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Westernization, Reform and Constitutionalism
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/kloc-The Opium War in 0/840 was the starting point of China's modern history. China's long-term closed-door policy was finally forced to come to an end. In the face of western powers, China's relative backwardness is becoming more and more obvious. China's ruling and opposition parties are beginning to understand that not changing is not enough to meet the challenges that China has not faced for thousands of years. From 1960s to 1990s, the Westernization Movement (Tongzhi to the early years of Guangxu) was a spontaneous reform in the Qing Dynasty. It focuses on improving production technology, trying to build industry and commerce by learning western science and technology and production methods to enhance China's national strength. However, China was defeated by the Japanese again in the Sino-Japanese War of 1894, which showed that the Westernization Movement confined to the technical level failed to fundamentally change China's backwardness. Since 1895 wrote about the bus, people have been asking about China's politics, and the common demands include deeper reforms. Among them, Kang Youwei, Liang Qichao and other reformists advocated the improvement within the system, advocated imitating Japan and Russia, and made great changes in the political and social system under the imperial power. With the support of Emperor Guangxu, the Reform Movement of 1898 was carried out in 1898, but after 103, it was aborted because of a coup by conservative forces in the Qing Dynasty. Some reformists advocated continuing to safeguard the royal family after being exiled overseas; However, it was called "royalist" or "constitutionalist" at that time to implement a constitutional monarchy similar to that of Britain and gradually hand over political power to the elected government.
Revolutionary organization
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Another idea is to overthrow the monarchy completely through violent revolution and establish a Republic similar to France and the United States. Most of the earliest advocates of revolution were overseas, mostly overseas students and overseas Chinese youths. The earliest revolutionary organizations were also established overseas, among which Fu Jen Literature Society with Yang as the backbone was established in Hong Kong around 1890. Sun Yat-sen also organized the first Zhong Xing meeting in Honolulu on February 24th,1894,65438+to plan funds for the revolution. The two later merged in Hong Kong in 1895 and 65438+ 10, and continued to be called Xingzhonghui. In the same year1October 26th 10, the first uprising in Guangzhou failed. (Sun and Yang are also wanted by the Hong Kong authorities and deported. The following year, Sun Yat-sen was kidnapped by Qing court agents in London. This incident became international news, and Sun became famous internationally. Yang was assassinated by an honest official in Hong Kong in 190 1. )
1900, the Boxer Rebellion broke out in northern China. The clumsy behavior of the Qing royal family in the incident greatly reduced its prestige. 190 1 After the signing of the Sino-Ugly Treaty in, domestic intellectuals also felt that China was facing an unprecedented crisis. Overseas, there are a large number of Japanese students studying in China (1904 once exceeded 20,000, many of whom were official students), which became a hotbed for spreading revolutionary ideas. Students who advocate revolution set up various organizations, publish publications and advocate democratic revolution. Zhang, Zou Rong and Chen Tianhua are all very active. Many overseas students later returned to China and became the backbone of domestic revolutionary organizations.
1903, Japan and Russia went to war in the northeast of China, and the Manchu government set aside part of the territory for the two countries to fight, claiming neutrality. Its obvious incompetence makes the call for saving the country louder. At this time, various revolutionary groups also appeared in China, mainly the Huaxinghui led by Huang Xing (1904 was established in Changsha, mainly in Hunan) and the Guangfu Association (1904 was established in Shanghai; Cai Yuanpei is the president, and members include Qiu Jin and Zhang, mainly Jiangsu and Zhejiang youths); In addition, there are more various revolutionary cliques. These revolutionary groups are not necessarily subordinate to each other, but they all have a common goal: to overthrow the Manchu dynasty and restore the rule of the Han people; And establish a Republican country similar to the United States. Anti-Qing demands are only related to local underground gangs, so many revolutionary organizations carry out revolutions with the help of the party.
