Thesis title: Cultivation and management techniques and formula screening of Pleurotus ostreatus.
Main business: production and processing of edible fungi
Name: Yuan
Student number: 211701040005.
Instructor: Yu Zhu
Time: April 20, 2020
Cultivation and management techniques and formula screening of Pleurotus ostreatus.
Abstract: Pleurotus ostreatus is a rare edible and medicinal fungus, which can treat many diseases such as stomach disease, cold, asthma and hypertension. Its taste is crisp, the mushroom cover is tender and smooth, the mushroom handle is chewy, and the soup made of dried mushrooms has a special smell and delicious taste. With the development of economy and society, people pay more and more attention to diet health, and the dietary structure of "one meat, one dish and one mushroom" is widely promoted. As an excellent edible fungus, Pleurotus ostreatus is deeply loved by consumers. However, due to the scarcity of wild Pleurotus ostreatus and the imperfection of artificial cultivation technology, the market of Pleurotus ostreatus is now in short supply. In order to improve the yield of Pleurotus ostreatus, this paper discusses the cultivation techniques and formula screening of Pleurotus ostreatus, which is of certain significance to the vacancy of Pleurotus ostreatus market.
Keywords: Pleurotus ostreatus; Artificial cultivation; Strain production; Formula screening, etc.
catalogue
Introduction and overview of 1 ......................................................................................................................... 2
2 Growth conditions and cultivation environment of Pleurotus ostreatus ........................................................................................... 2
3. Selection of strain formula and production of mushroom sticks ....................................................................................... 2.
3. 1 Original Seed Making ........................................................................................................................... 2
3.2 Production of Cultivated Varieties ....................................................................................................................... 3
3.3 Production of ................................................................................................................... by Liquid Strain 3
4 Cultivate and manage .............................................................................................................................. 3
4. 1 ........................................................................................................................... 3
4.2 Build a shed in … ................................................................................................................................. IV
4.3 Site Management ........................................................................................................................... IV
4.4 Digging a hole to make a bed ........................................................................................................................... IV
4.5 ............................................................................................................................ IV was cultured in bags.
4.6 Management of Mushroom Maturity .................................................................................................................... 5
4.7 Harvest .............................................................................................................................. 5
4.8 Preservation and drying of ........................................................................................................................ 5
5 Conclusion and discussion ........................................................................................................................... 6
Six references ................................................................................................................................ VII.
7 Thanks to .................................................................................................................................. 8
1 preface
Pleurotus ostreatus belongs to wood saprophytic fungi and saprophytic fungi. It can be cultivated with rotten wood or covered with soil. A long time ago, it was recorded in our country's Compendium of Materia Medica, Qian Jin Fang Yao and other related classics. Can be used for treating stomach diseases, common cold, asthma, hypertension and other diseases. In addition, Pleurotus ostreatus is rich in protein, carbohydrates, mineral elements and other nutrients, with high nutritional value. It is a rare "medicine and food homology" fungus, and also a rare health food, which has the functions of health care, beauty and longevity. Conclusion: Pleurotus ostreatus has high nutritional value, besides the above, it also has the functions of nourishing and strengthening, detoxifying and astringing, dissolving food accumulation and reducing blood fat. Its medicinal value has the following points (1): it can be used for arteriosclerosis, hypertension and cerebrovascular accident, and has certain curative effect and help for the treatment of angina pectoris of coronary heart disease; (2) It can be used for various cancers such as lung cancer and mild treatment. (3) Long-term consumption can treat neurasthenia and help to improve dizziness and insomnia. (4) It can be used to treat chronic diseases such as gastric ulcer and dyspepsia. However, due to the good market conditions, the quantity of Pleurotus ostreatus is in short supply.
2 The growth conditions and cultivation environment of Pleurotus ostreatus like hot and humid seasons (weather).
(1) that culture temperature is between 25 and 40 DEG C,
② Pleurotus ostreatus belongs to aerobic bacteria, and the growth of mycelium, the formation of sclerotium and the formation of fruiting body are all inseparable from sufficient oxygen.
