Abstract: From the philosophical point of view, the relationship between military technology and military theory is just like the relationship between social existence and social consciousness. From the perspective of economics, the relationship between military technology and military theory is just like the relationship between supply and demand. The spiral development of military technology and military theory is like the game competition between commodity demand and commodity supply. Demand pulls supply, and supply will create its own demand. The competitive development of military technology and military theory is closely related to a country's economic development.
Keywords: economy and perspective; Military theory; Military technology; match
The relationship between military technology and military theory, like the relationship between social existence and social consciousness, is unbalanced in different historical periods of human war practice. The practice of human war needs both military technology and military theory. Military technology is the means and military theory is the guide. The development of military technology without the guidance of military theory can only be aimless, and the research of military theory without the support of military technology can only be passive water and trees without roots. The development of military theory and technology is closely related to a country's economic base.
First, analyze the connotation and development relationship of military theory and military technology from the perspective of economics.
Military theory usually refers to military thought, which refers to the rational understanding of war and military issues. The important components of military science usually include the concept of war, methodology of war issues, guiding ideology of war, guiding ideology of army building and other basic contents.
Military technology is a combination of materialized technology and conceptual technology. Judging from the development of military technology from ancient times to the present, according to the different energy transfer or conversion relations, it can be clearly divided into the following three stages: mechanical energy → chemical energy → nuclear energy. From the horizontal relationship, the military technology system is a shell structure, which consists of life equipment technology, transportation and communication technology, military engineering technology and weapon technology from the outside to the inside, and the core part of military technology is weapon technology. As clausewitz said: "There are many ways to achieve the goal of war, that is, to achieve political goals, but war is the only means, so everything must obey the law of solving problems with weapons." [1] War needs not only the support of military technology, but also the support of military theory. It is of great practical significance to study the development relationship between military theory and military technology.
Second, from an economic point of view, the development of military technology and military theory in the game
(1) The demand of the development of military theory has created the supply of military technology.
When the development of military theory needs military technology, all kinds of resources will flow into the military technology department to promote its development and produce military technology consumer goods to meet the demand. This is the pulling and pulling effect of advanced military theory on the development of military science and technology. Only when there is demand can there be a market, and only when there is a market can there be profit. Marx said: "Capitalists are afraid of no profit or too little profit, just as nature is afraid of a vacuum. Once there is a proper profit, capital will be bold. If there is a profit of 10%, he will guarantee to use it everywhere; With a profit of 20%, it will be active; With a profit of 50%, you will take risks; For the profit of 100%, it dares to trample on all human laws; The profit is 300%, and I dare to commit any crime, even at the risk of hanging. " [4]
From the experience and lessons of China's history, it is very wrong and harmful to pay attention to military technology and ignore military theory without considering demand, which makes military theory lag far behind military technology. Without the guidance of military thought, the long-term development of military technology is very blind.
(2) The supply of military technology will create demand for the development of military theory.
The influence of military technology on the development of military theory is gradually diffused from low level to high level, and it is gradually developed and occupied like the commodity development market. First of all, it is usually the theory of attack and defense that is influenced by it. Mozi's method of guarding the city and Qi Jiguang's training theory all talk about the mastery and use of weapons by combatants, which embodies this point. Similarly, goods are first opened to the local market. Secondly, on this basis, military science and technology will further affect the changes in tactics and tactics. If there is a chariot, there must be the art of chariot fighting; When using cavalry, we must pay attention to the method of riding and fighting; With the water army, there must be rules of water warfare; In the cold weapon era, dense formation is often adopted, while in the firearms era, evacuation formation must be adopted. In short, campaign tactics will generally change with the massive use of new weapons, just as commodities will develop regional markets after stabilizing local markets. Thirdly, military science and technology will further affect the formulation of strategic decisions and the research of strategic theories, including the theoretical research at the grand strategic level and the top-level "temple" design, just as commodities will further explore domestic and foreign markets. For example, the decision of a large group of cavalry attacking from a long distance in the Han Dynasty, the flexible combat theory of light cavalry in Tang Taizong, the guiding ideology of firearms in the Ming and Qing Dynasties, and the modern coastal defense strategy all appeared on the basis of military scientific and technological conditions at that time. It is an expansionary national strategy that a powerful country can only adopt in the era of cold weapons. But in modern times, transportation is highly developed, and this principle is no longer the only strategic choice for developed countries to expand abroad. It is not uncommon for them to carry out long-range attacks for national interests in modern times, such as the United States attacking Yugoslavia, Afghanistan and Iraq. This truth is the same as the inevitable development of mature product design and international market after the domestic market is stable.
(3) the development of military technology and military theory and economic development
The development of military technology and military theory must adapt to the economic development of a country. Whether military technology promotes the development of military theory or military theory guides the development of military technology, it is inseparable from economic support. The development of army building is divorced from the support of economic development ability, and haste makes waste. The Cold War once urged the Soviet Union to develop into a superpower to compete with the United States, but it also had a profound negative impact on the Soviet Union. For a long time after the Cold War, Russia's military theory and technology were at a disadvantage in the competition with the United States, and even stagnated. There is a similar case in the United States. Due to the rising cost, the military had to stop the procurement of the Crusader artillery project. Aircraft carrier has great combat effectiveness, so the development of military theory and technology of aircraft carrier must consider economic affordability. The life cycle cost of a Nimitz-class aircraft carrier formation is as high as more than $43 billion. If calculated according to the inflation rate of 20%, it will be nearly $60 billion, with an average annual expenditure of more than $2 billion. It's no exaggeration to call it a "golden monster".
