This bridge was built in the Sui Dynasty from 605 to 6 18. It was built by an ordinary stonemason, Li Chun, with a history of 1350 years. In the long years, despite numerous floods, wind and rain, ice and snow erosion and eight earthquakes, it stood on the Qingshui River unscathed.
The Zhao Zhouqiao designed by Li Chun is 50.82 meters long, 9.60 meters wide, with a clear span of 37.37 meters and an arch height of 7.23 meters. He considered that in order to make the slope of the bridge deck small, the height-span ratio of the bridge 1: 5 is convenient for pedestrians and vehicles to pass. The vault is so high that it is easy to sail under the bridge. He also made two small arches on the shoulders of the big arch, which made the whole bridge look particularly balanced and symmetrical, which not only facilitated flood discharge in rainy season, but also saved building materials. Its structure is magnificent, gorgeous and reasonable, which is imitated by later generations. The bridge deck designed by Li Chun is straight and divided into three strands, with chariots and horses in the middle and pedestrians on both sides, which can not only maintain order, but also prevent traffic accidents. It can be seen that 1300 years ago, under the condition of very backward technology, an ordinary stonemason Li Chun had such superb technology, which is really commendable.
Li Chun's stone and stone masonry skills are different. He used rectangular stones, each weighing about one ton. More than 65,438+0,350 years ago in the Sui Dynasty, it was difficult for Li Chun to transport such a heavy stone without cranes and cranes. This fully shows the great wisdom of our working people. It can be seen how much effort and cost Li Chun has paid!
Li Chun led other craftsmen to carve fine twill on each side of the stone, so that the stone was interlocked and fixed. The whole bridge consists of 28 independent stone arches side by side. He thought that this would allow each stone arch ring to bear its own load independently and facilitate maintenance. In order to strengthen the connection of the arch ring, he used nine iron beams to penetrate the arch back, and then embedded waist iron between the arch stones, so that the bridge was "ingenious and used by the world."
Finally, Li Chun organized craftsmen to carve many exquisite classical carving arts on the stone railings on both sides of the bridge deck. Exquisite design, vigorous and powerful knife cutting, changeable carving spirit, and all kinds of birds and animals are lifelike, which can be called a masterpiece of sculpture art in Sui and Tang Dynasties. This new type of bridge with upper arch and lower arch and "open shoulder arch", this layout and this huge span form such a beautiful shape, which is the first in Li Chun's world. In Europe, the Sylar Bridge on the Teke River appeared in the14th century, but it was more than 700 years later than Zhao Zhouqiao in China, and it was already destroyed by floods. Therefore, the Zhao Zhouqiao built by Li Chunzao is the only one with the longest survival time in the history of bridge construction in the world, which occupies an important position and is of great value in the world. This is the pride and pride of the people of China.
This Zhao Zhouqiao, with a long history, unique structure, beautiful appearance and the first place in the world, embodies Li Chun's sweat and hard work. Li Chun became the first bridge expert in the architectural history of China and even the world.
However, there is no more record about Li Chun's life story. Even after the Sui Dynasty, people in the Tang Dynasty only recorded it in several languages, such as "The person who made the strange Zhao Zhouqiao was Li Chun, a craftsman of the Sui Dynasty". Zhang Shizhen, the secretary after Kaiyuan 103 (AD 726) was built in Zhao Zhouqiao 100, briefly mentioned in the inscription of Anji Bridge: "The trace of Qingshuihe Stone Bridge in Zhaozhou, the craftsman Li Chun of Sui Dynasty, is also strange, and people don't know what he did." This shows that in feudal society, I don't know how many inventions and creations of working people were buried.
It is particularly worth mentioning that Zhao Zhouqiao has a very solid foundation. Since 1350, the settlement of bridge foundations on both sides is only 5 cm, which shows that the site selection of Li Chunqiao is scientific and reasonable. The foundation of Zhao Zhouqiao Bridge is built on the white coarse sand layer of Qingshui River bed. There is neither piling nor other stones. The abutment only uses five layers of stones. The bridge foundation is firm and the structure is simple. Before 1350 years ago, Li Chun dared to bear all the weight of the bridge with such natural foundation, which showed that Li Chun had a profound understanding of engineering, mechanics, architecture, hydrology and geology. Li Chun has so much scientific knowledge, which is undoubtedly obtained and accumulated from his labor practice.