East Meng Hui
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1In the summer of 905, Dr. Sun Yat-sen, together with revolutionary groups such as China Society, China Society and Guangfu Society, established the China League in Tokyo on August 20th, and put forward the program of "expelling the Tatars, restoring China, establishing the Republic of China, and sharing land rights equally". After the establishment of the League, it will actively publicize their ideas and vigorously promote the awakening of the masses. The People's Daily, edited by Zhang and Tao and written by Hu and Jing Wong, had a heated debate with Xinmin Cong Bao, written by Kang Youwei and Liang Qichao who advocated royalism, and became an important position of revolutionary thought. 1907, the League split again (Sun Yat-sen accepted the Japanese government funding without public discussion, and the Guangfu Association withdrew. Sun Yat-sen, Wang Jing and Hu Ping are the headquarters of another group in Nanyang. Huang Xing continued to support Sun Yat-sen, but he still played an extremely important role in the revolution. During the period from 1906 to 19 1 1, the League, together with local organizations, launched eight armed uprisings in China (1907 May: Chaozhou Uprising; June: Huizhou Uprising; July: Anqing Uprising (instigated by Guangfu Association) September: Qinzhou Uprising; 65438+February: Zhennanguan Uprising; 1March 908: Qin and Lian Uprising; April: Hekou Uprising; 19 10 February: Guangzhou Uprising; 19 1 1 April: Huanghuagang Uprising), but all ended in failure. Among them, the last uprising, the Huanghuagang uprising of 19 1 1, is still a tragedy, and most of the participants and victims are the backbone members of the League.
Wuchang Uprising
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Event background
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Driven by the democratic situation, the Qing government also announced on September 1, 1, 0906 that it was prepared to imitate constitutionalism and promulgated the Outline of the King James Constitution. 1908165438+1October 14, 15, Guangxu and Cixi died one after another, and the internal struggle of the Qing government was fierce, and constitutionalism became a dead letter. On the other hand, revolutionaries firmly believe that the rule of the Qing Dynasty has reached the brink of collapse. So a series of small-scale riots and uprisings were carried out in various places, hoping that after some cities became independent, the whole country would respond and overthrow the Manchu Dynasty.
19 1 1 year, the Qing government tried to take back the right to build the Sichuan-Han railway donated by the people, which caused dissatisfaction with the Qing government in Sichuan and Hubei, and was called the Sichuan Road Protection Movement. The road protection movement continued to brew, and the Qing government wanted to transfer the Hubei New Army into Sichuan to suppress it. Hubei New Army was originally a "Hubei Army" trained by Zhang Zhidong, and most middle and lower-level officers sent Japanese students at public expense, so they were all revolutionaries. Among them, the Communist Progressive Association (founded in Tokyo by Liu Yu 1907 due to the split of the League, with almost the same nature and program as the League, but not directly affiliated with the League) and the Literature Society (formerly known as Zhenwu Society, which is an organization for young soldiers of the New Army) have the widest penetration in the New Army. Hubei New Army didn't want to enter Sichuan, so the revolutionaries took the opportunity to instigate a mutiny.
pass by
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65438 10 9, an accident happened when Sun Wu, a member of the Progressive Party, secretly made a bomb at home. During the official search, secret documents and the list of revolutionaries were leaked, and Yang Hongsheng, Peng Chupan and Liu Fuji were arrested and beheaded on June 10 the next day. Xiong Bingkun and others decided to attack. 19 1 10 (August of the lunar calendar 19) At 8 o'clock in the evening, Cheng Dingguo fired the first shot of the Wuchang Uprising. The new army engineering battalion first attacked and captured the ordnance room, and then most of the new troops affected by revolutionary groups such as the literary society association responded together.
The next day, 65438+ 10,1,the governor's office was successfully occupied, Wuchang City was restored, and the military government of the Republic of China was established. Later, Hankou and Hanyang also fell into the hands of the revolutionary army. In the following two months, all parts of China responded in succession, declaring the independence of the Qing Dynasty, which eventually led to the establishment of the first democratic republic in Asia, namely the Republic of China. Wuchang Uprising laid the foundation for the establishment of the Republic of China, so 10 June 5438+00 was designated as the National Day of the Republic of China, also known as Double Tenth Day.
After Wuchang Uprising, Sun Yat-sen returned from overseas, and was appointed as the interim president of the Republic of China in Nanjing on New Year's Day of 19 12, renamed as the first year of the Republic of China. The Qing court enabled Yuan Shikai to supervise Beiyang Army to conquer Wuchang. However, Yuan Shikai secretly negotiated peace with the South and later reached an agreement. Yuan Shikai supported forcing the Qing court to abdicate in exchange for the support of the southern provinces for Yuan as the president of the Republic of China. Later, after the first parliamentary election, the Song case happened, which triggered the second revolution. Yuan Shikai finally regained the title of emperor. After his failure, China entered the period of warlord regime.
affect
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With the victory of the Revolution of 1911, a democratic republic with separation of powers-the Republic of China was established. Although the rules of democratic republic were later destroyed by the northern warlords to varying degrees, and even the feudal dynasty was temporarily restored, they could not fundamentally subvert the popular republic. The Revolution of 1911 was a great social revolution and an enlightenment thought, which liberated China people's thoughts in space.
