Nietzsche's thought reflected the demands and wishes of the monopoly bourgeoisie that was forming at that time. He condemned the liberal bourgeoisie, calling them mediocre people who stick to the rules and drag out an ignoble existence. He believes that it is necessary to deny the decline of western civilization influenced by rationalism, Christianity and humanitarianism, and advocate subjective fighting spirit and positive attitude towards life. He emphasized that evolution is a process in which strength will realize itself, and the purpose of life is to exert strength and expand itself. Advocating superman's philosophy, he thinks that superman is the creator of history, and he has the right to enslave the public, while ordinary people are just tools for Superman to realize his will to power. He opposed democracy, socialism and women's liberation movement, and even condemned it as a crime for doctors to save patients. It is argued that art is the expression of the will to power, and artists are highly self-expanding and self-expressing.
But Nietzsche did put forward new ideas. When Freud was brewing his psychoanalysis, he was surprised to find that Nietzsche had expressed his basic ideas. Jaspers, Heidegger and all existentialists regard Nietzsche as the person who opened the way for them. Many western writers are also deeply influenced by it. Nietzsche's theory indicates that western society has entered an era of fundamental changes in values. Therefore, it can be said that without understanding Nietzsche, it is impossible to understand our western philosophical thought, literary thought and social thought in this century.
1844 65438+1October 15 was born in Lutzen, Saxony, Prussia. For generations, they were Lutheran priests.
1849 On July 30th, my 5-year-old father died of encephalomalacia.
1850, when he was 6 years old, his family moved to Naumburg-on-Tyre. 1858 14 years old 10 months, studying at the puerta institute of higher education in the suburb of Nanpu. 1864 At the age of 20, 10 entered Bonn University to study theology and classical philology. 1865 2 1 year 10 months, transferred to Leipzig university. I read Schopenhauer's book The World of Will and Appearance for the first time. At the age of 22, 1866 began to associate with Irving Rhodes, a servant of Richmond. 1867 When he was 23 years old, 10, he was recruited to the Nanmburg Artillery Wing. Fell off his horse and seriously injured his sternum. 1868 April 24 years old, discharged due to injury. 165438+1October 8th, the first time I met Gner. 1869 In February, at the age of 25, he was hired by university of basel as an additional professor of classical philology. In April, he lost his Prussian citizenship and became a Swiss. /kloc-In May of 0/7, I visited Wagner's home in Tolipson, Lucerne for the first time. On May 28th, he delivered an inaugural speech entitled Homer and Classical Literature in university of basel. Buckhart (Jacob Buckhart). 1870 26 years old, promoted to full professor in March. In August, the Franco-Prussian War broke out, and he volunteered to join the army as a health soldier. Suffering from dysentery and diphtheria. /kloc-retired in June of 0/0 and returned to university of basel. Began to associate with the theologian Franz Waback. 187 1 27 years old, he wrote the birth of tragedy. 1872 28 years old 1 month, published the birth of tragedy. From February to March, he gave a speech in university of basel and published the Prospect of German Educational Facilities (first published as a legacy). In April, the Wagner family moved out of Tolstoy's den. In May, I met Wagner again at the groundbreaking ceremony of Beirut Festival Theatre. 1873, aged 29, published the first article "Deep Thinking on Seasons". Part of the text was published in Philosophy in the Age of Greek Tragedy (published as a manuscript for the first time after death). 30 years old, 1873, published the second and third articles of Deep Thinking of Seasons. When I first read the novel Red and Black by French writer Stendhal, I was shocked. 1875 3 1 year 10 months, I first met a musician, ReterGast (real name HeinrichKoselitz). In July, at the age of 32, 1876, I published the fourth article, Deep Thinking about Seasons. In August, Beirut Theatre staged its first commemorative drama. In September, I met the psychologist RaulRee, and my condition deteriorated. Due to illness, university of basel asked for leave to give a lecture. In winter, I work in Sotlin with Paul Lee and Mei Sen Berg. 65438+1October165438+1October made the last interview with Wagner in Sotelin. Wrote the original memorandum of human nature, too human. 1877, aged 33, returned to Basel in September and resumed teaching at the university. 1877 The friendship with Wagner ended at the age of 34. On October 3rd, 65438/kloc-0, Wagner presented rare. In May, the first article of Human Nature, Too Human Nature was published; In my last letter to Wagner, I attached a book entitled "Human Nature, Too Human Nature". 