Zhao Zhouqiao showed the great wisdom of the ancient working people in China, and Li Chun's name will go down in history forever.
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China Stone Arch Bridge Picture Pack (8 pieces)
Characteristics of stone arch bridges in China. /
1. has a long history (the earliest recorded stone arch bridge "Traveler Bridge" was built around 282 AD). It is almost everywhere (that is, it is numerous and widely distributed). It varies in size and form, and many of them are amazing masterpieces-diverse and outstanding.
Stone arch bridge is one of the three basic types of traditional bridges in China. Stone arch bridge system is diverse. The two bridges described in this paper are outstanding representatives of millions of stone arch bridges. For thousands of years, stone arch bridges have spread all over the country. With the development of economy and culture, they have made rapid progress. They are an integral part of China's splendid ancient culture and have won honor for the motherland in the world. Up to now, a large number of ancient bridges are well preserved, which can be said to be the historical testimony of the exquisite skills of bridge builders in past dynasties, and also show the wisdom and strength of the working people in China. An ancient bridge can stand the test of natural disasters and wars and has not been broken for thousands of years. It is a miracle that it has not only been preserved as a monument, but also maintained its inherent functions. Of course, it is also due to the hard repair of the past dynasties, and this repair activity often comes from the folk's love and protection of the bridge. There are many stories about this social fashion in the history of Chinese bridges, which is worth telling. China is regarded as an ancient country with many bridges. This historical concept and quantitative concept, as well as the intuitive impression that there are physical objects to follow, are all knowledge that needs to be involved in understanding Chinese stone arch bridges. If these vivid historical facts are removed, not only is the connotation empty, but what can one or two isolated bodies tell us?
Secondly, the stone arch bridge appeared late in the history of bridge development in China, but once it appeared, it developed rapidly, that is, after the modern railway and highway bridge engineering technology was introduced into China in 1880, it still maintained its vigorous vitality, and made great progress in combination with modern engineering theory and new building materials. The two bridges introduced in this paper have been in Zhao Zhouqiao for 1400 years, and Lugou Bridge has stood on the turbulent Yongding River for nearly 700 years. Both of them are majestic and solid, and they still maintain their original style, which can be used by heavy vehicles. It is rare in stone bridges at home and abroad. Zhao Zhouqiao's open-shouldered creation was seven centuries earlier than that of the West. The reason why it can last for a long time shows that the design and construction are scientific. Another example is the shallow foundation and short abutment in Zhao Zhouqiao. Many modern engineers were surprised because it was unscathed after many earthquakes and floods. This is by no means accidental. Tang Dynasty's Preface to Shiqiao said, "People don't know why it's amazing." This evaluation is almost the same as that of engineering scholars in the twentieth century, and it is highly skilled, which can be seen here. In a large number of historical facts, the technical achievements of ancient stone arch bridge "saving materials, skillful structure and high strength" are summarized, which is the consistent goal pursued by bridges and any buildings at home and abroad. At the beginning of the 6th century, China's skillful craftsmen displayed their intelligence and made bold innovations, and their brilliant achievements were worthy of pride.
Thirdly, bridging the bridge across the water, the beauty of artistic conception, the beauty of carving and decoration, and the diversity of styles are also the national traditions that embody China's aesthetic standards. No matter the size of the building, the technology should be improved, just like painting, there can be no failure. Since the prevalence of grotto statues, ancient masons have had a set of superb skills and a certain level of artistic design. The railings in Zhao Zhouqiao and the stone lions in Lugou Bridge are both famous for their artistic treasures, which is also a precious artistic tradition of Chinese stone arch bridges and has a far-reaching influence on the decoration of modern stone arch bridges.
