Confucius: The surname is Zi, Kong is Shi, Qiu is the name and the word. During the Spring and Autumn Period, he lived in Changping Township (now Nanxin Town, Qufu City). The second child at home. He is a writer, thinker, educator and social activist. Zi: Used as a courtesy title for an adult man in ancient times. At the end of the Warring States period, all adult men with a certain social status could be called Zi, and they all wanted others to call themselves Zi, because Zi was still a title, so-called "Hou Bo Zi Nan Gong". But there are generally two kinds of people who can really make others commensurate with "zi": either people with high credibility in society, such as "teachers"; Either a more moral aristocrat; Confucius and Laozi belong to the former. Confucius was one of the greatest politicians, thinkers and educators in ancient China. He is also the founder of Confucianism and the most famous cultural celebrity in the world. In the view of heaven, Confucius did not deny the existence of ghosts and gods, but he was skeptical about ghosts and gods and advocated "staying away from ghosts and gods". Confucius and Mencius are also called "Confucius and Mencius", Confucius is regarded as "the most holy" and Mencius as "the second saint". According to records, Confucius' ancestors were descendants of Shang Dynasty (Huaxia nationality), so his surname was Zi. After the Zhou Dynasty destroyed the Shang Dynasty, Zhou Wuwang made Wei Zi, an ordinary brother of Shang Zhouwang, a loyal minister of the Shang Dynasty and a famous minister, in the Song Dynasty (Xiayi). After Wei died, his younger brother Wei Zhong succeeded to the throne. Wei Zhong was the ancestor of Confucius. After Jia, the sixth ancestor of Confucius, his father, descendants began to take Confucius as their surname. His great-grandfather Kong fled from the Song Dynasty to Shandong to escape the civil strife in the Song Dynasty. Confucius' father was a famous warrior in Lu. Shu married Shi first and gave birth to nine daughters without sons. My concubine gave birth to a son named Meng Pi, but he had foot disease. Under the circumstances at that time, neither a woman nor a disabled son should inherit. In his later years, Shu and Yan Zhizai gave birth to Confucius. Confucius' great thoughts have much to do with Confucius' mother. Confucius' mother and his grandfather Xiang Yan have a far-reaching influence on Confucius. Because Confucius' mother went to Niqiu Mountain to pray, and then she became pregnant with Confucius, and because Confucius was born with a depression in the middle of his head, like Niqiu Mountain; Therefore, it is named Qiu, and the characters (Bo, Zhong, Shu and Ji) rank second among brothers, Bo is the eldest, Zhong is the second, Shu is the third, and Ji is the youngest. Confucius' word "Zhong" shows that he ranks second among the brothers, but if the sisters are sorted together, the order is Meng, Zhong, Shu and Ji. Among brothers and sisters, the eldest (big brother or big sister) is Meng. Therefore, Confucius is the second child in the family, and his word is Zhong Ni, but his brother's word is Meng Pi, not Pi Bo. When Confucius was three, Shu died of illness. After that, Confucius' family was quite poor. Because of troubled times, the benevolent policy advocated by Confucius has no room for display, but during the three months of governing Lu, the powerful State of Qi was also afraid of Confucius' talents, which shows that Confucius is a well-deserved title of outstanding politician. Political dissatisfaction made Confucius devote a large part of his energy to education. Confucius used to be a scout of Lu, then traveled around the world with his disciples and finally returned to the portrait of Confucius Lu.
Countries, concentrate on teaching. Confucius broke the monopoly of education and started a private school, with as many as 3000 disciples, including 72 sages and 72 famous sages. Many of these 72 people are the pillars of senior officials in various countries. It also continued the glory of Confucian school.
