Editor's note Field observation and research station (hereinafter referred to as field station) is the basic platform for carrying out field scientific observation, experiment, research and demonstration. It has the same important position as the laboratory in the fields of resources, ecology and environment and plays an irreplaceable role. In the third stage of innovation, our institute will build a new offshore ocean observation and research network, and improve the observation and research network of solar-terrestrial space environment, the monitoring and research network of urban ecology and regional environment in eastern China and the observation and research network of terrestrial ecosystem flux in China. This journal intends to introduce the construction and development of the above-mentioned field station network in the form of a column from this issue.
Present situation and future development of the observation and research network of solar-terrestrial space environment of China Academy of Sciences
Author: Zhang Hongxiang 1 Ning Baiqi 2
(1 Bureau of Resources and Environmental Science and Technology, China Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100864.
Institute of Geology and Geophysics, China Academy of Sciences, Beijing10010/)
The Sun-Earth Space Environment Observation Network of Chinese Academy of Sciences was built and developed on the basis of the geomagnetic station chain of Chinese Academy of Sciences. At present, it covers 9 major field stations and 1 data center, most of which are the backbone stations of the National Geophysical Station Network and the Meridian Project, which has made important contributions to the development of space physics and space weather science in China. Through the construction of the third phase of the Institute's knowledge innovation project, the Institute's "Solar-Terrestrial Space Environment Observation and Research Network" will become a research base and interdisciplinary research platform for solar-terrestrial space environment observation in China, and play a leading role in the ground-based observation of solar-terrestrial space environment in China.
Solar-terrestrial space environment observation network, development
Development status of 1
Since 1990s, China Academy of Sciences has started to build large-scale field stations. The second stage of knowledge innovation project is an important development stage of our field station. Through the integration and improvement of existing station resources, four field station networks, namely, China Ecosystem Research Network (CERN), Special Environment and Disaster Monitoring Research Network, Regional Atmospheric Background Observation Network and Geomagnetic Station Chain, have been established. In the third stage of innovative construction of the Institute, which started in 2006, it is an important task to establish and develop the "Solar-Terrestrial Space Environment Observation and Research Network" of the Chinese Academy of Sciences based on the existing stations in the geomagnetic station chain to meet the needs of the booming space physics and space weather application research at home and abroad.
The observation and research of the space environment station of our institute started from the former Institute of Geophysics of Chinese Academy of Sciences (now Institute of Geology and Geophysics). Shortly after the founding of New China, under the leadership of Zhao Jiuzhang, a famous atmospheric physicist and space physicist in China, a network of geomagnetic, ionospheric and upper atmosphere observation stations was established, which opened up the space environment observation and research work in our institute. At present, the research institutes engaged in space environment observation in our institute mainly include: Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Institute of Measurement and Geophysics, Institute of High Energy Physics, Space Center and School of Earth and Space of China University of Science and Technology. The observation and research contents mainly include: the earth's magnetic field, gravity field, middle and upper atmosphere, ionosphere, magnetosphere and cosmic rays.
In recent years, driven by international space physics research, space weather research and China's application demand, there have been some new changes in domestic space environment observation research: (1) The national major scientific project "Meridian Project" led by Chinese Academy of Sciences has been started, which not only greatly promoted the construction of our institute's space environment observation ability, but also promoted the improvement of the space environment and space weather observation research level of relevant domestic units. (2) The successful launch and scientific achievements of China's scientific exploration satellite "Double Star" system, as well as the scientific exploration satellite plans such as "Kuafu Plan" under pre-research, have promoted the development of ground-based space environment exploration, especially the launch and application of a series of applied satellites in China, and the space activities have become increasingly frequent, such as the manned space program "Shenzhou" spacecraft series, the lunar exploration program "Chang 'e" series, and the autonomous navigation satellite program "Beidou" generation. Therefore, these demands have strongly promoted the development of space environment observation and research.
At present, there are six important field stations engaged in space environment observation and research in our institute, namely:
1. 1 Beijing National Field Scientific Observation of Space Environment
Research station
Including four stations, Beijing main station: 1 16.37? e，39.98？ Hey n; Mohezi Station: 122.34? e，53.49？ Hey n; Wuhan substation: 1 14.34? e，30.54？ Hey n; Sanya substation: 109.62? e， 18.34？ N, relying entirely on the Institute of Geology and Geophysics, it is the National Geophysical Field Scientific Observation and Research Station of the Ministry of Science and Technology and the backbone station of the "Meridian Project" project.