The stone arch bridge in China has made some achievements in ancient times, and it still has development prospects today. What used to be useful is still working today. Therefore, it is a precious heritage, showing the industriousness, courage and outstanding talents of the working people in our country. We will certainly make greater achievements in the cause of modern bridges.
Arch bridge is one of the basic systems of bridges, with a long history and beautiful appearance. Famous bridges in ancient and modern China and abroad occupy an important position in bridge construction. It is suitable for large, medium and small span roads or railway bridges, especially for crossing canyons. Because of its beautiful shape, it is also often used in bridge construction in cities and scenic spots.
/kloc-since the middle of the 0/9th century, with the appearance of steel and concrete building materials, stone arch bridges have been gradually replaced by steel arches and reinforced concrete arch bridges. The arch bridge structure develops to light structure, gradually breaking the traditional through stone arch bridge and creating a new arch bridge. The arch ring of the arch bridge has developed into a separated rib arch, and the bridge deck has developed into a new plate beam structure, which is supported on the arch rib by columns (through type) or suspended under the arch rib by suspenders (through type). When restricted by terrain or bridge construction height, it can also be made into a half-through arch bridge. Arch bridges can be single-span or multi-span.
Box-ribbed half-through arch bridge
Classification:
1. According to the stress of arch ring: thrust arch bridge and non-thrust arch bridge.
2. According to the material of arch ring (rib) structure, it can be divided into stone arch bridge, steel arch bridge, concrete arch bridge and reinforced concrete arch bridge.
Single hole hollow stone arch bridge
Reinforced concrete inclined tied arch bridge
3. According to the static diagram of arch ring (rib) structure, it can be divided into hingeless arch, double hinged arch and three hinged arch. The first two are statically indeterminate structures, and the latter is statically indeterminate structures. Both ends of the arch ring of the hinged arch are fixed on the abutment (pier), so the structure has the greatest rigidity and less deformation, which is more economical than the hinged arch. However, factors such as abutment displacement, temperature change or concrete shrinkage will adversely affect the stress of arch, so the construction of articulated arch bridge needs a solid foundation. The double hinged arch is provided with rotatable hinge supports at both ends of the arch ring, and the hinge supports allow the two ends of the arch ring to rotate a little. Although the structure is not as rigid as hinged arch, it can weaken the adverse effects of abutment displacement and other factors. Three-hinged arch is to add another hinge to the double-hinged arch, which makes the structural stiffness worse, but can avoid the adverse effects of various factors on the stress of the arch ring.
Bridge expert Mao Yisheng
Mao Yisheng is a famous bridge expert, educator and social activist in China. The Qiantang River Bridge designed by him is the first railway and highway bridge designed and built by China people themselves in China. He also participated in the construction of Wuhan Yangtze River Bridge, the first modern bridge in New China.
Mao Yisheng studied in the United States in his early years, and his doctoral thesis "Secondary Stress of Frame Structure" was a scientific creation, which was called "Mao's Law". 192 1 year, he returned to the embrace of the motherland. In 1930s, Mao Yisheng's achievements in the engineering technology of Qiantang River Bridge made foreign counterparts look at the bridge-building engineers in China with new eyes. In 1950s, during the construction of Wuhan Yangtze River Bridge, Mao Yisheng served as the chairman of the technical advisory committee composed of Chinese and foreign experts, and solved 14 problems in the construction of Wuhan Yangtze River Bridge. From 65438 to 0959, during the construction of "Top Ten Buildings" in the capital, Mao Yisheng served as the head of the structural review team of the Great Hall of the People, and contributed his own technology, experience and wisdom to this historic building. He is an important founder of modern bridge engineering in China.
As an educator, Mao Yisheng has served as a professor in five schools, the presidents of two universities and the deans of two colleges during his more than 20 years' educational career. He actively advocated popular science education and wrote many popular science articles such as Qiao Hua and China Stone Arch Bridge.
