Among the famous emperors in ancient China, Zheng He's voyages to the Western Seas, Nuer Gandu and Yongle Grand Ceremony were all related to the name of Ming Chengzu. People with a little knowledge of history also know that Ming Taizu became the ancestor of the Five Commandments Mobei, and 800,000 troops went to Annan to dredge the Grand Canal and build both capital city on a large scale. As a feudal emperor, Ming Chengzu did one thing well enough to rank among the famous emperors, but he did so much, in fact, it was more than that. However, his name was also associated with atrocities such as "killing ten families" and "copying melons and vines", which seriously damaged his image. Let's take a look at the magnificent life of the Ming emperor!
Adolescent period
Ming Chengzu was born during the war at the end of Yuan Dynasty. At that time, heroes rose together and conquered each other. When Chengzu was born, Zhu Yuanzhang and Chen Youliang fought so hard that they didn't even have time to name their son. Judy, the founder of the Ming Dynasty, claimed to be a student of Ma Huanghou. In fact, his biological mother was an imperial concubine, which led to many unofficial history and legends. When his ancestors grew up in the Ming Dynasty, he was made a prince and became a vassal of Beiping (now Beijing). He married Xu Da's eldest daughter and became his good wife. The prince is the most powerful of all kings. He was well trained and showed his military ability in resisting civil strife in various ministries of Mongolia.
Problem baby
At the end of Yuan Dynasty, a large number of people were displaced during the war. What a hero in troubled times. Zhu Yuanzhang sprang up suddenly and actively expanded his territory based on Yingtian (now Nanjing). Zhu Yuanzhang has many wives and children, and Judy is the fourth of his 26 sons. Some sons don't know who their birth mother is. When the Ming Dynasty was founded, Judy was already a child of eight or nine years old. At that time, the whole country was still depressed and devastated. All these have left a deep impression on Judy's young mind.
& lt I was born in troubled times.
In the 20th year of Yuan Dynasty (1360), Judy was born in Nanjing, formerly known as Yingtianfu. To comply with God's will is to comply with God's will. Four years ago (1356), Zhu Yuanzhang crossed the river and captured Qing Ji (Nanjing), renamed Qing Ji Yingtian. He wants to comply with the destiny, overthrow the Yuan Dynasty, draw the heroes and become the emperor himself. Now that he has a fourth son, it is reasonable to celebrate. Almost at the same time as the birth of Ming Taizu Chengzu, the urgent official document of Chen Youliang attacking Taiping (now Tu County, Anhui Province) came from the front. If Chen Youliang has captured Taiping, then continue to attack Yingtian. But the military situation was urgent, so he didn't even have time to look at his son and went to the front to direct the war. As for how to give the child a lucky name, he has no time to think about it.
< second place > first place at the age of seven.
In the twenty-seventh year of Zheng Zheng (1367), at the end of the lunar calendar, Zhu Yuanzhang is going to officially become the emperor next year. Seeing that he had seven sons, he was naturally filled with joy. At this time, the situation was rough, and he was determined to formally name his son. December 24th. He appealed to the ancestral temple and attributed the birth of the seven sons after crossing the river to the virtue of their ancestors:
Since the bootstrap soldiers, seven children have been born across the river. Today, the eldest son's name is Yue Biao, ... Yue Di. .....
At this time, Ming Chengzu was only 7 years old, and he had his own name like all his brothers.
& lt Third > The Mystery of Birth Mother
Who is Ming's biological mother is still a mystery, which is incredible to ordinary people. But this mystery does exist and has been puzzling for hundreds of years.
In ancient China, a son born to an unmarried wife was called a son, and a son born to an unmarried wife was called an illegitimate child. The wife is called the first mother, and the other concubines are called the common mother. For the royal family, the names of sons and sons are significantly different. According to the feudal patriarchal clan system, when the emperor dies, the throne should be inherited by the eldest son. Even if the eldest son dies early and the eldest son has a son, it should be inherited by the eldest son, and other illegitimate children should not covet it.