(3) The growth period of Pleurotus ostreatus needs strong light,
(4) The relative humidity to the air is very high, and it is required to be between 75% and 90%; (5) The cultivation time is long, and it can be cultivated twice a year.
⑥ The culture period is about 10 month. (In some high-altitude areas, it can only be planted for one season, and it should be planted in June, July and August every year, and harvested in 10. )
3. Selection of strain formula and production of mushroom sticks.
3. 1 The suitable medium formula for seed production is as follows: ① 68% cottonseed hull, 8.5% sawdust, 20% bran and 0/%soybean flour; ② 75% cottonseed hull, 22.5% bran, 0/%lime/kloc, 0/%gypsum/kloc and 0.5% dipotassium hydrogen phosphate. ③ 70% sawdust, 20% bran, 7.5% bean flour, 2% sugar, 0.5% dipotassium hydrogen phosphate and 65% water content. ④ Wheat 75%, bean cake 3%, sawdust 20%, gypsum 1%, lime 1%, and proper amount of water. Our own experimental results prove that formula ③ is the best, and the mycelium is robust and energetic. Formula ② grows fast, but the hyphae are scattered. The mycelium of formula ① is the whitest and strongest, but its growth is average and ④ is medium. In addition, the production method of wheat seeds is as follows: soaking wheat seeds for 8- 12 hours, boiling in boiling water until there is no white core, cooling with water to about 5%- 10%, not sticky, adding acid-base balancer, bottling, sterilizing, cooling, inoculating mother seeds, and culturing at 22℃-25℃ for 25-30 days.
3.2 The suitable culture medium formula for making cultivated seeds is: ① 70% cottonseed hull, 65,438+05% bran, 65,438+00% sawdust, 2.5% bean flour, 65,438+0% lime, 65,438+0% gypsum and 0.5% potassium dihydrogen sulfate. ② sawdust 55%, bran 25%, sugar 18%, lime 1%, gypsum 1%. ③ Cottonseed hull 75%, bran 7.5%, bean cake 15%, lime 1%, gypsum 1%, dipotassium hydrogen phosphate 0.5%, and the water content is about 65%. The culture medium is made into bacterial sticks, bagged, sterilized, cooled, inoculated with strains, and cultured at constant temperature for 20-35 days. Our own experimental results show that the mycelium of formula ① grows vigorously and densely, but the growth speed is moderate, the mushroom is large and the stalk is long and thick. Formula 2 has a long growth cycle, but the mushrooms are neat. Mushroom feet are short. Formula 3 is a slow-growing, small and dense mushroom with a long stalk.
3.3 The formula of liquid medium for liquid culture is: ① Potato 200g, glucose 20g, yeast extract 5g/L, dipotassium hydrogen phosphate 1g/L, and the pH is moderate. ② 25g potato flour, vitamin B 10.0 1g/L, magnesium sulfate 0.5g/L, and the pH is natural. ③ Soybean 12g (homogeneous filtration of soymilk machine), glucose 20g, water 1H, and natural pH. ④ 20g corn flour, 5g glucose, 25g fructose, 5g peptone and 2.5g ammonium sulfate. The above formula is made into liquid, filtered, subpackaged in conical bottles, cooled, sterilized, inoculated, placed in a constant temperature shaking table with a rotation speed of 65438±050 rpm, and cultured at about 22℃ for 72-96 hours. The experimental results of Bao Shuiming, Li Rongtong, Yu Zhijian, Chen Chuanhong and others and their own experiments prove that formula ③ hyphae grow well and the mushrooms are neat and consistent (considering comprehensively, soybean culture medium is the best. )。 Formula ② has moderate growth, short mushroom feet and thin meat. The culture medium made by Formula ④ has uniform strains, long stems and thick meat.
