Scientific papers are referred to as scientific papers. Generally, it includes: scientific papers, academic papers, graduation papers and degree papers (also divided into bachelor's, master's and doctoral papers). On the basis of scientific research and experiments, scientific papers are written to study, analyze and expound some phenomena or problems in natural science and professional technology, and to reveal the essence and regularity of these phenomena and problems. In other words, all articles that use logical thinking means such as concepts, judgments, reasoning, argumentation and refutation to analyze and clarify the principles, laws and various problems of natural science belong to the category of scientific and technological papers. Scientific papers are mainly used to describe scientific and technological research and its achievements, which are the embodiment of research achievements. Use them to popularize achievements, exchange information and promote the development of science and technology. Their publication marks the level of research work, is recognized by the society, is loaded into the treasure house of human knowledge, and becomes spiritual wealth enjoyed by people. Scientific papers are also an important criterion for evaluating the performance of scientific and technological personnel. ?

Second, the characteristics of scientific papers?

1, academic?

Academics are also called theories. Scientific papers are purely academic articles. It requires scientific analysis, rigorous demonstration and abstract generalization of new problems in the field of natural science by using scientific principles and methods. Although it is based on a research project, an experiment, the development of a new product, etc. It is by no means a description of the appearance and process of objective things, nor is it a factual narrative. But through refining, processing and theoretical explanation. It can be seen that academic nature is the most basic feature of scientific papers.

2. Creativity?

The fundamental criterion to measure the value of scientific papers lies in their creativity. If there are no new creations, new insights, new discoveries and new inventions, there is no need to write a paper. Because the purpose of scientific research is to create. As a scientific research achievement, the task of a paper is to carry out academic exchanges and realize its scientific value. It can be seen that if the vast number of scientific and technological personnel can only inherit but not create, human civilization and history will not develop. ?

Third, the topic selection of scientific papers?

The topic selection of scientific and technological papers is to determine the direction of specialization and clearly solve the main problems. The selection of topics should not be based on personal interests or temporary enthusiasm, but should be based on the reality of the "four modernizations" construction, and select those valuable topics that can promote the development of science and technology, or that need to be solved urgently in production, construction and people's lives. How to choose?

1, choose the subject that needs to be solved urgently in this discipline?

All kinds of natural disciplines have some problems that need to be solved urgently. Some are important issues related to the national economy and people's livelihood, some are key issues in the development of this discipline, and some are problems that need to be solved urgently at present. Therefore, we must adhere to the direction of serving socialist modernization and choose these urgent problems. ?

2. Choose a subject that is at the forefront of this subject?

All scientific discoveries, inventions and creations are of great scientific value and will certainly promote the development of science and technology. Therefore, we should be innovative in selecting topics and choose those topics that are at the forefront and have great scientific value for the development of this discipline. After painstaking research, it has achieved original results and made new contributions to the development of human science and technology.

3. choose a topic that is expected to achieve the expected effect?

We must avoid the blindness of topic selection. Choose those topics that can give full play to my professional expertise and are conducive to development. Or choose a topic that you are familiar with or interested in. This way, you can give full play to your personal advantages. If the topic size is moderate and the breakthrough is chosen correctly, the ideal effect can be achieved. ?

4. Should we pay attention to the feasibility when choosing a topic?

Subjective and objective conditions should be considered when choosing a topic, and these conditions can only be achieved through hard work. It is embodied in the following three aspects:

(1) is feasible in scientific principles, and it must not violate the laws of nature and scientific principles.

(2) Considering the knowledge level and scientific research ability of researchers, we should not be greedy or even exceed the actual ability of individuals. ?

(3) Consider the feasibility of research funds, experimental sites (places), instruments and equipment, testing methods and other conditions. You can't blindly get on the horse regardless of conditions. Beginners should not choose too large a topic or too wide a range, otherwise it will be very difficult and difficult to complete, and it will be easy to write if the topic is small. As long as the writing method is correct, the thinking is correct and the topic is small, you can write the topic thoroughly. Such a paper still has high value. ?

Fourth, the basic structure of scientific papers?

With the rapid development of science and technology, a large number of scientific papers have been published, and the authors of papers are increasingly required to express their research process and achievements with a standardized and standardized fixed structure model (that is, a general format). This general structural form is the expression and law of paper writing summarized by people through long-term practice. This structural form is the clearest and easiest way to express scientific research results. Its general basic format consists of the following items:

1, title?

When selecting and determining the titles of scientific papers, we should not only follow the above methods, but also use as few subtitles as possible. At the same time, this title can't be used in literary language after artistic processing, let alone in slogan titles. Its basic requirement is to be eye-catching and clearly summarize the central theme of the article in order to attract readers' attention. The titles of scientific papers should avoid using symbols and special terms, and should use commonly used popular words, so that experts or peers in this discipline can see at a glance, and people in other disciplines and people with a certain level of education can understand them, which is conducive to communication and dissemination. ?