The Origin of "Lugou Xiaoyue"
According to legend, there is another reason to describe the beauty of Lugou Bridge only by "Xiaoyue": whenever the end of the lunar calendar (dark day) approaches dawn, the hook moon in the lower chord can't be seen clearly elsewhere. If someone comes to the bridge, he will get the light first. It is doubtful whether this popular truth is reliable. In fact, the Lugou Bridge is just a little high. Is it at the top of Xishan Mountain or on the White Pagoda (Beihai Mountain) in Beiping City at the same time, the twilight will be worse than that on Lugou Bridge? However, it is better not to be so restrained. It is a witty remark of an imaginative artist to use "Xiaoyue" as a foil. I didn't prepare future generations for scientific tests. You think: "A day's plan lies in the morning", not to mention the pedestrians arrive early. It is full of vigor and vitality, setting off the charming moon-a huge bridge with a white stone embedded under the blue sky. The pheasants in the capital are looming, the clouds in the western hills are similar in distance, the wilderness is boundless, and Liu Huang rushes, ... such light, such color, such places and buildings, whether it is a chilly morning in spring or a chilly dawn in autumn, although the scenery changes at any time, if there is no rain and snow, the moon, white stone bridge and wilderness at the end of each month,
Shaoxing, China-the hometown of ancient bridges.
Shaoxing is one of the famous historical and cultural cities in China. It was called Yue State in ancient times. There are many waterways in the territory, and it has the reputation of water town and water city. There is a bridge because of water, and there must be scenery because of the bridge, which is called the bridge town.
According to the Qulu Map of Shaoxing Fucheng drawn by Gui Si (1893) of Guangxu in Qing Dynasty, there were 229 bridges in the city at that time, with an urban area of 7.4 square kilometers, with an average of one bridge every 0.023 1 square kilometer, which was 45 times the density of bridges in the city before World War II (there were only 76 bridges left in the city) and twice the density of bridges in Suzhou in the late Qing Dynasty. Stone bridges connect streets and lanes, climbing in five steps and crossing in ten steps. It can really be said that there is no city, no road and no village.
There are many bridges in Shaoxing. According to the statistics at the end of 1993, there were 106 10 bridges in the whole city, which is known as "the city of ten thousand bridges". Among these bridges, ancient bridges account for a large proportion, which is one of the areas with the largest number of preserved ancient bridges in China. From wooden beam bridges and wooden arch bridges adapted to Xiaojiang to pontoons adapted to rivers, to stone bridges, triangular bridges, pentagonal bridges, heptagonal bridges, semicircular stone arch bridges, horseshoe-shaped stone arch bridges, elliptical stone arch bridges and quasi-catenary arch bridges that have entered the world's advanced arch ring structure.
Among the 604 existing ancient bridges in the city, there were 3 ancient bridges1before the Song Dynasty, 4 ancient bridges1before the Ming Dynasty, and 550 ancient bridges were rebuilt, rebuilt and newly built in the Qing Dynasty. According to materials and structures, there are 0/0 ancient wooden bridges/KLOC (including wooden beam bridges and wooden arch bridges), 348 Liang Shi bridges (including three-fold bridges), 24 stone arch bridges/KLOC-0 (including multi-fold arches, semi-circular arches, horseshoe arches, elliptical arches and quasi-catenary arches), 4 multi-bridge composite bridges and 6,544 fiber bridges. There are many kinds of ancient bridges in Shaoxing, and many of them have won the title of "the most bridges" in China: the earliest existing urban bridge in China-the splayed bridge in the Song Dynasty, the only super-long Liang Shi bridge in the Tang Dynasty-the only single-span continuous three-hole horseshoe arch bridge in China-Jingkou Bridge-the quasi-catenary arch ancient bridge in Yucheng Bridge, and the largest number of folding bridges in Yingxian Bridge.
These "best" show that Shaoxing ancient bridge is not only complete in categories, but also has reached the peak of its era in bridge type, bridge construction technology and technical level.
