Title: Environmental impact of applying chemical fertilizers and pesticides on golf courses and environmental pollution prevention and control policies.

Fertilization is one of the main measures of lawn maintenance and management, and the environmental impact of applying chemical fertilizer on golf courses is a common concern at home and abroad. This paper summarizes the influence of chemical fertilizer application on the environment of golf courses, and puts forward some policy suggestions to strengthen the prevention and control of environmental pollution of golf courses in China.

Keywords: chemical fertilizer and pesticide environment of golf course

Fertilization is one of the important factors of lawn maintenance and management, and it is the decisive factor to improve lawn quality and maintain lawn durability. The intensity of golf course lawn maintenance is very strong, and maintenance managers must use a large number of chemical fertilizers and herbicides and pesticides to obtain high-quality lawns. Excessive application of chemical fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides may lead to eutrophication of water body and pollution of groundwater, surface water and soil, which will last for a long time and the water body will take a long time to recover. In particular, the soil in the fruit collar area and service area of golf courses has good water permeability after being converted into sandy loam, which is more likely to cause leaching and pollute the environment. With the rapid increase in the number of golf courses in China, people have reason to pay attention to the impact of pesticides and fertilizers on the environment and human health. This paper will comment on the impact of chemical fertilizer application on the environment of golf courses, and give some policy suggestions to strengthen the prevention and control of environmental pollution of golf courses in China.

1. Overview of the use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides in golf courses

The fertilizers commonly used in golf courses are mainly nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium, of which the amount of nitrogen fertilizer is the largest, followed by potassium fertilizer, and the amount of phosphorus fertilizer is relatively small. The application of chemical fertilizer in golf course should not be carried out blindly, but should be applied according to the growth of lawn and soil nutrients. Before fertilization, the soil should be tested to determine what elements are missing in the soil, and then some long-term slow-release organic fertilizers should be applied in a targeted manner. Generally speaking, before the lawn of golf course is planted, the soil is transformed, some are paved with humus soil, and some are paved with good soil, so the amount of fertilization is relatively reduced.

There are many kinds of pesticides used in golf courses, which are mainly divided into insecticides, fungicides and herbicides. China has a vast territory, and there are obvious differences in climate and precipitation between north and south. There are great differences in lawn diseases and insect pests between north and south golf courses, and the types and doses of pesticides used are also different. Lawn diseases of golf courses are mainly bacteria, so fungicides are mainly used in golf courses. Lawn needs to be mowed frequently, and pests on leaves are taken away by mowing, while pesticides are useless for underground pests, so it is also the practice of golf courses to drive and kill pests with insect catching lights. Few herbicides are used in golf courses in the north, mainly manual weeding. However, the weeds in golf courses in the south of the Yangtze River valley in China are more harmful, which requires frequent weeding, and the dosage of herbicides is more than that in the north (Xue Guang et al., 2003). The Ministry of Environment of Korea reported that 144 pesticides were used in 84 golf courses in Korea in the first half of 2004.

It is difficult to count the exact amount of fertilizers and pesticides used in golf courses. The Ministry of Environment of Korea reported that in the first half of 2004, the total amount of pesticides used in golf courses built in Korea 16 city and 184 was 87.7 tons, and the amount used per unit area was 4.66㎏/ hectare. This figure is close to the average pesticide consumption reported by domestic golf courses: Hefei Yuan Yi Golf Course (organophosphorus pesticide 3.6㎏/ hectare), Beijing International Golf Course (4.60㎏/ hectare), Beijing Jiaoshang Country Golf Course (4. 17) and Shanghai International Golf Course (commercial pesticide 4.77㎏/ hectare).

According to the data, the application amount of pesticides and fertilizers in golf courses is lower than that in farmland. 199 1- 1993, the average annual pesticide consumption of golf courses in Korea is 4.7㎏/ ha, which is lower than the average agricultural consumption 12.9㎏/ ha (Li Ruilai,1996); 1999, the average amount of pesticides used in golf courses in Gyeonggi Province, South Korea was 4.7㎏/ ha, which was only 35% of the average amount of pesticides used in agricultural land in the same year. Taking Hefei Yuan Yi Golf Course as an example, the amount of nitrogen loss in farmland is much higher than that of golf course 1.5 times, and the amount of organophosphorus pesticides used is1./kloc-0 times. In 200 1 year, the fertilizer consumption of Beijing International Golf Course is 270㎏/ hectare, which is only half of the agricultural consumption of 545㎏/ hectare in the same year. In 65438+192, the amount of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizer used in Shanghai International Golf Course was 78.45㎏/ ha and 34.65㎏/ ha respectively, while the amount of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizer used in agriculture in that year was 485.25㎏/ ha and 52.5㎏/ ha respectively.