The establishment of a democratic Republic
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At that time, China people didn't have a clear plan for governing the country, so they implemented a presidential republic according to the US Constitution and the American political system.
Dissemination of the concept of democratic Republic
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The Revolution of 1911 greatly promoted the spread of democratic republic thought in China.
The Influence of Xinhai Revolution on Malaysia and Singapore
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The participation of Malaysian and Singaporean Chinese in China's revolutionary activities is unprecedented. Although the revolutionary activities were mainly aimed at saving China, this action had a far-reaching impact on the local Chinese. The images of Malay Peninsula and Singapore can be roughly divided into:
# The rise of nationalism in China, Ma Xin
# The Growth of Unity in China, Ma Xin
# The emergence of new ideas
# The influence of party politics
After Sun Yat-sen took office as interim president in Nanjing on February 29th,19165438 Many centrists and royalists in Malaysia and Singapore turned to support Sun Yat-sen. After Wuchang Uprising, Chinese in Malaya and Singapore cut off their braids. On the other hand, under the call of the League and Sun Yat-sen, local Chinese also donated money to support the revolutionary movement.
The Rise of China Nationalism in Ma Xin
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After the success of the Revolution of 1911 (19 1 1), nationalism became the main guiding source for Chinese in Malaysia and Singapore to maintain relations with China. Due to the advocacy of nationalism, thousands of local China youths returned to China to take part in overthrowing the Qing Dynasty and gave financial assistance to Sun Yat-sen in this respect. At the same time, this trend of thought has been developing with the idea of opposing foreign colonial forces.
The Growth of Chinese Unity in Ma Xin
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Before Sun Yat-sen launched the revolution in Malay Peninsula and Singapore, the local Chinese were in disarray, and there were often gang struggles and native struggles. Disunity hinders the spread of revolutionary ideas, and gang struggle affects the economic growth of China society and prevents the cooperation of different dialect groups.
1906, when Sun Yat-sen presided over the establishment ceremony of the Youth League branch in Kuala Lumpur, he warned that the disunity of local Chinese would eventually lead to the collapse of the whole Chinese society. Therefore, the League has carried out various publicity activities, such as reading newspapers, evening classes, theatrical performances, etc., so that groups of different dialects can work together for Sun Yat-sen's revolution and China people from different backgrounds have the opportunity to learn to understand each other, cooperate with each other and solve common problems. Through uninterrupted contact, the unity spirit and national consciousness of the people of China have been gradually strengthened and developed. 1909 The cluster society established in Daba is an organization that instills the idea of unity.
Another major development is the spread of Putonghua in schools in Malay Peninsula and Singapore, with the main purpose of breaking the previous dialect teaching. This makes Chinese of different origins have a common medium language.
The revolutionary trend of thought has brought new ideas.
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Sun Yat-sen's revolutionary thoughts brought new ideas to Malay Peninsula and Singapore, and impacted the traditional society and tradition in China. The ideas of altruism, self-sacrifice, equality and freedom continue to spread. Encourage girls' schools and allow women to participate in social activities and the Sun Yat-sen Revolution.
The influence of party politics
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After the success of Sun Yat-sen's revolution, the Kuomintang was established in August 19 12. With the permission of the British colonial government, the Malaya branch of the Kuomintang was established in Malaya. As the British authorities thought it was not a confrontation with the British colonial government, on June 5438+091218, the Beijing Kuomintang was allowed to set up a liaison branch in Singapore. The Kuomintang continued its legal activities in Malaya until its registration in 1925 was suspended on the grounds that it failed to provide the required information according to the Law on Associations. Nevertheless, the activities of the Kuomintang did not stop, but continued to exist in secret. The activities of the Kuomintang in Malaya and Singapore had a far-reaching impact on the political movements in War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression, Malaysia and Singapore.
Category: History of the Republic of China
Category: Qing Dynasty
Category: China War.
Germany: Xinhai Revolution
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