1. Documentary records of the use system of jade belts in the Tang Dynasty: In Tang Gaozu, ochre yellow robes and silk scarves were used as official uniforms. Those who wear a belt hang their heads down, which means the end, meaning to follow the summer. The first and second grades are gold, the sixth grade is rhinoceros and the ninth grade is silver. Shu Ren takes the iron prince, the third-class queen and the second-class queen as the main costumes, and the colors are purple, decorated with jade. There are more than five pieces of small jewelry, with Zhu as the color and gold as the decoration. More than six products, silk cloth crossed, yellow color. Six products and seven products are green and decorated with silver. Eight products and nine products are green and decorated with stones. Tang: On August 16, 2004, Wude ordered three products and went to Lingluo, with jade in purple. Five kinds of products have been supplied, which supply small materials of silk and Romania, and their colors are decorated with Zhu and gold. I have taken six products, silk mixed with twill, woven and double-stranded, and the color is yellow. Six products and seven products are decorated with silver. Eight-grade and nine-grade stones. It is only mentioned here that the official uniforms of officials with three or more products can be decorated with jade, and there is no requirement to wear jade. There was no change in the belt system during the Zhenguan period, so the golden belt was the highest in Gaozu and Taizong, and there was no jade in the system.
Tang Gaozong Qingyuan, Sun Chang Wuji played it, followed by Zi as the battle of Taoism, and took thirteen today; The fee is a set of four products, with eleven gold belts; Shallow Fei is a set of five products, with ten gold belts; Dark green is a six-product garment, light green is a seven-product garment, all with nine silver belts; Dark blue is eight-product clothing, light blue is nine-product clothing, all of which are stones with eight; Yellow is the clothes of foreign officials, while copper and iron are the seven belts. Here, the materials and quantity used by officials at all levels are clearly defined. This is the first time that jade was seen in the crown clothing system in the Tang Dynasty. Since then, jade has officially appeared in the official crown service system in ancient China. In the first year of Shangyuan, it was written again: Wu Wen's three products have been worn with purple and gold jade belts. Four clothes are deep, five clothes are light, and a gold belt is used. Six products are dark green, and seven products are light green with silver belts. Eight products are dark blue, and nine products are light blue, with stone bands. Shu Ren has merged the copper belt and the iron belt. In the second year of Kaiyuan, officials were forbidden to bring more than three kinds of wine vessels, horse titles and stirrups, and to listen to jade, four kinds of gold and five kinds of silver. In the first year of Shangyuan in Tang Suzong, the three things of civil and military were dressed in purple, and the golden jade took thirteen. Four products are deep and the gold belt is eleven. Five products are shallow, and ten products are gold belts. Six products take dark green, seven products take light green, silver belt, nine. Eight deep blue, nine light blue, stone belt, nine. Shu Ren suit brass iron belt, seven. In the seventh year of Zhenyuan in Tang Dezong, the official staff wore silk robes and yellow gold belts. According to the New Tang Book, the number of civil servants who are above five grades and who worship officials in two provinces supervises the number of Imperial Examiners, Yuanwailang, Taichang doctors, Japanese and regular officials. Records of the Six Classics of Tang Dynasty, often serving officials and offering sacrifices to officials. Sacrificial officials refer to officials around the emperor, who are officials in the imperial court. Whether he is a sacrificial official depends mainly on whether his position is in the imperial court rather than the official rank. Obviously, in addition to officials with more than three products, this official who objectively became a formal official because of the Japanese emperor can also wear a gold belt.
As can be seen from the above documents about the wearing system of jade belt in Tang Dynasty, the official appearance of jade belt in the official clothing system of Tang Dynasty began in Tang Gaozong and Qing Dynasty. Moreover, both the first year of Qing Dynasty in Tang Gaozong and the first year of Shang Dynasty in Tang Suzong had clear regulations on the number of jade belts, but there was no mention of the use of jade ornaments. The rest only stipulate that officials with three or more items can decorate their belts with jade, but there is no detailed record on the quantity and decoration.