2. The author and his work unit?

This project mainly embodies the author's literary spirit and records the author's hard work and dedication to the cause of human science and technology. Therefore, if you publish a paper, you must sign the author. When signing, you can use the collective name or the individual name. Personal signature only uses real name, pen name and pseudonym are not allowed. And indicate the work unit and address. For contact. ?

As the research work of modern science and technology tends to be comprehensive and socialized, more people need to participate in the research. When signing, signatures can be sorted by contribution. Those who only participate in a certain part or experiment and give support to the research work are no longer signed, and can be stated in the thank you. ?

3. summary?

Also known as abstract, there are abstracts in front of general papers. The purpose of setting this item is to facilitate readers to have a general understanding of the content of the paper, so as to determine whether to read the full text or part of the content, and also to facilitate scientific and technological information personnel to write abstracts and index retrieval tools. This is the epitome of the basic idea of the paper. Although it was put in the front, it was written after the full text was written. Sometimes, for international academic exchanges, Chinese abstracts must be translated into English or other languages. The contents of the abstract are as follows:

(1) The research scope, purpose and position of this discipline.

(2) Main contents and research methods. ?

(3) Main achievements and their practical value. ?

(4) Main conclusions?

The requirement of writing is to accurately and highly summarize the main contents of the paper, and generally do not comment. Words should be concise and clear, and words should be carefully scrutinized. Generally, there are no examples, no techniques, no comparison of works, no drawings, charts, brief tables, chemical structures, etc. , but only limited to standard scientific terms, terms, abbreviations and symbols. In recent years, in order to facilitate indexing and computer retrieval, it is required to put forward the keywords (or subject words) of this paper after the abstract for retrieval. ?

4. introduction?

Introduction is the preface of a scientific paper, which is written before the text. The introduction of each paper is mainly used to explain the theme and outline of the paper. Common quotations are as follows:

(1) background, scope, research purpose and importance of the project.

(2) Previous research process, achievements, problems and their evaluation. ?

(3) Summarize the method to get the ideal answer. ?

The introduction is generally divided into three paragraphs. If the paper is long and covers a wide range, it can be divided into three paragraphs according to the above three contents. In the introduction, the author should not show modesty, nor should he elevate himself or belittle others. The evaluation of papers should be left to readers.

5. Text?

The text is the main body of the paper, accounting for the vast majority of the whole length. The creativity of the paper is mainly manifested through this part, and it also reflects the academic level of the paper. To write a good text, you must have materials and content, then you must have concepts, judgments, inferences, and finally form an opinion. In other words, the organizational structure should be arranged according to the laws of logical thinking. That makes sense. The text generally consists of the following parts:

(1) Research or experimental purpose?

The purpose of research (or experiment) is the opening of the text. This part should be concise and focused. In an experimental paper, first write why this experiment should be carried out and what purpose should be achieved through the experiment. If the topic involves a wide range and the paper only writes one aspect, it is necessary to write clearly in the text which aspect the paper focuses on. And explain the reasons, effects or methods of exploration. Some papers incorporate this part into the introduction, and the body part is not repeated. ?

(2) Experimental materials (equipment) and methods?

Experimental materials, equipment and observation methods should run through the whole process of scientific research from the beginning to the achievement. Therefore, the selected materials (including raw materials, materials, samples, additives and reagents, etc.). ), equipment and experimental (observation) methods should be explained so that others can verify them repeatedly. When explaining, if you use common materials, equipment and methods, simply mention them. If special materials and experimental methods are used and improved, they should be explained in detail. If the article is published in a foreign journal to facilitate foreign exchange, it is necessary to indicate the composition of the material and make corresponding explanations against external labels. ?

(3) After the experiment?

The experimental process is the experimental research process, or the experimental operation procedure (or step). This part mainly explains the formulation of the research scheme, the route of technical selection, and the specific operation steps, and mainly explains the changing factors of the test conditions and the basis for their consideration. Don't list the experimental process when describing, only describe the main and key ones. It also shows that the use and operation methods of experimental equipment are different from general experiments, which makes the regularity of research results more distinct. If you cite other people's laws, just mark the serial number of the reference, and you don't need to elaborate. If there is improvement, you can explain the improvement separately. When describing the process of experiments, we usually use the logical order of research work, not the time order of experiments. We should grasp the main links, sort out the context from complex things, and write in the order of their development and change. And pay attention to the consistency of the experimental procedure, and analyze it from the aspects of success and failure, correctness and fallacy, possibility and limitation, so as to be scientific and strict in logic. ?

