The rate of return refers to the annual average ratio of the income from investing in treasury bonds with a certain term to the amount of investment principal. The yield of national debt is inversely proportional to the market price. The higher the yield, the lower the price, and the lower the yield, the higher the price. Yield to maturity refers to the average annual income ratio of investors who buy government bonds in the market and hold them at maturity.

The real rate of return is after excluding the price increase factor, and the nominal rate of return MINUS the inflation rate can get the approximate calculation result.

The nominal rate of return is coupon rate, and the real rate of return is the interest rate excluding inflation. Actual rate of return =(( 1+ nominal rate of return) /( 1+ inflation rate))-1