Ming Chengzu claimed to have been born in Ma Huanghou, and naturally he was called Di Zi. In fact, according to the textual research of scholars of past dynasties, Ming Chengzu's biological mother was not Ma Huanghou. Chengzu's biological mother is not only related to his life experience, but also profoundly affects his life behavior.
Judy, the founding emperor of the Ming Dynasty, spent her adolescence in the court. He was made a prince at the age of 1 1. After another 10 years, he has become a young man in full health, and he led the Guards to Beiping. This period of life has had a profound impact on his future path.
& lt me > palace life
In the eyes of ordinary people, the court life of the descendants of emperors must be very happy. In fact, there is not much fun except material life, and it can even be said to be boring.
Take part in the pilgrimage.
They have to attend all kinds of appearances and ceremonies endlessly, and they must be serious and not be despised. In addition, several scholars and I read Confucian classics all day. Only when they occasionally walk in the suburbs can they witness some interesting folk life. Whenever his emperor Lao Zi wants to hold a large-scale sacrifice, such as suburban sacrifice and temple visit, Judy and his brothers will help with the sacrifice. It may feel quite fresh for the first time, but after a long time, it is conceivable that it is boring.
Learn Confucianism and respect Confucius
Another main life content is to learn Confucian classics. Zhu Yuanzhang had no chance to go to school when he was young. Later, he just learned a little culture on horseback. He wrote the imperial edict himself, and the sentences were incomprehensible. He wrote an inscription for Xu Da's tomb, and no one can break a sentence. Zhu Yuanzhang regretted his low level of education all his life. Therefore, he attaches great importance to children's education.
In the first year of Zhu Yuanzhang's reign, he built Big Ben Hall in the palace as a place for the prince and his brothers to study. There are a large number of ancient books in the hall for his brothers to read. Recruit national Confucian masters, teach in shifts, and educate princes and princes. Masters are great scholars, such as Song Lian. For more than ten years, he has taught the prince and the king the four books and five classics, and talked about feudal etiquette, and his every move must conform to feudal etiquette.
Well educated
How to educate these princes, Zhu Yuanzhang put forward his educational policy to Confucian scholars: "For example, a piece of fine gold needs a skillful craftsman, and a piece of beautiful jade needs a good jade craftsman to become a product." If you have good children and don't ask for famous teachers, isn't it better to love children than jade?
My children will govern the country in the future, and the children of all heroes will also be officials. The most important way to educate them is integrity. If you are right, you can do everything well; If the heart is not right, all kinds of evil desires will come, which is the most unacceptable. To teach them practical knowledge, they don't need to recite words like ordinary scribes. It's not good. "
In Zhu Yuanzhang's view, learning is important and virtue is more important.
The dignity of teachers' profession
Among the princes' teachers, there was a man named Li Xiyan, who was a hermit. Because of his fame, Zhu Yuanzhang wrote a personal letter to recruit him to Beijing and let him be a vassal's teacher. Teachers in ancient private schools have a ruler in their hands, and students will be beaten if they don't obey. He is probably used to this, and he is still very strict with the princes. Once, a prince was disobedient and let him hit him on the head, causing blisters. Zhu Yuanzhang felt very distressed and was furious at the moment, ready to cure Li Xiyan. Empress Gao urged, "Master taught our son to be a saint. How can we be angry with him?" Zhu Yuanzhang was relieved, and soon Li Xiyan was promoted. The history books don't record whether Judy was beaten, but he must have studied in such a serious atmosphere.
teach by precept and example
Besides being educated by the masters, Judy's brothers should also be admonished by Zhu Yuanzhang at any time. One day in December of the first year of Hongwu (136), Zhu Yuanzhang retired to the palace. When Judy's brothers were in front of him, he pointed to an academy in the palace and said to them, "It's not that we can't build pavilions as places to play, but I really can't bear to waste more manpower and money. Yao's room was built before, but everyone hated him. Wendi wanted to build terraced fields, but it was peaceful and peaceful at that time because it was not built because of the poor cost of 120 silver. You should always be vigilant in the future! " On this occasion, Judy's brothers deserve special respect, otherwise, they will be punished more severely than their master.