4 cultivation management
4. 1 site selection
Edible fungi cultivation sites should be located in sunny places near water sources. Pleurotus ostreatus has high requirements on soil quality, and it is generally chosen in an open field with loose and fertile soil and superior drainage and irrigation. If it is an orchard, sand is the best soil. Rice rotation can be carried out in high temperature areas, and Pleurotus ostreatus can be cultivated after rice harvesting to increase income and improve the utilization rate of land resources.
4.2 barrack construction
The mushroom shed should be built in a place with good drainage and irrigation, convenient transportation, good ventilation and no garbage dumps and farms around. According to the topography of the shed, you should choose a place where the north wind is rising and the sun is rising, the terrain is slightly higher and there is plenty of water. Please refer to the mushroom shed and Agaricus blazei cultivation shed for the construction of the shed. The choice of simple shed is similar to that of mushroom shed, but the length and span are different. If it's an orchard or a forest, you don't need a sunshade net, so you can make full use of wood leaves for sunshade. At the same time, in order to save costs, we can use local materials, wooden stakes or bamboo. The disadvantages of using wooden stakes are large span and weak wind resistance. It is best to build a simple shed with bamboo, which is strong and windproof, but its service life needs to be improved.
4.3 Site management
If possible, first use a lawn mower to weed or break weeds, then use a thresher to loosen the soil, sprinkle a thin layer of quicklime, and then turn over the soil to keep the soil loose and fully mix with lime.
4.4 Dig a hole to make a bed
The cultivation site should be kept clean and free of weeds. Dig a hole to make a border before planting. Construction sheds are generally made into box-shaped surfaces. A shed can make 4-6 boxes, with a depth of about 15-20cm and a moderate length, leaving only 30 cm aisles between passages. If it is a simple shed, it is necessary to simply erect a sunshade net. On the premise of ensuring good ventilation and heat dissipation, make 6-9 box surfaces with a depth of about 15-25 cm, and leave about 10- 15 cm in the middle aisle. The length of the box surfaces depends on the terrain. This will facilitate mushroom management, picking and watering in the future.
4.5 Bagging cultivation
If the mycelium of mushroom sticks is found to be full, it will be arranged to take off the bag for culture immediately. When the bags are taken down and buried in the soil, they are neatly placed at a certain distance. Generally, the distance between cultivated species is two fingers wide, which is convenient for heat dissipation, ventilation and nutrient absorption between cultivated species. After unpacking and placing, it is the step of covering the soil. When covering, it is best to choose wet soil (backfill soil) on the boundary. The soil just excavated from the box surface has a certain humidity and stable water content. It can be preserved for a period of time after covering with soil. However, when covering soil, special attention should be paid to the thickness and hardness of the covering soil. Too thick soil affects the fruiting time, too thin soil leads to the death of mycelium, and too hard soil leads to the inability of mycelium to penetrate and absorb nutrients, which eventually leads to the decline of yield (all three are the same), so the general covering thickness is 1.5-3cm.
4.6 Management of Mushroom Maturity
After cultivated in into the pit, Pleurotus ostreatus sticks entered the management period, and were watered regularly for moisture conservation and weeding. When the temperature and humidity are suitable, Pleurotus ostreatus can be harvested within seven to ten days. At this time, special attention should be paid to the temperature, humidity and ventilation during the fruiting period. At this time, the relative humidity of the air in the shed should be between 75-90% (depending on the local weather). Special attention should be paid to avoid the surface layer of mushroom cap from cracking in high temperature weather. At this time, the color of the mushroom cover turns light gray or brown, the meat is thick, and the edge is regular and flat. At this time, the soil moisture should not be too high, so water should be stopped for ventilation. If the soil humidity is too high, it is easy to cause mushroom death.
