topics in the series through observation, investigation and experiment. You can also discuss your own creative skills and production process.
Two. To write a high-quality scientific paper, we should pay attention to the following points:
First, choose a good topic.
When writing a scientific essay, we should first consider what to write, that is, the topic. Topic selection is the key to writing a good paper. We should pay attention to the following principles: the value principle, that is, the theoretical value and practical value of the topic. It should be enlightening, instructive and referential to other students. The principle of feasibility refers to the possibility of subjective and objective conditions, that is, the writer's personal professional knowledge, theoretical accomplishment, knowledge, materials at hand, experimental conditions and surrounding environment, and should not be greedy for the big and seek the deep, but should do what he can; The principle of novelty means that topics should be unsolved or completely solved that others have not studied or studied, and attention should be paid to "literary innovation"
Second, formulate the topic.
The title of the article is as good as the eyes, and a good title can make people see at a glance and never forget. It is just like advertising words to promote products, which plays a key role in attracting readers. The title of a good scientific paper should emphasize three words: accuracy, brevity and novelty. Accuracy means to reveal the topic accurately with concise words. For example, a scientific paper written by a classmate is entitled "Decontamination Principle and Optimum Washing Concentration of Soap". When you look at the topic, you can know the content of the paper at a glance. Small means that the angle of the topic is small. If the angle is small, it will have a good directivity, the idea of the article will be clear, and it will be easy to write centrally and concisely. The topic is too wide, often because we have little energy, narrow scope and poor professional knowledge. For example, a scientific and technological composition written by a middle school student is entitled "Development of an Electrostatic Precipitator Blackboard Eraser", which is small and specific and students can elaborate deeply. Innovation means trying to reveal fresh ideas in the title. Only when the topic is fresh can you read on. No original insights, no new discoveries, no matter how well expressed and how powerful the argument is, it is a waste of wax for the blind to light a lamp.
Third, write the opening remarks.
The beginning of the article is in a special position of setting the tone, which has always been valued by writers. The ancients said, "If you can't get up, you will float in chaos." Although the opening part is short, it is an integral part of the whole article, which prompts the author's thinking and intercepts a lot of materials, so we must have a general grasp of the whole article before writing.
There are many beginnings of scientific papers, and there is no fixed format, but there are rules to follow. It is necessary to carefully understand all kinds of starting skills and use them flexibly according to writing practice.
1, example guide method
Write a small scientific and technological paper with an introduction at the beginning, which explains the reality of the research problem and stimulates the reader's desire to follow the post. For example, in the article "An Easy-to-Solve Mechanical Problem" written by a classmate, the author put forward a mechanical problem that students are familiar with and easy to make mistakes at the beginning, and stated the wrong solution process to readers, which aroused readers' strong interest and made them eager to read the whole article to understand the mistakes of this problem.
2. Revealing the background method
Put the research problem in the current social and economic development environment and background, so that readers can understand the significance and even direction of their research at a higher level. For example, the article "Countermeasures for the Prevention and Control of Environmental Pollution in Township Industries" begins like this: "Since the reform and opening up, the rapid rise and vigorous development of township enterprises have created a lot of material wealth and brought about a series of profound changes in the rural economy. In some developed and relatively developed areas, township enterprises have become an important pillar of rural economy and an important part of national economy. However, with the rapid development of township enterprises, the environmental pollution and ecological destruction of township industries have become increasingly prominent.
The problems studied are closely related to the development trend of the proposition from the beginning, as well as the environmental pollution and ecological damage caused by township industries today, which makes people realize the urgency of controlling environmental pollution.
3. Point out the hazard methods.
Many small papers that argue and correct mistakes often point out some disadvantages, which makes people suddenly panic and realize the urgency of solving problems.
4. Briefly describe the argumentation method.
In the preface, the author presents the main points to the reader, giving people a sense of wholeness, which is tantamount to giving the reader a bunch of keys. Reading on is an attempt.
5, the method of setting the problem
The main purpose of setting questions is to leave suspense for readers, so that they can't wait to pay attention to the problem under discussion driven by curiosity.