The station integrates the Institute's geomagnetic station chain and Wuhan Ionospheric Observatory, and is evenly distributed along the longitude line of 120 degrees east longitude, from Mohe in the northernmost part of China to Sanya in the southernmost part, with a latitude interval of about 10 degrees. Geographically, the station chain passes through the ionospheric anomaly area in East Asia and the Mongolian geomagnetic anomaly area, which is the "golden chain" for observing and studying many geophysical phenomena in the earth space. In terms of observation and research contents, the station takes the magnetosphere, ionosphere, middle and upper atmosphere and the earth's magnetic field involved in the space environment as the main observation and research objects, forming a multi-means and multi-parameter comprehensive observation, which has the ability to simultaneously observe different latitude and longitude changes, different spatial levels and different observation parameters of China's space environment. Among them, the geomagnetic observation of Beijing main station was incorporated into the international geomagnetic network Intermagnet on 200 1, which is the first international reference table in China to join the network. Mohe substation plays an important role in observing and studying the disturbance and energy input from the Arctic space environment. Wuhan substation is a golden zone for observing and studying ionospheric characteristics in China. With 60 years of continuous ionospheric observation data in China, it is an internationally renowned station with the longest history and the most continuous observation data in China. Sanya substation is an important area for observing and studying the irregular structure of ionosphere and upper atmospheric dynamics and electrodynamics. The station mainly studies the changes of ionosphere and geomagnetic field, which has distinctive characteristics and typical discipline and geographical representation.
1.2 National Geophysical Field Scientific Observation in Mengcheng, Anhui Province
Research station (33.33? n， 1 16.50？ e)
Relying on the School of Earth and Space of China University of Science and Technology, it is the national field scientific observation and research station of geophysics of the Ministry of Science and Technology, and the main equipment of the meridian project, the high-altitude lidar, will also be equipped at this station.
The station was jointly established by China University of Science and Technology and Anhui Seismological Bureau in June 2005. The station combines the observation equipment of Anhui Seismological Bureau in earthquake, gravity, GPS, geoelectricity and geomagnetism, and the strong scientific research strength of the School of Earth and Space of China University of Science and Technology. This station is of great significance to the study of tectonic movement in eastern China. Through the long-term accumulated observation data of geoelectricity, geomagnetism, deformation and gravity, it provides reliable data for the seismic activity, earthquake prediction and geophysical research in Anhui and its neighboring provinces. At the same time, we will monitor the physical process of the upper atmosphere, carry out research on solar physics and magnetosphere physics, and realize the overall comprehensive observation of the solid earth, atmosphere and magnetosphere.
1.3 Wuhan Geodetic National Field Scientific Observation
Station (Jiu Feng Station for short, 30.52? n， 1 14.49？ e)
Relying on the Institute of Surveying and Mapping and Geophysics, it is the National Geophysical Field Scientific Observation and Research Station of the Ministry of Science and Technology.
This station is a long-term, comprehensive geodetic and geophysical observation research base in China, the only international gravity tide reference station of Chinese mainland International Tide Center (ICET), and the only observation station in the Asian continent participating in the global geodynamics international cooperation program. Jiu Feng Railway Station has a variety of internationally advanced gravity observation instruments and space geodesy instruments, such as dynamic geodesy observation instruments (superconducting gravimeter, absolute gravimeter, LaCoste G and ET relative gravimeter, satellite laser rangefinder (SLR), global positioning system (GPS) receiver and European Doppler satellite positioning (DORIS) transmitter). It is the only station of its kind in China with such complete observation conditions, and it is also a world-class power.
1.4 National field scientific observation of cosmic rays in Yangbajing, Tibet
Research station (30. 10? n，90.50？ e)
Relying on the Institute of High Energy Physics, it is the first batch of national geophysical field scientific observation and research pilot stations of the Ministry of Science and Technology.
1995, this station was listed as one of the 25 scientific research bases in China and one of the six major scientific plans for sustainable development by American Science magazine, and it was praised as the highest quality ground cosmic ray observatory in the world. The Observatory was established by the Institute of High Energy Physics and the Institute of Cosmic Ray of the University of Tokyo in Japan in 1990. There are 833 detectors in any array, covering an area of about 30,000 square meters. 1998 28 NM？ Model 64 neutron monitor is the one with the highest altitude and the highest counting rate among the 60 neutron monitors running in the world. In June of 200 1 year, ARGO 1 10,000 square meters experimental hall was completed, and in June of 2006, 5,000 square meters RPC "carpet" detector was officially put into operation.
