In order to help sweet pepper growers solve their problems, the reporter contacted Zhang Tao, a sweet pepper grower. Zhang Tao is a technician of a seedling company in Jinan, who is responsible for the demonstration planting of new varieties and new technologies. The sweet peppers he planted bear many fruits, are big and have high yield.
Zhang Tao Demonstration Base is also a training base for new professional farmers in Jinan. Many growers around him will ask Zhang Tao for advice when they encounter difficulties, and he will organize some training meetings regularly to share his production experience with growers. The reporter took Zhang Tao, a local expert, to the sweet pepper greenhouses of three growers to solve the problem on the spot.
Protected agriculture in Shanghe County of Shandong Province has developed rapidly, especially the cultivation of sweet pepper. In the interview and investigation, the reporter found that some growers' sweet peppers have problems of abnormal fruit and small growth. Not only the yield is reduced, but also the commodity is poor, which seriously affects the planting benefit.
Ge Jinlan, a sweet pepper grower, is one of them. Although there are many fruits in her greenhouse, the trees are short, half as bad as normal. If chilies don't grow, sell less 0.2 yuan. She calculated an account for the reporter. Her greenhouse can weigh 2,000 Jin at a time, but if she sells 400 yuan less at a time, she can pick 1 1 time during the whole growth period, and earn 4,400 yuan less.
Teacher Zhang walked into the greenhouse and looked around. After consulting Ge, I learned that the whole greenhouse used a lot of fertilizer, but the sweet pepper had small fruit and short plants. This is completely out of proportion to growth. Why is this? Originally fertilized into the soil, part of it was absorbed by plants, and the other part was buried with water. If the root system is developed, plants will absorb more nutrients. Therefore, Teacher Zhang judged that there was probably something wrong with the root system.
After obtaining the consent, Mr. Zhang randomly drew one. Sure enough, there are few capillary roots and small roots. No wonder he is not good-looking. Teacher Zhang said that this is a common misunderstanding among growers. The smaller the plant, the more frequently it is watered. Because they generally believe that trees can grow by watering and fertilizing. Unexpectedly, it backfired! The shorter the root system is, the more fertilizer is applied, the more airtight the soil is, and the fewer roots grow. The sweet pepper in Gejinlan greenhouse has small fruit and short plants, which is completely caused by excessive watering. So how to remedy this situation at present? First of all, water must be less and watered frequently. Fertilizer should also be applied less and more. Slowly, this situation can be alleviated.
During the visit, we also found that some growers' sweet peppers grow well, but they can't bear fruit and the fruit setting rate is low. A random pepper didn't bear two fruits until the ninth festival, and all the branches were below. The output has decreased by about 30%, and the output of one mu of land has decreased by 890 kilograms. What is the reason?
As soon as he entered the greenhouse, Mr. Zhang found that the sweet pepper in this shed grew too vigorously. How can growers judge whether the vegetative growth is too vigorous? Teacher Zhang teaches you a trick.
Generally speaking, according to the internode length, 7-8 cm is more suitable. 10 cm above, flourishing.
At present, Mr. Zhang suggested reducing fertilization, especially reducing nitrogen fertilizer and increasing phosphorus and potassium fertilizer; Secondly, we should enhance the light in the shed: wipe the shed film clean, manage the kidney beans under the shade and enhance the light; Thirdly, it is necessary to control the temperature, especially at night, not to exceed 18 degrees, but to control it at 15- 16 degrees.
In addition to the problems of deformed fruit and low fruit setting rate, some sweet pepper growers also encountered the phenomenon of dead trees. In previous years, there were 8- 10 plants in a shed, but now there are 100-200 plants. And it's getting worse. If it can't be solved, there may be the risk of production stoppage!
Why is there a phenomenon of dead trees? The whole plant withered, some internodes became black, and the epidermis was soaked in water, which should be an epidemic disease. This is a common disease of sweet pepper, mainly caused by high temperature and high humidity. Because when watering at high temperature, it is easy to steam, and the water droplets that become hot when encountering the film fall on the sweet pepper festival, which is easy to burn. So Mr. Zhang suggested that when the weather turns cold, try not to water it. When the temperature is too high, choose a good watering time to avoid watering during the high temperature period.
So how to remedy this situation? First of all, infected plants should be pulled out of the shed, buried deep, and not thrown nearby, otherwise it will spread repeatedly. Secondly, reduce the humidity in the shed and soil humidity to avoid high temperature. In order to reduce the incidence of this disease in the next crop next year, it is necessary not only to remove all the diseased plants, but also to ridge high when planting.
Generally, the yield of sweet pepper is 22,000 Jin per mu, while that of Zhang Tao is 30,000 Jin per mu. Not only the yield is high, but also the whole greenhouse is square, uniform in size and highly commercialized, with an average of about half a catty of sweet pepper. Selling 0.2-0.3 yuan more than the average sweet pepper of different sizes, earning 22,000 yuan more than the average grower on only one acre of land. How did he do it? What are the techniques to increase production? The reporter and the growers came to the sweet pepper greenhouse in Zhang Tao and asked him to share his planting experience with you.
Don't empty water.
Sweet pepper has a shallow root system and no main root. Most of the roots are distributed in 40 cm soil layer. It is mainly absorbed by capillary roots. Because the epidermis of capillary root is thin and the soil moisture is high, it is easy to retch the root and cause root rot. When it comes to high temperature, it is easy to have an epidemic.
According to the growth characteristics of sweet pepper, it is concluded that people like water and are afraid of water, and they like fat and are afraid of fat damage. Therefore, when planting sweet pepper, it is not watered alone, but combined with fertilization, with a small amount of multiple times and a yield of 30 kg per mu. Every time you fertilize, you should use fertilizers such as amino acids and humic acid to support and protect the roots. Whether the root system is strong or not directly affects the overall yield of sweet pepper. The growth period of local sweet pepper is generally ten months, and the growth period is relatively long, so it is very important to maintain the root system.
Temperature and humidity control
The greenhouse temperature should be controlled within 30 degrees during the day, especially at night, which is generally 16- 18 degrees. When the temperature exceeds 18℃, the respiration is enhanced, and the nutrient transformation is reduced, which naturally slows down the growth of leaves, stems and fruits.
Humidity control refers to the relative humidity of air in the shed, which should be controlled at 65%-70%. Excessive humidity can induce gray mold and epidemic disease. It is recommended to water under the film, because moisture does not easily rise to the shed. There is also the ground covered with straw to absorb moisture and reduce the humidity in the shed. At ten o'clock in the morning, the tuyere will be opened for ventilation, and at noon, the tuyere will gradually widen. In addition, pulling a windshield on the back wall can reduce the contact between chill and plants when outside air enters.
Trunk fruit retention
It means to leave the fruit on the main branch. In order to obtain high yield and high benefit of sweet pepper, the fruits on the side branches should be resolutely picked off. The main fruit of sweet pepper is big and square. Generally, four stems are pruned, leaving three fruits and three leaves. It is to leave three fruits, large, medium and small, on a tree trunk, so as to continue to bear fruit and ensure yield. Leave three leaves to ensure nutrient supply and pinch off the extra branches.