Qing dynasty prisoners
1. Changes of the Qing government's policing concept in the process of modernization
China's first contact with the police in the western modern sense began in the concession of 19 century. Shanghai Bureau of Industry and Information Technology set up a meeting arrest bureau and patrol room to maintain public order in the concession. ? The clothes have Chinese and western numbers, which makes people easy to read. During the day, the streets are inspected in sections, and the lights are hung on the waist at night. ? At this time, the Chinese people only think that the police are well-dressed and have high attendance, but they have not found its institutional particularity. They just think that it is? It's no different from fasting. .
By the end of19th century, with the introduction of western political culture, reformist thinkers turned their attention to the western police system. Zheng thinks:? In Kauxifa, there are patrol rooms in the city, with day shifts and night shifts respectively. It is of great benefit to send patrols to the streets in the local area. Is it really one of Taixi's good treatments? .
Zheng, a dangerous word in the prosperous times
Chen Chi also praised the western police system. Although Taixi's patrol is a bit like Yuheng in ancient times, it is a quick service today, but it is against disasters and suffering. Italy, the United States and France have no shelter and surplus; The law with clear rewards and punishments, the idea of personal wealth, and the nature of being greedy for petty gain and cheap? .
There is a reason why progressive learners admire the western police system. The rapid increase of population in the late Qing Dynasty made it difficult to keep up with the traditional natural economy in some places, while the development of China as a trading port city greatly increased the population flow since it opened its port. At that time, it was often found in various cities in China? Green husk? 、? Bachelor? Haunt. They have no fixed industry and are not engaged in production. Often seek benefits through gray areas or even violations of discipline, which brings great challenges to urban public security.
The deteriorating public security situation has greatly exposed the chaos and corruption of the Qing public security system. At the grassroots level, public safety mainly depends on local officials, Garbo and local groups. However, this setting makes the grass-roots public security functions cross, regardless of military and police, and an independent and complete police system from western places to the central government can maintain social order more efficiently. In addition, the bureaucracy continued to deteriorate after Qianlong Jiaqing. The official accumulation is hard to return, the people suffer from it, and the official blinds them. More scum? .
Meanwhile, in the sixth year of Meiji (1870), Japan sent people to Europe to study the police system. During the period of 1884, the Qing government sent Fu Yunlong to study in various countries and translated the Japanese police into Chinese, which was the first time that China viewed the modern police system from a systematic perspective.
2. The Qing government's attempt and exploration of policing.
After the Sino-Japanese Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895, the reformists set off an ideological trend of demanding constitutionalism, and police, as an important part of constitutionalism, also attracted the attention of the reformers. Huang zunxian said:? Police games are the foundation of everything. ? At this time, China not only gradually discovered the important factors of safeguarding civil rights, independence and professionalism in the modern police system, but also suggested that it would be helpful for the government and the people to unite with the police? People's wisdom has been opened since then, and civil rights have been extended since then? .
After more than a year of preparation by the reformists, the first police organization in modern China, Hunan Security Bureau, was finally established in June 1898. However, after the establishment of the Security Bureau, it was strongly opposed by conservatives. While they broadcast rumors and slanders from the central authorities, they also sent thugs to attack patrol police and even destroy local sub-bureaus. In just five months, Hunan Security Bureau was revoked and forced to change its name to Garbo.
At this time, China's conservative forces still prevailed, and with the failure of the reformists to compete for political power, it was more difficult to carry out police affairs. However, the deteriorating situation in the late Qing Dynasty forced the government to make changes, and the destruction of social order after the change of Gengzi made the people in China feel high about reforming the public security system. 1902 Chuan Dao Su Lang wrote a book, which expounded the function and essence of modern police system. He believes that at present, there is turmoil inside and outside the Qing Dynasty. If internal defense is not carried out, what if? If civil strife is caused, foreign invaders will inevitably take the opportunity to come, which is a matter of life and death. This is also very dangerous, unless the police force is deployed and the method of visiting is used secretly to prevent problems before they happen. ? These words further strengthened the Qing government's determination to establish a police system and ordered the provinces to supervise police affairs. However, due to the lack of overall planning by the central government and the superficial understanding of police affairs in various places, the police in many places are like disguised officials. Of these four images, only Yuan Shikai's ruling in Zhili is remarkable.
190 1 year, Yuan Shikai served as governor of Zhili and minister of Beiyang, and hated the behavior of grass-roots officials in Zhili who relied on power and violated the law and discipline. So what? Baoding, the provincial capital, set up a garrison headquarters and five sub-bureaus, and selected cadres to organize and select 500 scouts, distributed inside and outside the city? And set up a police school, and hired San Pu Xi from the Japanese National Police Agency as a police consultant. It is worth noting that Yuan Shikai noticed the division of police functions and began to have police donations, engineering police, fire police and cavalry patrol police.
Yuan Shikai
Yuan Shikai still passed? Counting households by village, recommending the police, supervising the gentry's office by officials and raising funds by themselves? In this way, local forces were used to set up branches in Zhili, and soon Yuan's work was fruitful and police affairs became a common practice. Get only one deer? * * * raised funds to make more than 15,000 cranes, with neat ordnance exhibits and skillful martial arts? .
Old Beijing city
As a result, the social order in Zhili has been greatly improved. Yuan sent soldiers from the patrol battalion to patrol the city, clean the streets, question pregnant women and change shifts on time at night. He is very cautious, night is secret, and people say it is the wind that keeps the door open at night. ?
Beiyang police
At the same time, the success of Yuan Shikai's policing made China society look askance. The police in China put Beiyang in the first place. The world is public, not Arab. ? Seeing this effect, the Qing court adopted Yuan Shikai's suggestion and set up the inspection department in September 1905. There are also police law department, police security department, police department, locomotive depot, police department, police department and other departments and units under the patrol department. And in July 1906, an inspector was set up in the official system agreement project. These measures have laid a solid foundation for the construction of modern police system.
Wen said:
The motive of observing the police system in the late Qing Dynasty lies in thinkers' thinking about western constitutionalism, but the internal cause of carrying out the police system is that the Qing government is worried that the means of maintaining rule in the early 20th century will be destroyed. The soil of modern policing is democratic constitutionalism, and the core lies in the rule of law. Therefore, even Yuan Shikai, an effective policeman, has only learned a little, which is its inevitable limitation.