1.5 National Field Scientific Observation of Hainan Space Weather
Station (19+0? n， 109.08？ e)
Relying on the space center, it is the national geophysical field scientific observation and research station of the Ministry of Science and Technology, and also the backbone station of the national "meridian project".
The station has a number of world-advanced comprehensive space weather detection instruments such as ionospheric DPS-4 altimeter, ionospheric GPS-TEC monitor, ionospheric GPS scintillation monitor and atmospheric electric field instrument, and has obtained detection data for many years. This station mainly explores and studies the physical processes of ionosphere, middle and upper atmosphere and geomagnetic disturbance changes in low latitudes in China and their responses to solar activity storms, studies their roles in the causal chain process of space weather, establishes the models of ionosphere and middle and upper atmosphere disturbances, and studies the methods of ionospheric space weather forecasting. It provides scientific detection data for exploring the variation law of space weather in low latitude and equatorial regions and establishing related space weather models, and provides guarantee for China's communication, space flight and space activities.
1.6 Hebei Xianghe Atmospheric Physics Comprehensive Observation Research Station
(39.75? n， 1 16.95？ e)
Relying on the Institute of Atmospheric Physics, the station will build MST radar, the backbone equipment of the national meridian project.
The station has VHF/ST radar, dual-wavelength weather radar, several mobile rain radars, GPS ozone sounding system, microclimate observation tower, balloon tracking and telemetry system and several rainfall recorders. Xianghe Station is an important base for atmospheric sounding research in China, and also an experimental base for high-tech independent research and development of atmospheric environmental monitoring and atmospheric sounding in northern China.
2 representative results achieved
The establishment of the Space Environment Observatory of China Academy of Sciences has made important contributions to promoting the development of space science research and application in China. The main representative achievements are as follows:
(1) Through the long-term observation and analysis of the ionosphere by using high-frequency Doppler station and ionospheric altimeter, it is creatively put forward for the first time that the ionospheric disturbance in China is closely related to the topographic uplift and vortex weather on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, revealing the regional characteristics of the ionospheric disturbance in central China, and providing an important basis for explaining the ionospheric far east anomaly that has puzzled the international space community for more than 60 years.
(2) Using the observation data accumulated by China's space environment stations for more than half a century, combined with similar observation data in the world, and adopting advanced statistical analysis methods, the long-term trends, solar activity changes, annual changes and semi-annual changes involved in space climatology such as ionosphere and geomagnetic disturbance are systematically studied.
(3) At Yangbajing Cosmic Ray Observatory in Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, China, the offset of "Cosmic Ray Sun Shadow" and its change with time were successfully observed by using cosmic ray extended atmospheric cluster array, and the clearest shadow image in the world was obtained, which reflected the disturbance of solar activity to the solar-terrestrial space magnetic field, thus establishing a new long-term continuous monitoring day on the ground. The research methods of large-scale magnetic field and solar activity changes in Earth-Earth space promote the interdisciplinary research on the influence of solar activity changes on the earth environment, which makes it possible to study the relationship between solar activity and interplanetary magnetic field changes and explore its application in space environment prediction.
(4) The innovative "small parameter perturbation" method is one of the three major tidal theoretical simulation solutions in the world, which is considered by international peers as the most effective solution to consider the lateral inhomogeneity of the earth's mantle, focusing on the international frontier fields such as accurate measurement of tidal deformation, coupling mechanism of atmosphere, ocean and gravity field, normal waves of the earth, vibration of its liquid core and changes of the earth's rotation. Chinese mainland east-west gravity tide profile and coastal gravity tide profile, Wuhan international gravity tide benchmark and gravimeter international calibration system are established.
(5) The first large-scale VHF/MST radar independently developed by China was established at Xianghe Atmospheric Comprehensive Observatory, and the 1/4 array was used for routine detection, and boundary observation experiments were carried out successively. Comprehensive observation experiments in upper troposphere, lower troposphere and lower stratosphere and vertical distribution observation of atmospheric environmental parameters were used for research.