Second, the specific use of jade belt in the Tang Dynasty Jade belt appeared as a kind of advanced jade in the Tang Dynasty. In addition to its own hierarchical and ceremonial functions, other specific uses of jade belts in society at that time can also be seen from historical records. According to the comprehensive literature, the function of jade belt in Tang Dynasty can be understood from the following six aspects.
1. The use of the official crown is the initial and most basic function of the jade belt, as mentioned above.
2. The emperor rewarded officials with the five generations of Sun family. When I broke Xiaoxian, I gave him a jade belt with thirteen hips.
In the first year of Changqing, the town was changed to Wei, and Yuan Qingyi, the prime minister, was deeply interested, showing his concern. When Mu Zong realized this, he got a white jade belt. In December of the first year of Changqing, Li served as my loyal military envoy and was presented by Yutong Gate with brocade, silverware, good horses and jade belts. In the third year of Changqing, Li Shen was appointed Assistant Minister of Finance and Jiangxi Observer. As the gentry went out of Jiangxi, they gave the ambassador a jade belt on the steps.
Tang Wenzong Taihe three years, Lee Jae-yong meritorious service series, thief ping. He wrote a letter to the book and gave it a white jade belt as a special gift.
In Xian Tong for ten years, many people made an insurrection, reaching out to join the army to help them with 500,000 stones and 20,000 stones, writing a letter to Jia Zhi, and giving them brocade, jade belts, gold and silver vessels and other things.
Three years later, Tang Zhaozong ordered Su Xunchuan, the minister of does, to give Quanzhong a jade belt. Jiazi drove out of Fengxiang when she was still young. Fortunately, all Zhongjun. All loyalty and plain service are waiting for sin. I can't cry because I won't win. I'll give it to you myself.
In the above cases, Li Jing, Yang, Li, Lee Jae-yong, Zhang, and others were all awarded jade belts with three or more official positions, which met the system requirements.
3. In six years, foreigners paid tribute to Zhenguan, and Yu Weichi, the king of Khotan, sent jade belts, and Emperor Taizong agreed.
At the beginning of Zhenyuan in Tang Dezong, he was sent to the kingdom of Khotan and got a new life, including five pairs of jade, a jade pillow, three hundred pieces of jade belt crotch and three hundred pieces of boots belt crotch.
In the 12th year of Yuanhe in Tang Xianzong, Tibetan envoys presented ten horses, two jade belts, ten gold wares and two yak tails.
From Bao Li to Taihe, Tibetan envoys paid tribute to jade belt, golden plate, otter skin, yak tail, chardonnay, horses, sheep and steamed pork with corn flour.
In the first year of Taihe, Tang Wenzong, the envoy of Tubo, made great contributions to Guo Xin, gold and silver wares, jade belts and horses.
4. I offered Yuan to the imperial court for ten years, asking Huai, Cai, and governors to pay tribute to help the army, with 7,200 silver, 5,200 gold and two jade belts.
In the first year of Emperor Wenzong Taihe, Wang returned from Huainan and presented three jade belts, thousands of silver bowls and 400,000 silks.
5. People gave Li Rang to others to enter the DPRK, and Wen and his subordinates got swords and jade belts, which was not as good as Wen.
Three years after the capital was established, a Yiwu general paid tribute to the filial piety, and Sheng was the jade belt left behind.
In the first year of Tang Muzong Changqing, there was chaos in the secluded town. When you heard about it, you took plain clothes and asked the three armies to take jade belts, swords and cattle Yuan Yi.
In Tang Wuzong, Liu Jianping and Deyu entered Taiwei with a clear strategy. When he was there, he said,' All plans are the same, but words can't confuse him.' Deyu succeeded because of his independent knowledge, saying,' Lu Sheng hates writing, but how can such things be easy to get evil?' Give the jade belt.
In four years, Jin led troops to Yizhou, but the secretariat Yin Huaibin refused to accept it, but went to Haizhou. Zhu Yongzhi, the secretariat, rushed to Yang Xingmi with many friends and gold, secretly greeted Gaoyou and gave it a jade belt.