Confucius had a far-reaching influence on later generations. Although he "narrated but didn't do it", he was known as "Heaven Sage", "Heaven Muduo" and "Eternal Sage" when he was alive, and he was one of the most learned scholars in the society at that time. Later generations respected him as "the most holy" (the sage among saints) and "the teacher of all ages", and thought that he was a combination of poetry, calligraphy, ceremony and happiness, and wrote Spring and Autumn Annals with the preface of Zhouyi (called the Ten Wings of the Book of Changes, or Yi Zhuan). The Analects of Confucius is one of the classic works of Confucian school, which was compiled by Confucius' disciples and their descendants. It mainly records the words and deeds of Confucius and his disciples, and embodies Confucius' political opinions, ethical thoughts, moral concepts and educational principles. It is also called "Four Books" with Daxue, The Doctrine of the Mean and Mencius. There are twenty popular Analects of Confucius. The language of The Analects is concise and profound, and many of its remarks are still regarded as wisdom by the world. Moreover, in ancient times, Confucius was the first person that children worshipped when they entered school. Emerson, an American poet and philosopher, thinks Confucius is the glory of all nations in the world. 1988, 75 nobel prize winners gathered in Paris and issued a joint declaration after the meeting, calling on the world that "if human beings want to survive in the 2 1 century, they must look back 2,500 years ago and learn wisdom from Confucius."
Confucius was extremely clever and studious when he was young. At the age of twenty, he was already very learned and was praised as a "learned man" by people at that time. At the same time, little known is that Confucius inherited the bravery of his father Shu, who was 9 feet 6 inches tall, which was 22 1.76 cm according to the Western Han Dynasty. The arm strength is extraordinary, far from the image of a weak scholar that some people think in later generations. Besides, Confucius was an extraordinary drinker, and it was said that he had never been drunk. But Confucius never prided himself on being brave and addicted to alcohol. Confucius
Confucius wanted to do something since he was in his twenties, so he was very concerned about world affairs, often thinking about many issues of governing the country, and often expressing some opinions. By the time he was 30, he was already famous. In the twenty years of Lu, he visited Lu and summoned Confucius to discuss the question of being king with him, and Confucius got to know him. In the twenty-fifth year of Lu, civil strife occurred in Lu, and Lu was forced to flee to Qi. Confucius also left Lu for Qi, where he was appreciated and entertained by Qi Jinggong. He even prepared to seal the fields around Nishi to Confucius, but was stopped by the doctor Yan Ying. In the twenty-seventh year of Lu, at that time, the doctor of Qi wanted to harm Confucius. When Confucius heard this, he turned to Qi Jinggong for help. Qi Jinggong said, "I am old and can still use it." Confucius had to flee to Lu. At that time, the state of Lu was actually in the hands of the doctor's retainer, which was called "ruling the country with the minister." Therefore, although Confucius had two opportunities to enter politics, he gave them up until he was appointed as the capital master in 9 years. At this time, Confucius was 5 1 year old. Confucius ruled Zhongdu (now Wenshang County) for one year, and achieved outstanding results. He was promoted to a small sikong, and soon he was promoted to a big Sikou, taking photos and taking care of Lu. 12 years, in order to weaken the tricyclic big noble, it was called tricyclic because it was the offspring of three sons. At that time, the state power of Lu was actually in their hands, and some ministers of the Third Ring Road also controlled the Third Ring Road to varying degrees. Confucius took the measure of reducing the capital (that is, tearing down the castle built by the Third Ring Road). Later, the action of capturing the three capitals was abandoned halfway, and the contradiction between Confucius and the Third Ring Road was also exposed. /kloc-in 0/3, Lu Dinggong of Qi sent 80 beautiful women to Lu to accept female music. The monarch and his subjects were addicted to singing and dancing and ignored state affairs for many days. Confucius was very disappointed. Soon after, Lu held a suburban sacrifice, and when he gave the meat to the doctor after the sacrifice, he didn't give it to Confucius as usual, indicating that Ji didn't want to hire him again. Confucius left Shandong and began to travel around the world when he had to find a way out. Confucius first took his disciples to Weiguo, and Wei Linggong began to respect Confucius very much. According to Lu's salary standard, he was given a salary of 60 thousand, but he was not given an official position and was not allowed to participate in politics. Confucius lived in Weiguo for about 10 months. Because someone slandered Wei Linggong, Wei Linggong became suspicious of Confucius, and sent someone to publicly monitor Confucius' actions. So Confucius left Weiguo with his disciples and planned to go to Chen. When passing through Kuangcheng, I was besieged for five days because of misunderstanding. I fled Kuangcheng, came to Dipu, met my uncle, a patriotic aristocrat who launched a rebellion, and was besieged again. After escaping, Confucius returned to China to defend his country. Wei Linggong was very happy to hear that Confucius and his disciples had returned from Dipu, and went to meet him in person. Since then, Confucius has gone abroad several times and returned to China several times. On the one hand, Wei Linggong had both good and bad feelings towards Confucius; On the other hand, after Confucius went abroad, he had nowhere to go and had to return. In the second year (Confucius was 59 years old), Confucius left Wei, passed through Cao, Song and Zheng, and went to Chen, where he lived for three years. When Wu attacked Chen, the war broke out and Confucius left with his disciples. When the Chu people heard that Confucius had arrived at the junction of Chen and Cai, they sent someone to meet him. The doctors of Chen and Cai knew that there was something wrong with what Confucius did, and they were afraid that Confucius would be reused in Chu, which was not good for them. So they sent laborers to surround Confucius and his disciples in the middle of the road, not relying on the village in front or the shops behind. After eating all the food they brought, they were deprived of food for seven days. Finally, Zigong found the Chu people, and Chu sent troops to meet Confucius, so that Confucius and his disciples were saved from death. Confucius returned to Weiguo at the age of 64. With the efforts of his disciple Ran Qiu, he was welcomed back to Lu at the age of 68, but he was still respectful. Lu Aigong 16, Confucius was 73 years old and died of illness.
