1. Argument, including central argument and sub-argument, is the central idea expressed by the topic, and it is also the problem to be solved (or the point to be proved) in the whole paper. They are summarized in the abstract (or preface), expressed in the form of arguments in the text, generally expressed in the form of phrases or sentences, and should be concise.

2. Argumentation, including factual argument and logical argument (reasoning argument), verifies the correctness of the argument by citing concrete realization or enumerating proven truths. Argument and argument are the relationship between proof and proof. The factual arguments include concrete examples and statistical data; Rational arguments include classic works, authoritative statements, principles, laws and formulas of natural science, and even proverbs and aphorisms circulating among the people (for example, facts speak louder than words).

3. Argumentative writing is a method and reasoning process to solve argumentation problems through arguments, and it is the connection between arguments, that is, the form taken by the author when writing a paper. The argumentation process of the first-level thesis should not exceed five levels at most, and three levels are better.

4. Summary: Put forward the central argument again, and emphasize that the above argumentation process can prove that the argument is correct.