These are five ways to write a good scientific paper at the beginning. It is worth noting that there are countless methods at the beginning, and all kinds of methods are often organically combined and infiltrated.
Fourth, point out the main points
There are many and miscellaneous empirical materials, so how to unify them in the central argument in an orderly way? In the main part of the article, it is usually convenient to use the method of discussing one by one. The advantage of this writing method is that it is organized, clear in level and gives people a comprehensive and profound three-dimensional sense. Of course, every viewpoint must be the crystallization of careful consideration, with strong generality, objectivity and innovation.
Fifth, make good use of materials.
Scientific papers are not simple written materials at hand, but have profound reasoning and regular guidance. Views and materials complement each other, and the value of the paper is reflected in the value of the topic and also through the demonstration of materials. The organic combination of the two will form a good scientific and technological paper.
Sixth, common sense of manuscript writing
In order to reduce the difficulty of editing and typesetting, the author should also pay attention to mastering some common sense of manuscript writing when writing small scientific papers.
Generally speaking, we should pay attention to the following issues: the manuscript should be clearly written on standard manuscript paper (or printed by computer). One word in each grid, and punctuation marks occupy a separate grid. Instructions that don't need to be printed are marked with pencils. When you write, you should use standardized simplified words to prevent typos and not invent new words. Except for the numbers in idioms, ancient prose and quoted documents, Arabic numerals are generally used. Century, year, month, day, hour, minute and second are all Arabic numerals. The year cannot be abbreviated (for example, 1999 cannot be abbreviated to 99). Numbers with more than five digits can be in units of "100 million" and "10,000". Write more than four digits continuously, without dividing nodes; Foreign letters and chemical symbols should be written correctly and clearly. Foreign languages should be written in print, with clear capitalization. Typing should be marked with pencil, italicized and marked with upper and lower corners. Please refer to the writing method in the middle school textbook, and the arrangement of each line in the chemical structural formula must be accurate; Mathematical formulas and chemical equations should be written separately in the middle, using standard fonts; Use standard punctuation and other symbols. When writing, dashes occupy two spaces, ellipses occupy two spaces, hyphens occupy half a space, and other symbols occupy one space. And pay attention to the writing position of pause, comma, colon, semicolon and quotation mark; The units of measurement involved in the manuscript should use legal units of measurement, and use legal Chinese names in the text description; The forms in the manuscript should be filled out clearly by the author. Table number and table name are generally in front of the table, and instructions are behind the table. When the same form is written on another page, the words "continued form" should be marked in front. Return to the top box without punctuation at the end of the text in the table; Words can clearly describe the content, generally without illustrations. The use of illustrations must be illustrated. Pay attention to the connection and collocation of words and illustrations, and the illustrations should be numbered in sequence.
Scientific paper
Model essay 1: Why is the trunk round?
In the process of observing nature, I happened to find that the shape of the trunk is almost round-an empty cone. Why is the trunk conical? What are the benefits of a conical trunk? In order to discuss these problems, I made more in-depth observation and analysis.
With the help of my tutor, I consulted relevant materials and learned that the stems of plants have the functions of supporting plants and transporting water and other nutrients. The stems of trees are mainly composed of vascular bundles. The supporting function of stem is mainly borne by wood fibers in xylem. Although the stems of woody plants will become thicker year by year, in a certain time range, the number of woody fibers in the stems is certain, that is, the cross-sectional area of the stems is certain. Then, based on the assumption that the cross section of the trunk grows into different shapes, we design experiments to explore the reasons and advantages of conical trunk.
Through experiments, we find that when the cross-sectional area and length of (1) are fixed, the vertical supporting force of triangular columnar objects is the largest and the lateral bearing capacity is the smallest; The vertical supporting force of cylindrical objects is not as good as that of triangular cylindrical objects, but the lateral bearing force is the largest; (2) For trunks with the same mass and different shapes, the short conical trunk bears the largest wind force; (3) Wind is a natural phenomenon, which affects the cross-sectional shape and height of trees. The approximate cone-shaped trunk has a low center of gravity, and the huge root system is connected with the earth, so the center of gravity drops lower and the stability is greater; (4) The cross section of the trunk is round, which can reduce the damage, has stronger mechanical strength and can resist the wind attack. At the same time, under the action of the wind, the bending degree of the trunk is similar everywhere. No matter which direction the wind blows, the resistance of the trunk is similar, and the trunk is not easy to be damaged.