Judy received a completely feudal orthodox education from her father. In this regard, Zhu Yuanzhang once had a clear explanation: I often say to the philosophers: First, chess should be light; Second, I'm tired of talking and laughing; Third, the festival of diet teaching; Fourth, take the frugality of teaching as an example. Complain that they don't know the people's hunger and cold, and strive to make the people suffer less from hunger and cold; Complain that they don't know the hardships of the people and try to make them work less.
It can be seen that the Judy brothers should not only learn book knowledge, but also behave in accordance with feudal norms. This is not a pleasant thing for a naive teenager.
Martial arts and strong ambition
Zhu Yuanzhang didn't want his sons to become weak scholars, so he let them often do some activities to strengthen their bones and muscles. Shortly after he became Queen Wu, he saw his seven sons grow up gradually. "You want to study hard, let in waits do hemp, perfect vines. If the scholar is a little far outside the city, he will take seventeen steps and thirteen steps. " The so-called Ma Xie is Ma Xie's view, and the walking of vines refers to leg-binding. This means that Judy's seven brothers all wear Ma Xie, wrap their legs and go hiking outside the city like soldiers. Seven out of ten of them ride horses and three out of ten walk. This is very interesting for the princes who have lived in the deep palace compound for a long time, although tired. As they grow older, they have to practice military equipment in the martial arts field from time to time to keep fit.
People's suffering
In the ninth year of Hongwu (1376), Judy was a handsome young man of 17 years old. His father was going to let them go abroad as prisoners, and he felt it necessary to let the princes experience the folk life. This year, Judy's brothers came to their hometown in Fengyang, Anhui Province, which was called Zhongdu at that time. Their grandparents were buried here, and this is where their father used to herd cattle and sheep for a large family when he was a child. It is also a poor village with famine for nine years in ten years, and the life of ordinary people is very difficult. Here, Judy seems to see how his father suffered when he was a child and how difficult it was to start a business. He lived here for three or four years, and the folk life had a profound influence on his thoughts. Judy is a caring person. "People know all the details." . When he became emperor, he often told his sons about his life. I think I can travel all over the north and south, and I am not afraid of the cold outside the Great Wall, so this experience has benefited me a lot. Judy's life in Fengyang can be regarded as the internship stage of court education. When he comes back, he will be ready to be a captain abroad.
& lt second > seal the prince.
Zhu Biao, Judy's eldest brother, was called the "Big Head Prince" in Nanjing, and was made a prince when Zhu Yuanzhang called the King of Wu. In the first year of Hongwu (1368), on the fourth day of the first month, Zhu Yuanzhang held a ceremony to worship heaven in the southern suburbs, and officially ascended to the top in the south of the suburban altar. He even gave it to four generations of ancestors, conferring Ma Shi as the queen and Zhu Biao as the crown prince.
Zaoli Fan Wei
In Zhu Yuanzhang's view, the main reason why court coups often occurred in the Yuan Dynasty was that he didn't set up a prince early, so he had to solve this problem as soon as he proclaimed himself emperor. He also saw that when peasant uprisings broke out everywhere at the end of the Yuan Dynasty, there was a lack of powerful governors everywhere in the Yuan Dynasty. In view of this, in the third year of Hongwu (1370), he made the arrangement of sealing princes, that is, sealing his youngest son to various places as princes. In order not to let the whole world feel that his selfishness is too heavy, he especially repented before sealing the Francisco:
The world is big, it is necessary to build a screen to protect the family and the people. Philosophers today are very long. It is appropriate for every town and country to have a knighthood. Personally, I don't know my relatives, but I follow the system of ancient sages and kings, which is a long-term and stable plan.