3. An important branch of the study of the sun and the earth's space environment.
Learning problems and national needs
3. 1 Important scientific issues
(1) The overall behavior and energy transfer process of the solar-terrestrial space system. In this paper, the shape and variation characteristics of the solar surface, solar wind and earth space are studied as a whole, mainly focusing on the solar energy radiation and the response of earth space, with special emphasis on the energy transfer process in the overall behavior of sun-earth space.
(2) The emergence and development of space weather, and the violent characteristics of the space system between the sun and the earth. In this paper, the process of catastrophic disturbance in solar-terrestrial space is studied, which is mainly the generation and evolution characteristics of space phenomena related to solar burst and its interplanetary disturbance and terrestrial space storms (magnetic storms, magnetospheric substorms, ionospheric storms, etc.). ).
(3) Interaction and mutual coupling among different levels of the solar-terrestrial space system. The main research involves the corona? Coupling of solar wind, influence of solar wind on magnetosphere, magnetosphere? Ionospheric coupling, ionosphere? Thermal atmosphere? -Coupling between the upper and middle atmosphere and ionosphere? Atmosphere? -Coupling between the earth's surface (lithosphere, ocean) and other complex physical processes at the interface of space environment.
(4) Climatic characteristics and modeling of space environment. This paper mainly studies the average characteristics and long-term changes of space environment and its characteristic parameters, and establishes a basic model to describe the distribution and changes of space environment by using mathematical physics methods and mathematical statistics methods for space physics research and space environment prediction.
(5) Basic plasma physical process in space physics. Including plasma acceleration, radiation, fluctuation, instability and nonlinearity and related magnetic reconnection.
3.2 Major national needs
(1) Safety guarantee of aerospace engineering. The intense disturbance process such as radiation enhancement in the space environment has destroyed the electronic equipment of the aircraft, interrupted the communication between the aircraft and the ground, and threatened the safety of astronauts, which has become the first killer of aerospace engineering. Space environment observation can provide space environment forecast for aerospace engineering, so as to take necessary measures to avoid and protect space disasters and avoid causing a lot of economic losses and human sacrifices.
(2) Safety of ground technology system. The violent disturbance of space environment will lead to the damage of ground transmission lines, oil pipelines and communication cables in high-risk areas. Especially in the case of increasingly close energy links between China and the Russian Far East, we should pay attention to the destructiveness of this space environment.
4 Future development
4. 1 Positioning of the Solar-Terrestrial Space Environment Observation and Research Network
According to the development and trend of solar-terrestrial space environment observation and research at home and abroad, the positioning of "Solar-terrestrial space environment observation and research network" in our institute is to observe and study China's terrestrial space environment (considering solar activities and global changes at the same time), to form geomagnetic basic fields and variation fields, ionospheric structures of various scales, and atmospheric physical fields in the middle and upper layers, and to have the comprehensive observation capability of high-precision measurement of cosmic rays, earth gravity and geodynamics. The network will become the basic research platform and long-term observation research base for China's space physics research, such as magnetospheric dynamics, ionospheric structure and disturbance propagation, excitation and propagation of middle and upper atmospheric fluctuations, coupling of magnetosphere, ionosphere and middle and upper atmosphere, coupling of all circles of the earth, and research on space environment prediction model. The realization of "Sun-Earth Space Environment Observation and Research Network" will broaden the research content of geophysics and space physics in our institute, improve the observation and research ability, further expand the international influence of basic research of related disciplines through the close combination of observation and research, and further enhance the scientific research innovation ability and competitiveness. This network will become a "Solar-Terrestrial Space Environment Observation and Research Network" with comprehensive technology, advanced management, distinctive features, important influence in the world, and a leading role and irreplaceable position in the research of ground-based observation on solar-terrestrial space environment in China.
4.2 the development model of the solar-terrestrial space environment observation and research network
style
The implementation of the "Solar-Terrestrial Space Environment Observation and Research Network" of the Institute is divided into two steps: First, a network consisting of Beijing National Space Environment Observation and Research Station (Beijing main station and Mohe, Wuhan and Sanya substations), Anhui Mengcheng Geophysical National Field Science Observation and Research Station, Wuhan Geodetic National Field Science Observation and Research Station and Beijing Data Center is built, with the earth meridian as the main line and reasonable layout, consisting of geomagnetic observation, middle and upper atmosphere observation and ionosphere. On the basis of digital and automatic comprehensive observation of instruments, the corresponding data analysis and processing software is developed through modern network communication technology, so as to realize the real-time data transmission and online display capability between each station and Beijing Network Center, build Beijing Data Center into an exchange platform with data collection, processing and sharing, and connect with the China Earth system scientific data sharing platform.