In China, Mao Zedong's collective leadership led the people of China to win three major wars with advanced military theory and inferior technical equipment under the condition of underdeveloped economy. President Hu stressed that it is necessary to focus on fighting based on the existing equipment, improve the tactical and technical level, improve the command art, and strive to explore and master effective methods to deal with high-tech opponents. It can be seen that military theory and technology are intrinsically related to economic development. When promoting the development of military technology and military theory, countries should find a balance with economic development in order to achieve optimal and balanced development. Engels pointed out: "The victory of violence is based on the production of weapons, and the production of weapons is based on total production, so it is based on' economic power',' economic situation' and the material information possessed by violence." [4] National defense economic strength is the direct material basis for the development of military technology, and the economic value of military technology is an important driving force for its development.
Third, the externalities of the development of military technology and military theory.
(A) the externalities of military technology development
Strauss, the former deputy defense minister of the Federal Republic of Germany, pointed out: "Any field of technological and industrial breakthroughs is related to rearmament-this is an old and painful truth." Bernard, the founder of Scientology, wrote in his famous book "The Social Function of Science": "Science and war have always been closely linked; In fact, except for a period in the19th century, it is fair to say that most important technological and scientific advances were directly contributed by the needs of the navy and the army. " [2] M.M. Kiryan, a professor of Soviet military history, also asserted: "At present, almost any natural and technical department is related to weapons manufacturing." [3]
The extensive use of modern nuclear energy technology is also the spillover effect of the "Manhattan Project" in the United States. The application of military technology in war will bring great negative externalities to mankind. 1the explosion of two atomic bombs in Japan in August, 945 basically razed Hiroshima and Nagasaki. During the Japanese imperialist war of aggression against China, Japan used chemical poison 1 600 times in 78 areas of China 13 province, which caused great casualties to the people of China. From the perspective of economics, the theory of establishing and perfecting the scientific research and production system of weapons and equipment put forward by the 17th National Congress of the Communist Party of China can be regarded as the internalization theory of the externalities of military technology development.
(B) the externalities of the development of military theory
In China, military theory has a huge spillover effect, as well as in the world. Combining China's ancient art of war with modern ways of doing business is a popular research school in the West in recent years. William N Brown, an American writer, wrote at the beginning of his book Sun Tzu's Art of War Course for Enterprises-Strategic Analysis, Design and Implementation: "From the instructors of West Point Military Academy, American industrial giants and Japanese business strategists to the best basketball coaches in the United States, there is one thing in common, that is, they have all read Sun Tzu's Art of War." Because strategy is the key to the success of anything, whether it is business, sports or war. The United States Military Academy at West Point has not only trained a large number of world-renowned military figures such as MacArthur, Bradley, Stilwell and Barton, two presidents, Ulysses S. Grant and Dwight David Eisenhower, as well as cabinet ministers, parliamentarians, governors, diplomats and other political figures, but also trained a large number of scientific and technological celebrities and business tycoons, such as Mahan Mickey, the founder of civil engineering, groves, who led the Manhattan Project, and Henry, the king of gunpowder. It can be seen that the externality of the development of military thought is great, and the development of military theory is not only to prepare for war, but also to promote the development of politics, economy, science and technology and culture.
Four. Conclusion and enlightenment
War is a field full of unknowns and fierce confrontation, and it is also the field that needs constant innovation most. The 17th National Congress of the Communist Party of China pointed out that adapting to the world military development trend and the new requirements of China's development, promoting military theory and technological innovation is an inevitable requirement for effectively fulfilling our military's historical mission, and it is also the main content of promoting China's military reform. The two innovations are closely linked and organically unified, with military theoretical innovation as the forerunner and military technological innovation as the foundation. Engels said long ago, "If a nation wants to stand at the highest peak of science, it can't do without theoretical thinking for a moment." [4] The innovation of military theory must dare to meet the challenges of technology and be good at guiding the development of technology. This requires a broader vision, sharper thinking and broader vision. We should be good at guiding equipment construction to extensively absorb and apply the latest achievements of modern science and technology (including social sciences), avoid following the footsteps of others, realize "no one has me, no one has me", and vigorously promote the in-depth development of military reform with China characteristics.
Demand needs the support of supply to be satisfied, and supply needs the support of demand to survive. The same is true in the military field, which promotes the innovation of military theory with the development of military technology and the spiral development of military theory and technology with the innovation of military theory. In military construction, we should avoid being beaten passively because of the backwardness of military theory and asymmetric competition with the enemy in technical equipment because of the backwardness of military technology. War should consider the endurance and support of the national economy, and the development of military technology and military theory should also consider the endurance and support of the country. If the military theory is too advanced, it will become useless or even harmful; If military technology exceeds financial support, it will affect and restrict economic development. Military technology, military theory and national economy should be optimized, balanced and harmonious.
References:
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