Philosophers sealed the king
The problem of making philosophers kings has been solved. For such an important thing, zhu yuanzhang, of course, to send a formal imperial edict:
According to the ancient emperors, since there is a world, the elders in the first place must have a high position. If his sons are all divided and given royal titles, the distinction between the old and the young will be covered up and the internal and external situation will be consolidated. There are ten people in Lian Jin. The year before last, the eldest son was made Crown Prince. So, on the seventh day of April this year, the second son was named King of Qin, the third son was named King of Jin, the fourth son was named King of Yan, the fifth son was named King of Wu, the sixth son was named King of Chu, the seventh son was named King of Qi, the eighth son was named King of Tan, the ninth son was named King of Zhao, the tenth son was named King of Lu and the grandson was named King of Jingjiang. They all gave books and treasures and set up officials. All the ceremonies are customized. Yu! Public construction is auxiliary, so Yan 'an is wide; The territory is blocked, so support thick as soon as possible. Ancient and modern friendship, how dare I be private!
On this day, Judy became a prince.
Old system of Han and Tang dynasties
Zhu Yuanzhang enfeoffed all the scholars as princes, claiming that it was "according to the system of ancient philosophers and kings." We might as well briefly review how the ancient emperors were enfeoffed and see what Zhu Yuanzhang had gained and lost.
After the establishment of the Han Dynasty, Liu Bang also implemented the enfeoffment system. At first, Wang with the same surname coexisted with Wang with a different surname. Later, Wang with different surnames was gradually stripped off, leaving only Wang with the same surname. These Wang with the same surname held political, economic and military power in feudal countries, which eventually led to the "rebellion of the Seven Kingdoms with Wu and Chu", under the banner of "Jun Qing side", in fact, they wanted to seize the throne. At the beginning of Jin Dynasty, children with the same surname were made kings, holding real military and political power, which later led to the "Eight Kings Rebellion". Although the children of the royal family were also crowned kings in the Tang Dynasty, "a famous city without a country" had to live in a mansion in the capital and be managed by eunuchs. The Song Dynasty generally followed the practice of the Tang Dynasty, but made some changes. The king of the Song Dynasty only had himself, and he could not inherit. He can take the imperial examination like the children of ordinary people. In the Yuan Dynasty, the prince was crowned king and sent to all walks of life. The autocratic side is like a local military and political leader, obviously with the color of national oppression.
Small bags are too extravagant.
In Zhu Yuanzhang's view, the enfeoffment system in the Han Dynasty was better, which made enfeoffment countries and counties alternate with each other and was convenient for monitoring. On this basis, he established his own enfeoffment system. This system had a great influence not only on Judy herself, but also on the politics of the Ming Dynasty.
According to the system of the Ming Dynasty, all princes who were created as princes were given gold books and treasures, and they ate rice and mangoku every year. Its guards range from 3,000 to19,000. But this is only in general. For example, several prisoners who defended Mongolia in the north all exceeded this figure. For example, King Ning of Daning "took 80,000 armour and 6,000 wagons". The houses, costumes and car flags of these princes are "inferior to the emperor", and ministers and princes will "bow down" when they see them.
The eldest son of the vassal king was made a prince, the future heir of the vassal king, and was awarded the golden book at the age of 10. Other philosophers awarded gold-plated silver books and treasures and made them king of the county. In the future, all descendants will be knighted, and starting with the sixth grandson, they will be made lieutenant in China. When you are born, you must ask for a name from the clan mansion, and when you are old, you must ask for marriage. But they can't engage in business such as scholars, agriculture, industry and commerce, and they can only sit on their salaries. After the mid-Ming Dynasty, the salaries of members of the royal family became a heavy burden for the country.
Show importance by assembling troops
The captaincy has no administrative power, only military power. The imperial court transferred troops, and the local guards had to obtain the decree of the local princes to transfer troops. In the event of war, even the founding fathers will obey the constraints of the captaincy. When Judy, the prince of Yan, led the army to conquer Nair Buhua, Fu Youde and other generals were also under his command. Zhu Yuanzhang felt that his own system was stricter than that of previous dynasties, so that Daming Jiangshan could maintain long-term stability. But he never imagined that, just after his death, a "Jingnan War" broke out between Judy and Wen Jian for the throne.