Surveys in South Korea and Japan show that the amount of pesticides used in golf courses is very different, and some are 30-40 times different. At the same time, the varieties of pesticides available in golf courses are diversified, and the possibility of using highly toxic pesticides is greatly reduced. In the first half of 2004, the highest amount of pesticides used per unit area of golf courses in Korea was 44.56㎏, and the lowest was only 0.5 1.

2. The environmental impact of using chemical fertilizers and pesticides on golf courses.

After spraying chemical fertilizers and pesticides, some of them volatilize and some are absorbed and degraded by plants and microorganisms; Water flow is the main carrier of pesticides and fertilizers entering the water body, and leaching and runoff of pesticides and fertilizers may increase the pollution load; At the same time, the pollution of pesticides and fertilizers is non-point source pollution, so it is difficult to accurately estimate its load on the environment.

According to Huang Chengjia's research (1998), whether fertilizers and pesticides are used properly or not has great differences on water bodies. If properly applied, under normal circumstances, chemical fertilizers and pesticides will not have a great impact on the downstream water quality; Improper application, such as heavy rain or rainstorm after application, will make a large number of chemical fertilizers and pesticides enter the surface water body, and may cause the water quality to exceed the standard, which is a potential threat to the downstream water body.

Studies have shown that the use of pesticides and fertilizers will increase the pollution load of water bodies. The loss caused by fertilization and the discharge of pollutants such as domestic sewage will increase the content of nitrogen and phosphorus in water. Nitrogen and phosphorus entering the surface water from Yuan Yi Golf Course are 1500㎏/a and 270㎏/a respectively, which is a heavy burden for Shuangfeng Lake, which has poor water quality and is used as a drinking water source in dry season (Jia Liangqing, 2003). In spring and autumn, water blooms often appear in golf courses and lakes in Gyeonggi Province, South Korea. The Great Shanghai Golf Course in Kunshan City, Jiangsu Province, located near Yangcheng Lake, is a famous hometown of hairy crabs. According to the detection results of surface water in the inner lake (river) and its surrounding area after applying chlorpyrifos pesticide, the water body is not obviously polluted: the concentration of chlorpyrifos in surface water is less than 0.4μg/L, which is lower than the allowable residue in drinking water stipulated by the US Department of Health and Welfare (MHW); The residue of chlorpyrifos in soil is not less than 0.4μg/L in most points except a few points, which indicates that the lake (river) in the stadium and the surrounding surface water are not obviously polluted (Shi Lili, 2000).

The investigation on the water quality of Shanghai International Golf Course on the east bank of Dianshan Lake in Shanghai shows that as long as the pollution prevention measures of golf course are proper, the pollutants in the surrounding areas can be reduced and the environmental conditions can be improved. After the sewage of golf course is treated by sewage treatment device, the pollution load is reduced by 73% compared with the original farmland runoff, and it is further reduced to 96.26% after biodegradation in the pond of golf course. The amount of nitrogen, phosphate fertilizer and pesticide required by the stadium is obviously less than the amount of farmland occupied by the stadium, which reduces the water pollution load. At the same time, due to the construction of the stadium, agricultural pollution sources such as aquaculture along the river have been cancelled. Therefore, the stadium construction not only has no negative effect of water pollution, but also has positive effect of water source protection (You, 1994).

In addition, there are reports that some groundwater is polluted. According to the investigation of five golf courses in Beijing from June 65438 to February 65438 in 1992, it shows that the wastewater treatment of each golf course is in good condition, and each golf course has sewage treatment facilities. After the wastewater reaches the standard, it is discharged into the municipal sewage pipe network. Affected by the region, groundwater over 30 meters is polluted to varying degrees. The total hardness and ammonia nitrogen of the groundwater in Grand Canal Stadium and Beijing Golf Course exceed the Class III standard of the national groundwater quality standard. The PH value of groundwater over 30 meters is as high as 9.44- 10.8 1, which is extremely rare in Beijing. The water quality of deep groundwater is generally good and meets the standard. Beijing International Golf Course meets the standards (Wang Xiaowei 2002) except that the ammonium nitrogen in the middle and lower reaches is slightly higher. The above data lack the comparison of monitoring data before and after the stadium construction and the detection data of the land around the stadium, so it is difficult to determine the actual pollution source.