Angry and forgetful, happy and forgetful.
When Confucius was 62 years old, he once described himself like this: "He is also a human being. He forgets to eat when he is angry, and forgets his worries when he is happy. He doesn't know that his old age is coming." At that time, Confucius had led his disciples around the world for nine years and had gone through all the hardships. Not only did he not get the appointment of the governor, but he almost died. But Confucius was not discouraged, still optimistic, stuck to his ideals, and even knew that he could not do it.
Be content with poverty
Confucius said, "Being unjust and rich is like a cloud to me." In Confucius' mind, upholding justice is the highest value of life. When there is a contradiction between rich and poor and morality, he would rather be poor than give up morality. But we can't regard his peace and happiness as not seeking wealth, but seeking to maintain Tao, which is not in line with historical facts. Confucius once said: "Rich and expensive, people want what they want; If you don't take this road, you will accomplish nothing. Poverty and meanness are disgusting to people; If you don't take the main road, you won't go. " "Money is available, although there are many whips, I can do it. If you can't get it, just do as I say. "
Never tire of learning and never tire of teaching.
Confucius was famous for his eagerness to learn and showed great interest in all kinds of knowledge, so he was versatile and knowledgeable. He was very famous at that time, and was almost regarded as an omniscient saint, but Confucius himself didn't think so. Confucius said, "How dare I be a saint and a benevolent person?" Never tire of it, never tire of teaching. "Confucius learned without a teacher. Whoever has knowledge and who doesn't understand will worship him as a teacher. Therefore, he said, "In a threesome, there must be a teacher. "
Follow the path of integrity-conduct integrity.
Confucius was upright in nature and advocated going straight. He once said, "I treat others, who will ruin my reputation?" If you are famous, you have to try. Simin also, the reason why the three generations went straight. "Historical Records records that Confucius asked Lao Tzu to be polite when he was in his thirties. When he left, Laozi gave a message: "Smart and thorough, close to death, considerate. Those who argue the broad masses are in danger, and those who are evil are also. A son should not have his own, and a minister should not have his own. "This is Lao Tzu's kind reminder to Confucius, and it also points out some shortcomings of Confucius, that is, he looks at the problem too deeply and speaks too sharply, hurting some people with positions and bringing great danger to himself. Confucius established a moral theory with benevolence as the core with the idea of being kind to others. He is also a very kind person, compassionate, helpful and sincere. " Don't do to others what you don't want them to do to you; a gentleman's adult beauty is not an adult's evil; and he'll do his best until he dies.
Political thoughts:
Its core is "courtesy" and "benevolence". In the general plan of governing the country, he advocates "governing the country by virtue", which is the noblest way to govern the country. This strategy of governing the country is also called "rule by virtue" or "rule by courtesy". In fact, this strategy broke the traditional creed that courtesy is no less than Shu Ren's, and broke the original important boundary between nobles and civilians. Confucius' theory of benevolence embodies the spirit of human nature, while Confucius' theory of propriety embodies the spirit of etiquette, that is, order and system in the modern sense. Humanism is the eternal theme of mankind, which is applicable to any society, any era and any government, and order and institutional society are the basic requirements for establishing a civilized human society. This humanitarianism and order spirit of Confucius is the essence of China's ancient social and political thought.