(4) Experimental results and analysis (discussion)?

This part is the core of the full text. The success or failure of all experiments is judged from this, all reasoning is drawn from this, and all arguments are drawn from this. Therefore, to fully express it, we should use tables, charts, photos and other attachments. These attachments play a role in saving space and helping readers understand the paper. This part should discuss the experimental results and specific judgment and analysis item by item. Data is an important way to display results, and the name and code of its unit of measurement must adopt a unified international system of units of measurement. This paper should try to compress the well-known arguments and highlight the new findings of this study, as well as the new viewpoints and opinions that have been proved. Let readers study the data repeatedly and carefully evaluate the correctness of judgment and reasoning. In the research, the author can clarify some viewpoints, although they have not been fully proved. Some experimental results are abnormal in some ways and cannot be explained. Although it does not affect the main argument, it should be explained for the reference of other researchers. The experimental results and analysis can be called discussion or "analysis of various factors". This part should generally include the following specific contents?

① Main principles or concepts?

② Experimental conditions. In particular, the shortcomings that cannot be controlled by manpower should be highlighted.

(3) The results of this study are the same as or different from others, highlighting their own new discoveries or inventions. ?

(4) explain the causal relationship and demonstrate its inevitability or contingency. ?

⑤ Put forward some problems that are difficult to solve or need further discussion in this study. ?

When analyzing the contents of the above aspects, we should take the status, relevance, causality and some exceptional or opposite results of each problem as the basis. All discussions should be properly sorted, and discussions must conform to the form of logical reasoning. At the end of this part, we can also put forward the next research idea or work outline for readers' reference. ?

6. conclusion?

This part is a summary of the whole research. It is the end-result of the whole paper and plays the role of making the finishing point. Generally speaking, when readers choose to read a paper, they should read the title, abstract and preface first, then the conclusion, and then decide whether to read it. So conclusion writing is also very important. When writing the conclusion, it is not only the whole process of research, experimental results, data, etc. It is further analyzed carefully and comprehensively to accurately reflect the essence and laws of objective things, as well as the materials to be demonstrated, the selected examples, the generality, scientificity and logicality of language expression, etc. Should be judged, reasoned and evaluated one by one. At the same time, when writing, we should not simply repeat the results discussed above, but echo the introduction and connect with other parts of the text. Anyway. The conclusion should be convincing and appropriate. The language should be accurate and vivid. In the conclusion, everything that comes down to an understanding, an affirmation of an opinion or a negation of an opinion must be based on facts, and words such as "probably", "maybe" and "maybe" cannot be taken for granted. If the paper can't draw a conclusion, don't memorize it. Any paper that does not write a conclusion can discuss the experimental results in depth. ?

7. Thanks?

Scientific research is usually not done by one or two people alone, but needs the support, help or guidance of various forces. Especially for large-scale projects, joint operations and multi-person participation are needed. After the conclusion or at the end of the paper, we should express our gratitude to the units and individuals who helped and supported the whole research process. Especially those who have participated in some research work and have not signed their names, we must affirm their contributions and thank them. If too many people help, there is no need to nominate one by one. In addition to directly participating in the work, those who have helped a lot are generally thanked by ordinary people. If some units or individuals do give help and guidance, even the research methods are learned from others, and they are not mentioned at all, it is suspected of plagiarism. If you write down people who have never given help and guidance, it is inappropriate to thank them for taking care of the relationship. In addition, some famous artists, scholars or professors have never directed or read papers, and it is even more wrong to improve their social status by nominating thanks. We must adhere to scientific ethics and effectively put an end to unhealthy practices. ?

8. Reference materials?

In the paper, the author should quote the opinions, data, materials and achievements of other people's reports, papers and other documents in the order cited in this paper, and indicate the serial number of the reference documents or the author's name. Each reference is arranged by title, author and source. The purpose of listing references is not only to facilitate readers to consult the original materials, but also to facilitate their further research. It should be noted that the author should read all references in detail, not including unread documents. ?

9. Appendix?

Appendix refers to relevant materials or drawings that are inconvenient to be included in the text, including detailed data, maps, charts, etc. The experimental part. Sometimes, when writing a paper and finding newly published information temporarily, it needs to be supplemented and can be included in the appendix. The materials listed in the appendix can be arranged in the order of presentation.

The basic structural format of paper writing mentioned above is suitable for papers with large topics and long length. For papers with small topics and short length, the basic structural formats can be added, reduced or merged. When choosing the author, we should not be rigid, but add and subtract points according to the specific situation, which will eventually play a better role in expressing the content of the paper.

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