4.7 Harvest
Good management is the key to the rapid growth of Pleurotus ostreatus. If it is well managed, it can be planted 2-3 times a day when harvesting, and the principle of "picking the big ones and keeping the small ones" should be followed when picking. If the small ones can't meet the picking conditions, they can continue to grow. Usually, after the first harvest of Pleurotus ostreatus, it will enter the dormant period of mushroom sticks. The dormancy period of mushroom sticks depends on the local climate. If the climate is suitable, the second crop of mushrooms can be produced in about eight to ten days. Before the second tidal mushroom excavation, the old mushrooms, rotten mushrooms, weeds and miscellaneous bacteria on the side should be removed and the side should be leveled. In addition, monitor the humidity and climate of the soil every day and make good ventilation. In case of extreme weather, measures should be taken to protect the shed sticks (note that if the mushroom sticks encounter extreme weather, such as low temperature, high temperature, high humidity and freezing, it will affect the fruiting time and yield of Erchao mushrooms and late mushrooms).
4.8 Preservation and drying
One of the remarkable characteristics of Pleurotus ostreatus is its non-perishable, long shelf life and storage resistance. Pleurotus ostreatus picked in high temperature season can be stored in cold storage or freezer, which can ensure that it will not deteriorate and rot for about half a month and will not affect the taste. In addition, Pleurotus ostreatus can be sun-dried, air-dried and dried, but the first two methods are too long, vulnerable to the weather and the mushroom quality is not good, so the better drying method is drying. The specific method is: after picking, remove the mushroom feet and soil, put them on the set clothes rack, push them into the oven to lose water and bake them immediately. The baking temperature is kept at 30℃ for 2 hours, and then adjusted to 40℃ for 2 hours; You can also adjust the temperature to 60℃ for dehydration, and then adjust the drying temperature to 50℃ for constant weight. The dried Pleurotus ostreatus is golden yellow, mushroom-shaped, with special luster and rich and attractive mushroom fragrance.
5 Conclusion and discussion
To sum up, scientific management and storage of Pleurotus ostreatus can meet the needs of sales in different places. Pleurotus ostreatus is a kind of rare medicinal fungus with rich nutrition, and it is also a kind of health food with great development prospect. However, the number of wild Pleurotus ostreatus in the market is very small, which is far from meeting people's needs. Although many scientific and technological personnel can be cultivated artificially, there is a large market demand now. The supply of wild Pleurotus ostreatus in the market is in short supply, the rare sclerotia technology is not perfect, and the artificial cultivation technology is not perfect. How to improve the yield and overcome it now?
6 references
Cultivation techniques of edible fungi by Gong Jianguo
China Edible Fungi Business Network
Bao Shuiming, Li Rongtong, Yu Zhijian and Chen Chuanhong-Pleurotus sclerotiorum, a large and rare fungus
Weng, Wang Yixiang, et al. Effects of Different Culture Materials on Sclerotinia of Pleurotus ostreatus
Huangnianlai 1 Pleurotus ostreatus and its cultivation techniques in Guo Meiying, Huang Lihong. Edible fungi in China [J]. 1997,16 (1):13-151.
Preliminary study on mycelium culture and antibacterial activity of Qin and Zhang 1 dictyophora indusiata. Bulletin of Microbiology [J].1999,26 (6): 393-3961
Development of Huangnianlai (1 rare edible fungi) Pleurotus ostreatus. Jiangsu edible fungi [J], 1995, 16 (4): 2-3 1
Thank you
First of all, I want to thank Mr. Yu Zhu for his careful guidance, especially his serious and rigorous style of study and diligent attitude, which deeply influenced me. Under her guidance, I began to write a paper with nowhere to start, and then I gradually learned how to do research, how to present my conclusions in the paper in a more standardized and orderly way, and finally completed the paper. Thanks again to Mr. Yu Zhu for giving me the last profound lesson in college. In addition, I would like to thank my classmates and roommates who accompanied me in the university. In these three years, your meticulous care made me feel a lot of care when I left my hometown. I hope that after this separation, everyone will return to their youth and wish you a bright future. Finally, I want to thank my parents for their hard work and education in the past 20 years. I will work hard and actively in the future to reassure you. I hope you will be healthy and happy forever.