The above experiments reflect the laws of nature, and nature enlightens us: (1) A columnar object with a triangular cross section has the greatest vertical supporting force, and its shape can be used in buildings, such as angle steel; (2) A circular object with a circular cross section has the largest lateral bearing capacity, and similar building materials can be found everywhere, such as TV towers and telephone poles.
In the process of observation, experiment and analysis, I gradually explained and revealed the mystery of conical trunk, increased my knowledge, and combined my knowledge with practice, which not only consolidated my knowledge, but also improved my interest in learning, and initially learned the scientific observation and analysis methods.
Fan Wen 2: Why do leather shoes shine brighter and brighter?
Every Sunday, I always finish the task of shoeshine given to me by my mother. Tell you, this is the source of my pocket money for a week! After getting the leather shoes covered with dust, I first wipe off the dust on the vamp, then apply shoe polish and wipe them carefully, and the leather shoes will become bright and beautiful. But why is this?
I found two pairs of old and new leather shoes of the same brand and style for comparative observation. I first touched the uppers of two pairs of leather shoes and found that the surface of the new shoes was much smoother than the old ones. Old leather shoes are coated with shoe polish. After careful polishing, it shines a lot, but it is still not as good as new leather shoes. Is there a relationship between the brightness of leather shoes and the smoothness of uppers?
I brought a pair of old leather shoes that were not polished, and the uppers were uneven under the magnifying glass. Then, I circled two rough areas A and B on the leather shoes. Carefully wipe area A with shoe polish, and area B without shoe polish as a blank control. I found that the surface of area A is obviously smoother after wiping, and it is more shiny than area B when placed in the sun. Why is there such a big difference between them?
I think the teacher once said in physics class that the wall of the theater is uneven, so that most of the sound can be absorbed and the audience will not be disturbed by the echo. Similarly, light will be reflected on the surface of any object. If the plane is uneven, light will scatter in all directions. If this plane is smooth, then we can see the reflected light in a certain direction.
The surface of leather shoes is not absolutely smooth. If it is an old leather shoe, its surface is of course more uneven and can't reflect light in a certain direction, so it looks dull. There are some small particles in shoe polish, which can just be filled into the pits on the surface of leather shoes when shining shoes. If you wipe it with a cloth again, the shoe polish will be more uniform, the surface of leather shoes will become smooth and flat, and the reflective ability will be strengthened.
Through the experiment, I finally know the secret of shoes getting brighter and brighter!
Model essay 3: What effect does vinegar have on flowers?
Vinegar is a common condiment in life, while flowers can purify the ecological environment and beautify our life.
Have you ever thought about the relationship between vinegar and flowers? We explored the subject with curiosity. According to people who have rich experience in planting flowers, applying some vinegar on potted flowers can improve the growth of potted flowers and increase flowers, which are bright and leafy. We soon confirmed this in the experiment.
Do different concentrations of vinegar have different effects on flowers? This is the second stage of our experiment. We select four pots of gypsophila paniculata, primrose and Chinese rose with the same growth and divide them into four groups. Each group (three pots) has three kinds of flowers, which are numbered and labeled respectively. At the same time, we prepared edible white vinegar into three solutions with different concentrations: 1% (pH 2~3), 0.0 1% (pH ≈4) and 0.000 1% (pH ≈6), and sprayed vinegar on three groups of potted flowers once a day, while the fourth group did not. Observe and record the growth of flowers every five days.
The results of this experiment are as follows: spraying low concentration vinegar (pH ≈6) has no obvious effect on these flowers; The flowers sprayed with moderate concentration of vinegar (pH ≈4) are obviously better than other groups, with more buds, earlier flowering, richer colors and longer flowering period. Spraying high concentration vinegar with pH value of 2-3 will make the flowers wither prematurely.
Through this experiment, we can tell you that spraying vinegar properly when planting flowers can make flowers grow better. But to master the concentration of vinegar, excessive acetic acid will harm flowers.