Shaoxing ancient bridge has the beauty of environmental layout, structural decoration and bridge poetry, which constitutes a unique water town traffic landscape. "Bow a rainbow, bring a jade belt in front of the door, and the famous bridge goes out of Yuezhou." Shaoxing ancient bridge culture has become an important part of Yue culture.
Since the founding of the People's Republic of China, modern bridge construction in Shaoxing has changed with each passing day. Among them, Chang 'an overpass, as the representative, is a major construction achievement in Shaoxing central city in recent years. Showed the modern features of Shaoxing ancient city to people inside and outside the province and at home and abroad, and opened a new chapter of Shaoxing modern bridge.
Shaoxing is one of the famous historical and cultural cities in China. It was called Yue State in ancient times. There are many waterways in the territory, and it has the reputation of water town and water city. There is a bridge because of water, and there must be scenery because of the bridge, which is called the bridge town.
According to the Qulu Map of Shaoxing Fucheng drawn by Gui Si (1893) of Guangxu in Qing Dynasty, there were 229 bridges in the city at that time, with an urban area of 7.4 square kilometers, with an average of one bridge every 0.023 1 square kilometer, which was 45 times the density of bridges in the city before World War II (there were only 76 bridges left in the city) and twice the density of bridges in Suzhou in the late Qing Dynasty. Stone bridges connect streets and lanes, climbing in five steps and crossing in ten steps. It can really be said that there is no city, no road and no village.
There are many bridges in Shaoxing. According to the statistics at the end of 1993, there were 106 10 bridges in the whole city, which is known as "the city of ten thousand bridges". Among these bridges, ancient bridges account for a large proportion, which is one of the areas with the largest number of preserved ancient bridges in China. From wooden beam bridges and wooden arch bridges adapted to Xiaojiang to pontoons adapted to rivers, to stone bridges, triangular bridges, pentagonal bridges, heptagonal bridges, semicircular stone arch bridges, horseshoe-shaped stone arch bridges, elliptical stone arch bridges and quasi-catenary arch bridges that have entered the world's advanced arch ring structure.
Among the 604 existing ancient bridges in the city, there were 3 ancient bridges1before the Song Dynasty, 4 ancient bridges1before the Ming Dynasty, and 550 ancient bridges were rebuilt, rebuilt and newly built in the Qing Dynasty. According to materials and structures, there are 0/0 ancient wooden bridges/KLOC (including wooden beam bridges and wooden arch bridges), 348 Liang Shi bridges (including three-fold bridges), 24 stone arch bridges/KLOC-0 (including multi-fold arches, semi-circular arches, horseshoe arches, elliptical arches and quasi-catenary arches), 4 multi-bridge composite bridges and 6,544 fiber bridges.
There are not only many kinds of ancient bridges in Shaoxing, but also many of them have won the title of "the best bridge" in China:
The earliest existing urban bridge in China-the splayed bridge in Song Dynasty
Xiandao Bridge, the only special Liang Shi Bridge in China in the Tang Dynasty.
Jingkou Bridge-the only horseshoe arch bridge with three continuous holes in China.
The first quasi-catenary arch bridge in China-Yucheng Bridge and Yingxian Bridge
China has the largest number of folding bridges.
These "best" show that Shaoxing ancient bridge is not only complete in categories, but also has reached the peak of its era in bridge type, bridge construction technology and technical level.
Shaoxing ancient bridge has the beauty of environmental layout, structural decoration and bridge poetry, which constitutes a unique water town traffic landscape. "Bow a rainbow, bring a jade belt in front of the door, and the famous bridge goes out of Yuezhou." Shaoxing ancient bridge culture has become an important part of Yue culture.
Since the founding of the People's Republic of China, modern bridge construction in Shaoxing has changed with each passing day. Among them, Chang 'an overpass, as the representative, is a major construction achievement in Shaoxing central city in recent years. Showed the modern features of Shaoxing ancient city to people inside and outside the province and at home and abroad, and opened a new chapter of Shaoxing modern bridge.
An ancient street in Shaoxing won the United Nations Cultural Heritage Award.