In the second-step development plan, Tibet Yangbajing Cosmic Ray National Field Scientific Observation and Research Station, Hainan Space Weather National Field Scientific Observation and Research Station and Xianghe Atmospheric Comprehensive Observation Station will be included in the Institute's "Sun-Earth Space Environment Observation and Research Network", and the ionosphere, middle and upper atmosphere and geomagnetic observations will be added at Yangbajing Observatory to build the world's highest comprehensive space environment observation and research station with China regional characteristics. The space weather observatory in Fufu, Hainan, together with the geomagnetic station in Sanya, Hainan, will form a comprehensive observation and research base for the low-latitude space environment in China. Integrate the station resources related to the space environment in Beijing, such as Xianghe Atmospheric Comprehensive Observatory, to form a comprehensive observation and research system from the atmosphere, middle and upper atmosphere, ionosphere and magnetosphere in Beijing.
4.3 Future Development of Solar-Terrestrial Space Environment Observation and Research Network
Work of
(1) Based on the continuous observation data of ionospheric structure and disturbance in multi-point high profile, original research results have been obtained on the ionospheric disturbance and propagation characteristics at different scales in China, especially on the response process of ionosphere to solid earth and atmospheric activities and the causes of ionospheric anomalies in the Far East.
(2) By using the data with spatial, temporal and height changes provided by the mesosphere comprehensive observation network, the characteristics of the excitation and propagation of atmospheric fluctuations such as gravity waves, tides and planetary waves in China are revealed, which makes an important innovative contribution to the frontier research of related disciplines such as the excitation and propagation of atmospheric fluctuations in the mesosphere and the jacking process in the mesosphere.
(3) Based on the comprehensive geodynamic survey data, the Wuhan International Gravity Tide Datum and the China North-South and East-West Gravity Tide Profiles are obtained. Based on the data of international geodynamics survey, breakthrough and innovative achievements have been made in the basic research of geodynamics, such as the study of tidal and non-tidal variation characteristics of global gravity field, the accurate determination of tidal deformation of the earth, the coupling mechanism between atmosphere, ocean and gravity field, the normal vibration wave of the earth and its liquid core, and the change of earth rotation. At the same time, it has made important contributions to the absolute gravity measurement in the national major project "China Crustal Movement Observation Network" and the establishment and perfection of the micro-gamma absolute gravity reference network in China.
(4) Based on the real-time networking and processing of the observation data of the Solar-Terrestrial Space Environment Observation and Research Network, combined with the physical model and data assimilation method, the on-site reporting and forecasting methods of the space environment in China, especially the ionosphere space environment closely related to aerospace engineering such as navigation and communication, are studied, and the relevant demonstration system is established, which makes important contributions to the application of aerospace engineering in China and meets the needs of the country.
In short, through the organic combination of related disciplines, the Solar-Terrestrial Space Environment Observation and Research Network will become the base for the observation and research of solar-terrestrial space environment in China and our institute and the basic research platform for interdisciplinary research, play a leading role in the ground-based observation of solar-terrestrial space environment in China, play an irreplaceable role in the research of near-earth space environment in the middle and low latitudes where China is located, and contribute to the applied research of national economic development and national defense construction.
Zhang Hongxiang, male, deputy director and associate researcher, Department of Solid Earth Sciences, Bureau of Resources and Environmental Science and Technology, China Academy of Sciences. Born in 1972. 200 1, Ph.D. in geodynamics, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, China Academy of Sciences. He is mainly engaged in mantle geochemistry and environmental geochemistry, and has participated in the pre-selected project of the Climbing Plan of the Ministry of Science and Technology "Study on Geological Fluid Action and Its Metallogenic Effect" and the research work of "Geochemistry of Rare Earth Elements (and Yttrium) in Fluid-Rock Reaction System" funded by the Outstanding Youth Fund, and published 6 scientific papers 16. In 2002, he worked in China Academy of Sciences, and successively wrote more than 30 reports and published more than 0 management articles/kloc-0. E-mail:hxzhang@cashq.ac.cn