1879 35 years old seriously ill. Resign from the chair of university of basel. The second part of "Human Nature, Too Human Nature" was published in the first half. 1880, aged 36, published The Wanderer and His Shadow, which was later published as The Second Half of Human Nature. In spring, I first arrived in Geneva and spent the winter in Geneva in June, 5438+00. 188 1 37 years old 1 Completed Dawn, published in June, spent the summer in Sears Maria in July, and came up with the idea of "eternal stream" in August. 165438+1On October 27th, I first heard Bizet's Carmen in Geneva. 188 1 year-1882 wrote the science of happiness, which was published in the same year. 1882-1888 tries to convert the value of everything. 1882 38 years old in March, traveling to Sicily. In April, she began to associate with Luo Luo Le. In May, Diefroliche Wissenschaft was published. 1 1 months later, I will spend the winter in Laboro. 1In February of 883, Wagner, aged 39, died of illness. He wrote his first book, Zarathustra, which was published in June. In July, he wrote the second part of Zarathustra. 65438+ February, winter in Nice. 1884, 40 years old, 1 month, in Venice, he wrote the third part of Zarathustra. August Stein visited Nietzsche. Since June 1 1, I have been writing the fourth part of Zarathustra (published privately in June 1885) and read Dostoevsky's novel Crime and Punishment, which was deeply moved. 1885 4 1 year old wrote the transcendence of good and evil. 1886 42 years old, I saw Owen Rhodes for the last time in Leipzig in May and June. In July, Transcendence of Good and Evil was published. 1In July, 886, at the age of 43, he completed the Moral Genealogy, which was published privately in 1654381October. 165438+1October 1 1, the last letter to Owen Rhodes. 1888, 44 years old, 1 month, I didn't know Kierkegaard until the introduction of Danish literary historian Brands. I went to Turin for the first time in April. Brandes gave a lecture on German philosopher Friedrich Li Xi Nietzsche at the University of Copenhagen. From May to 8, he wrote Wagner Incident, which was published in September and Ode to Dionysus. From August to September, I wrote Twilight of Idol (published by 1889). I finished writing anti-Christ in September.1October 65438-1 1 I wrote it! This man wrote Nietzsche to Wagner in June and February, 5438, and published it in the complete works after his death. 1889, 45 years old, 65438+1early October, suffered a final blow in Turin and suffered a serious stroke. Schizophrenia attack, was sent to the psychiatric department of Jena University Hospital, and my mother came to take care of it. 1897 at the age of 53, my mother died of illness. I moved to Weimar with my sister and was taken care of by my sister day and night. 1900 56 years old, breathed his last breath in Weimar on August 25th, and was buried in his hometown of Loken on August 28th. Plato, Aristotle, Wibinoza, Kant, Schopenhauer and Hegel after his death are listed as immortal thinkers in the history of world philosophy.
Nietzsche has always been a controversial figure in the history of eastern and western philosophy. Nietzsche's philosophy foreshadows the profound spiritual crisis in modern western society in a unique way, and indicates that western society has entered an era of fundamental changes in values ... 1844 10.5, Nietzsche was born in Loken, Prussia. His father is a priest, and his parents have a long family history of priests. His father died young, and he was raised by a religious housewife. He became a victim and was brought up almost feminized by them. He hates the bad boys in the neighborhood. These people pound nests, steal fruits, pretend to be soldiers and tell lies. His classmates called him "Little Pastor", and one of them described him as "Jesus in teaching". He likes to avoid people, read the Bible by himself, or read it to others with passion, which makes people cry. However, there is an almost neurotic endurance and self-esteem in his bones: once, his classmates didn't believe in a fairy tale, and he lit a bunch of matches in his hand until the matches turned to ashes. This is just a typical example. Throughout his life, he has been looking for various physical and intellectual exercise methods in order to shape himself into an ideal man. About 1865, he discovered Schopenhauer's The World as Will and Representation, as if he had discovered "a mirror, through which I saw the world, life and my own nature, and it was depicted very sublimely." He took the book home and eagerly read it word by word. At the age of 23, Nietzsche should conquer military service. He is short-sighted and the only child of a widow. He could have been spared, but the conscription system was very strict at that time, and he was spared. In moderns, Sadova and Sedan, even philosophers have to be cannon fodder. But he fell off his horse and sprained his chest muscle, which was very serious. The recruiter must avoid his disaster. Nietzsche never fully recovered from this kind of trauma. His military career was so short that when he left the army, he missed the soldiers almost as much as when he joined the army. Sparta's hard life, instructions and obedience, patience and punishment are all lingering in his imagination. Now, he doesn't have to realize this ideal by himself. The reason why he worships soldiers is precisely because he is in poor health and cannot be a soldier. At the beginning of 1872, Nietzsche published his first and only complete work-The Tragedy Born in the Musical Spirit. 