Educational thoughts:
Confucius first put forward "education without class", believing that everyone in the world has the right to education. In educational practice, he put forward good suggestions: teachers should be "tireless in teaching", "persuasive" and "teaching students in accordance with their aptitude" in the process of teaching and educating people. He believes that students should have good learning methods, such as "drawing inferences from others" and "learning new things by reviewing old ones". Learning should also be combined with thinking that "learning without thinking is useless, thinking without learning is dangerous" and learning that "three people must have a teacher"; Study with a correct attitude. Confucius' educational thought still has important enlightenment and educational significance.
Aesthetic thought:
The core of Confucius' aesthetic thought is the unity of "beauty" and "goodness", and the unity of form and content. Confucius advocated "poetry teaching", that is, combining literature and art with political morality, and taking literature and art as a means to change social politics and an important way to cultivate sentiment. Confucius believes that a perfect person should cultivate his self-cultivation in three aspects: poetry, ceremony and music. Confucius' aesthetic thought has a great influence on later literary theories. ：
Confucius' family background
According to Historical Records-Confucius Family, Confucius' ancestors were descendants of Shang Dynasty. After the destruction of Shang Dynasty in Zhou Dynasty, Zhou Chengwang was made an ordinary brother, and Wei Zi was made a loyal minister in Song Dynasty. Its capital is Shangqiu (now Shangqiu, Henan). After Wei died, his younger brother Wei Zhong succeeded to the throne. Wei Zhong was the ancestor of Confucius. The sixth ancestor of Confucius was Kong Fujia, a doctor in the Song Dynasty. He was a fu who was killed in the civil strife in the imperial court. After Confucius, his descendants began to take Confucius as their surname. His great-grandfather, Kong's uncle, fled from Song to Lu to escape the civil strife in Song. From then on, Kong settled in Qiaoyi and became a native of Lu. Confucius' father is Ge (a word, Ge is a name, and his mother is Yan Zhizai). Shu was a famous warrior of Lu at that time. His personality is outstanding, and he has made two military exploits. He is famous for holding the hanging door with one arm to let the troops who rushed into the city retreat. He used to be a doctor at Qiaoyi. Shu married Shi first, gave birth to nine daughters and no children. He married another concubine and gave birth to a son named Bernie, also named Meng Pi. Meng Pi's foot had a problem, which was not suitable for inheritance according to the etiquette at that time, so Confucius, a young woman, was born in Yan Zhi. Confucius was born in Changping Township (now southeast of Qufu City, Shandong Province) in 55 1 year BC (the 22nd year of Duke Xiang of Lu). Because my parents prayed for the birth of a child on Niqiu Mountain, they named it Qiuzi. Three-year-old Confucius standard bronze statue
At that time, Shu died, and Confucius and his mother were not accepted by Shi (Shu's wife). Confucius' mother Yan Zhizai had to move to Qufu Que with Confucius and Meng Pi, and her life was difficult. 17 years old, Confucius' mother Yan zhizai died, and he served three years of mourning. When Confucius 19 years old, he married an official in the Song Dynasty. A year later, the official gave birth to a son. Zhao Gong sent someone to congratulate him. Confucius felt very honored, so he named his son carp, Apollo. In the tenth year of Lu Aigong (485 BC), Mrs. Confucius died. According to Confucius' family stories and historical records, in his youth, Confucius used to be a "Commissioner" (a small official in charge of warehouses) and a "farmer" (a small official in charge of pastures), and everything was almost perfect. Because of Confucius' extraordinary ability and knowledge, he was quickly promoted. By the time Confucius was 51 years old, he was appointed as Zhongduzai (equivalent to the current mayor, in Wenshang County, Jining City), and his political achievements were very remarkable. One year later, he was promoted to Sikong (equivalent to the current Minister of Construction) and later to Dashikou (equivalent to the director of the local public security department and the procurator of the Supreme People's Court); At the age of 56, he was promoted to acting prime minister and concurrently served as foreign minister (Confucius was promoted too quickly to meet the promotion standards of officials at that time, so he was acting prime