6. Dressed music and dance
When Emperor Gaozong tasted the banquet, Princess Taiping wore a purple shirt, a jade belt around her waist and seven handkerchiefs, singing and dancing in front of the emperor. Xuanzong tasted another hundred horses, divided them into three parts, put them on a triple couch, danced dozens of cups, and the strong men carried the couch, but the horses did not move. There are more than a dozen musicians wearing yellow shirts and jade belts. This jade belt is only used for decoration, and does not have the function of grade marking.
Three. There are two complete specimens of jade belts in the Tang Dynasty, namely 1970 and 1987, which were unearthed and handed down from generation to generation, and were stored in hejia village in the southern suburbs of Xi and Zhangbagou in the western suburbs of Xi, among which hejia village is the most important.
Hejia village hoarded a pair of nine-ring white jade and nine pairs of jade belts. These nine pairs of jade belts are: a pair of lion-patterned white jade belts, consisting of thirteen square jade belt discs, two noble tails and buckles, totaling sixteen or thirteen; A pair of pure white jade square hips, including thirteen square jade belts and two GUI-shaped tails, totaling fifteen or thirteen; A pair of perforated white jade belts, consisting of nine semi-elliptical jade belt plates, four square jade belt plates, two tails and buckles, totaling sixteen or thirteen; The deep-spotted jade belt consists of nine semi-elliptical jade belt plates, four square jade belt plates, two tails and buckles, totaling sixteen pieces and thirteen pieces; A pair of spotted jade belts consists of nine semi-elliptical jade belt discs, four square jade belt discs, two reed-shaped tails and buckles, totaling sixteen or thirteen; A pair of bone jade belts, consisting of nine semi-elliptical jade belt plates, four square jade belt plates, two reed-shaped tails and buckles, totaling sixteen or thirteen pieces; A pair of polished white jade pure square buttocks, consisting of nine semi-elliptical jade belt discs, four square jade belt discs and two cinnamon-shaped tails, totaling 15 pieces and 13 pieces; A pair of white jade belts, consisting of nine semi-oval jade belt discs, four square jade belt discs and two cinnamon-shaped tails, totaling 15 pieces and 13 pieces; A pair of white agate twisted yarns, including nine semi-elliptical bands, four square bands and two ghost tails, total 15 pieces, 13 pieces. The ten jade belts stored in hejia village are thirteen except for the special jade belts. In addition to two cinnamon tails and buckles, there are two styles: one is that thirteen pieces are all square; The other is composed of four squares and nine semi-ellipses. These two forms conform to the jade use system of Jade Belt XIII in Tang Dynasty. Mr. Yang Boda once thought that there were seven jade belts in the two jars unearthed in hejia village, a southern suburb of Xi, including two pieces of 15 and five pieces of 16, all of which were different from those of Xianqing 13, which may reflect the changes of jade belts in the prosperous Tang Dynasty. It seems that Teacher Yang may not have made a detailed distinction between the number of jade belts and the number of jade belts. But the three jade belts found in Zhangbagou cellar are all twelve.
Among the jade belts handed down from the Tang Dynasty, there are a pair of musicians' jade belts in Shanghai Museum, which are composed of eleven squares, a reed-shaped tail and buckles. The British Museum has a jade belt of Hu people, which consists of eight squares and a turtle-shaped tail. A jade belt in the East Asian Art Museum in Bath, England, consists of ten rectangles and a turtle-shaped tail. In this way, in addition to conforming to the thirteen rules of the system, Tang Yudai also has twelve, eleven, ten and eight situations. This shows that although the jade belt was customized in the Tang Dynasty, the actual specifications of the jade belt are different from the literature records, which may reflect the situation of the jade belt in the early Tang Dynasty. The jade belt system has been followed from the early Tang Dynasty to the Ming Dynasty, and it was not until the Ming Dynasty that there was a constant procedure.
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