Some far-sighted ministers have long seen the disadvantages of this enfeoffment system, but few people dare to speak out publicly. Jie Jin, a famous scribe, said frankly that he "made many seals, and he was talking about a heavy bag. In case of misfortune, he will be in danger of being strong. " . The most straightforward thing is probably Ye Boju of Pingyao County Commission for Discipline Inspection. In the ninth year of Hongwu (137), Ye Boju wrote that Taizu was "the third one was too much" and the first one was "the enfeoffment was too extravagant": each king had his own land and the imperial clan did not dispute. There are dozens of cities in Qin, Jin, Yan, Qi, Liang, Chu, Wu and Shu countries. The palaces with city walls are not as good as the capital of the Emperor, and the best is the garrison. I'm afraid that after several generations, my tail will be too big to fall off, but if I cut my land and take power, I'll still look forward to it. What's more, prevention will be common. The discussant said that all kings are flesh and blood. Although the land is vast, the population is large and the legislation is extravagant, is there any reason for competition? I don't think so. Why not Han and Jin now? Xiao Jing, the grandson of Gaudi, and the kings of the seven kingdoms are Jing Di's grandfathers, brothers and descendants. When they were cutting land, they suddenly camped in the west. Jin kings are descendants of Emperor Wu. After Shiyi, they attacked each other and became victims of Liu and Shi. From this point of view, it is clear that the enfeoffment system is excessive, and the disaster is from the sky. It is clearly an ancient brand today.
Zhu Yuanzhang was furious and thought it was alienating their family and wanted to shoot him himself. Ye Boju eventually died in prison for this matter. It's a pity that what Ye Boju said really came true.
Ryosuke Kenzo
Before Judy went to Yanjing, Zhu Yuanzhang married him, and his wife was the eldest daughter of Xu Da, the king of Zhongshan. Zhu Yuanzhang heard that she was "quiet and studious" and was called a "female student", so he called Xu Da and said, "You and I are friends of cloth. In ancient times, princes and ministers often got married, so your eldest daughter will marry my fourth son Judy. " Xu da nature is readily promised. In the ninth year of Hongwu (1376), Xu was made Princess Yan and married the following year. At this time, Judy 18 years old and Xu Fei 16 years old. It is this seemingly virtuous and quiet Xu Fei who later became Judy's right-hand wife, seizing the world and ruling it.
Fan to Beiping
In the spring of the 13th year of Hongwu (1380), Judy returned to Nanjing from Fengyang and was sent to Beiping. His mansion is the old palace of the Yuan Dynasty, and it is regulated like a son of heaven. According to the regulations, the princes' residence is "second to the emperor", and so are other kings. For this matter, Zhu Yuanzhang also specifically told the kings not to be compared with the prince, because the prince's mansion is the old palace of the Yuan Dynasty, and there is no need to build it. All their newly built palaces should be handled according to regulations. It is not difficult to see that Zhu Yuanzhang has high hopes for the prince.
Beiping, the capital of the Yuan Dynasty, is strategically located. The second brother and the third brother of the prince are in Xi 'an and Taiyuan respectively. Even if they are two years earlier than the prince, they are not allowed to go to Peiping. Instead, they leave Peiping to the prince, which seems to have "profound meaning". Judging from the concubines selected by Zhu Yuanzhang for the kings, Yan Fei was the eldest daughter of Xu Da, the first hero of the Ming Dynasty, and this marriage was essentially a political act, which was incomparable to other philosophers. This is a very important factor for Judy's future development.
a fresh start
The prince at this time was a handsome young man of 2 1 year old. He never missed the beautiful spring scenery in the south, but resolutely braved the cold in the north where the snow was as big as a seat. He set off, led thousands of guards, and went to Beiping with confidence and vision for future life. He knows this is a new starting point for his life.