minister). When Confucius was in power, he immediately killed Shao Zhengmao, a traitor who disturbed political affairs, making him famous for a while. It can be seen that Confucius is not a pedantic pedant as some people think in later generations, but a man who dares to act without being violent. Only three months after Confucius came to power, all aspects of internal affairs and foreign affairs in Shandong have been greatly improved, the national strength has greatly increased, the people live and work in peace and contentment, the social order is very good (the history book says, "the road is not picked up, the door is not closed at night"), and traitors and unruly people have fled; At the same time, Confucius also forced Qi to return the large territory occupied by Lu in the war to Lu through diplomatic means. 12 years, in order to weaken the Third Ring Road (the third-generation leader and uncle Heshi were called the Third Ring Road because they were three grandchildren), the state power of Lu at that time was actually in their hands, and some retainers of the Third Ring Road also controlled the Third Ring Road to varying degrees), and Confucius took measures to reduce the Third Ring Road (that is, demolishing the castle built by the Third Ring Road). Confucius' political ideal could not be realized at that time, but Confucius' greatness lies in "knowing that it is not feasible", and he pinned his political ideal on future generations. Confucius therefore stopped direct political activities after returning to Lu, and continued to sort out cultural classics and revise the Six Classics. On the one hand, he recruited disciples and carried out cultural and educational undertakings on a large scale. According to legend, he taught more than 3,000 disciples, among whom 72 were proficient in Six Arts. In his later years, Yan Hui, the most proud disciple of Confucius, unfortunately died young. His favorite pupil, Lu, died of civil strife in Wei, and his son died young. Under the "Tao can't work" and this series of blows, the author suspects that Confucius' health has been greatly damaged. Confucius died on February 1 1 in 479 BC at the age of 73 (72).
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Mencius (372 BC-289 BC), whose real name is Ke, is Zi (to be tested, Zi or Zi Ju). During the Warring States Period, Lu was a descendant of Lu Guoqing's father. China was a famous thinker and educator in ancient times and a representative of Confucianism in the Warring States Period. He is the author of Mencius. Mencius inherited and carried forward Confucius' thoughts and became a generation of Confucian masters second only to Confucius. He is called "the sage of Asia" and is also called "Confucius and Mencius" with Confucius.
Mencius was born in Zouguo (now Zoucheng City, Shandong Province). Also known as sub-car, self-styled (to be determined). Mencius and Confucius collectively called the Tao of Confucius and Mencius "the Tao of Confucius and Mencius". Confucius is the most holy, Mencius is the second saint. China was a famous thinker, educator, politician, political commentator and essayist in ancient times, a representative of Confucianism in the Warring States Period, and the fourth generation disciple of Confucius. Inherit and carry forward Confucius' thoughts and refute Yang Zhu and Mo Zhai. Mencius (Figure 20) has a father's name and a mother's surname. There were no font sizes recorded in ancient books before the Han Dynasty, but many different font sizes appeared after the Wei and Jin Dynasties, such as Ziche, Viscount and Yu Zi, which may be attached by future generations, but they are not necessarily credible. There are different opinions about the year of birth and death because there is no record in historical biography. Among them, the statement that Meng's Genealogy was born on Thursday (372 BC) and died in 26 years (289 BC) was adopted by most scholars. I arrived in Shandong at the age of fifteen or sixteen. There is a saying that I am a disciple of Confucius' grandson Zisi. However, according to historical research, it is found that Zisi died decades before Mencius was born, so it is more credible to say that he was a disciple educated by Zisi as recorded in Historical Records. After Mencius was originally a "Three Huan in the State of Lu", his distant ancestor was a noble stone in the State of Lu. Later, his family declined and he moved from Lu to Zou. Mencius lost his father at the age of three, and Meng Mu raised him with great pains. Meng Mu is very strict, and his stories such as "Meng Mu's Three Movements" and "Meng Mu's Broken Weaving" have become Mencius' beautiful stories that have been told through the ages.
, is a model of later generations. Mencius is a compilation of Mencius' speeches, compiled by Mencius and his disciples. It records Mencius' language, political views (benevolent politics, Wang Ba's debate, people-oriented, respecting the right and wrong of the monarch, and valuing the people over the monarch) and political actions. Mencius once imitated Confucius and led his disciples to lobby countries. But it was not accepted by all countries at that time. He retired and wrote books with his disciples. Seven pieces of Mencius handed down from ancient times: the first and second pieces of Liang Huiwang; "Gongsun Ugly" up and down; "Teng Wengong" up and down; "Li Lou" up and down; "Zhang Wan" up and down; "Gao Zi" goes up and down; Heart and soul. His theoretical starting point is the theory of good nature, which puts forward "benevolent governance" and "kingly governance" and advocates rule by virtue. In the Southern Song Dynasty, Zhu called Mencius, The Analects of Confucius, Daxue and The Doctrine of the Mean the Four Books. Mencius is the largest and heaviest of the four books, with more than 35 thousand words. Since then, the "Four Books" have become a compulsory part of the imperial examination. Mencius' article is eloquent, magnificent, good at argumentation, rigorous in logic and sharp in wit, which represents the peak of traditional prose writing. Mencius put forward the theory of good nature.
Mencius chronology
Zhou was born in the first year (372 BC). Mencius was born at this time. Zhou Xianwang 12 Wei Huiwang 13 Han Zhaohou Jiazi (357 BC) was about 15 years old. He was educated in Zhou Xianwang 17 Qin Xiaogong 10 years old (352 BC). Mencius was about 20 years old. Zhou Xianwang, who wanted to divorce his wife in 37 years (332 BC), was ugly. Mencius was in Zou, and Zou Mugong asked in 38 years (3365438 BC+0 BC). Mencius lived in Pinglu, Zhou Xianwang for 39 years. Xin Mao (330 BC) Mencius came to China and visited Mencius in Zou. Questions and Answers with Wu Luzi and Cao Jiao 40 years and 28 years Renchen (329 BC) Mencius was about 43 years old. He first came to meet Mencius in Zhou Xianwang 4 1 Qi Weiwang 30 years Song Yan Jun 1 Guisi (328 BC) Mencius' hometown.
The debate between Mencius and Gao Zi Mencius advised Wang Qi to make friends with Zhang Kuang. Mencius left the State of Qi and went to the Song Dynasty. Zhou Xianwang was in forty-two years, Song was in (327 BC), Zhou Xianwang was in forty-three years, Song was in B three years (326 BC), and Mencius was in Song. Meet Teng Wanggong, Mencius and Gou Jian in Song Dynasty to discuss the way of lobbying. In forty-four years of Song Dynasty, Qin Huiwen, Wang BC 13 years, Bing Shen (325 BC), Mencius left Song and returned to forty-five years, Liang, BC1/kloc-0 years, Ding You (324 BC), and Mencius sent friends to ask about the funeral.
In the forty-sixth year of Zhou Xianwang, Wei Huiwang 12, and the thirty-fourth year of Qi Weiwang, Wu Shu (323 BC), Mencius debated with the farmer Chen Xiang. Zhou Shi 1, Wei Shi 15, 37 years old, Xin Chou (320 BC), and Liang's "Thick Coins and Humble Courtesy" is called the sage Nasi Mencius to see Liang. At the age of 52, Mencius and Zhou Xiao talked about being the official king of Zhou for 2 years, 16 BC, 1, and Ren Yin (3 19 BC). Mencius and Gong Sunchou talked about losing the king of Zhou for 3 years, 1 2 years, and Mencius was about 54 years old. See the article Mencius written by Liang in Mencius to the King of Qi, and answer the question about "I am forty but not tempted". Shen Zhou 5 years 5 years Yisi (3 16 BC) Mencius went out to Shen Zhou 6 years 14 years Lu Gong Ping 10 years Qi Xuanwang 5 years Bingwu (3 15 BC).
Mencius returned to the State of Qi and discussed with his buried mother Qi Xuanwang. Mencius conquered zhouyan and Wang Nan for 3 years, Qi Xuanwang for 8 years, Chu Huaiwang 17 years, and Yan people rebelled against the State of Qi (3 12 years BC). Qi Xuanwang said, "I am ashamed of Mencius." Mencius argued with Chunyu Kun that Mencius was about sixty years old. Twenty-five years ago, Mencius resigned from Qi and met Song in Shiqiu. Xin Mao (290 BC) wrote Mencius at this time, and Mencius died (289 BC) in the twenty-sixth year.
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