1879, in the prime of life, he collapsed physically and mentally and was on the verge of death. But he is still ready to fight to the end. He begged his sister: "Please promise me that after I die, only my friends will be allowed to stand around my coffin, and no curious people will be allowed to watch." When I can no longer protect myself, please remember: no priest or anyone else is allowed to spread lies and talk nonsense at my grave; Let me enter the grave as an honest pagan. However, he recovered and the hero's funeral had to be postponed. It is because of this disease that he cherishes health and sunshine, loves life, laughs and dances. In his illness, he struggled with death and tempered his strong will, so he positively affirmed the sweetness of life. Even in difficult and painful times, it may be because of this disease. He made a tragic effort. He said: "the greatness I understand is to love fate ... not only to bite the bullet and endure everything under any inevitable conditions, but also to love it." "At that time, he lived a simple life on the school pension, and just had a quiet life for a year. At this moment, the arrogant philosopher fell into lovely fragility and suddenly found himself in love. But Lou Shamei didn't return his love; His eyes are too sharp and deep, which is disturbing. Nietzsche fled in despair and made up many warnings to attack women along the way. In fact, he is naive, passionate, romantic, affectionate and hard to hide. The pain of lovelorn made him want to live in seclusion. He said: "It is too difficult to get along with others, because silence is not easy." So he began to travel. I came to Sears-Maria from Italy and climbed the Alps. Now he hates men and women and only prays for surpassing human beings. On that desolate mountain top, he was inspired to create his greatest work. I sat there waiting-waiting for a loss, appreciating and thinking beyond good and evil, sometimes I saw the sun, sometimes it was a shadow; Only day, lake, noon and time have no end. Just then, my friend suddenly split in two, and Zarathustra walked past me. Therefore, he wrote Zarathustra's theory (1883). This is a masterpiece, and he knows it. Later, he mentioned: "This book stands alone on the shore. "From an economic point of view, publishers feel unprofitable, so they completely refuse to print, so the author has to pay for it himself. 40 copies were sold and 7 copies were given to others, and everyone thanked him; No one praises it. No one has ever been so lonely! He wrote in the book: "Zarathustra came down from the mountain and met an old hermit. The hermit told him about God, but when Zarathustra was alone, he thought,' Is this really possible? "This old Tessa is in his forest and has never heard that God is dead!" However, God did die, and all the gods died. "A long time ago, those ancient gods died. Moreover, this is indeed a beautiful and happy ending for the gods! " "They didn't die at dusk-even though people lie like this! On the contrary, they used to laugh themselves to death! " "the thing is this: once, a god himself mumbled the most unholy sentence:' there is only one god! Before me, you can't trust other gods. ""A sly old guy, a jealous God, just got carried away. ""So, the gods laughed and even shook their seats, shouting,' Isn't the so-called holiness the gods, not the only one? "Let all people with long ears listen." "Zarathustra figure Stella said this is not blasphemy? However, Zarathustra also complained: "No one knows piety better than me", and he claimed to be "the most devout among those who don't believe in God." He longed for faith and sympathized with "all the people who endured great torture like me." Old gods is dead, and the new god is still in its infancy. " So he called for a new God: Nietzsche said through Zarathustra: "God is dead; Therefore, we hope that Superman will come to the world. ..... "I'll tell you what superman is. Man is something to be surpassed. What have you done to surpass others? ..... The value of man lies in that he is a bridge, not a goal; The loveliness of man is that he is' transition' and' extinction'. I love those who only know that life is a mess, because they are surpassing themselves. I like the strongest scorner. They are the most devout admirers, and they are long arrows shooting at the other side. I love people who don't look for some reason to destroy or sacrifice outside the planet; But dedicated to the earth, so that the earth will one day become a kingdom of superman. It's time for human beings to decide their own goals. It's time for mankind to sow the seeds of the highest hope. ..... My brother, please tell me, if human beings lack goals, isn't it human beings' own lack? ..... love the farthest person more than your neighbor. Nietzsche seems to have predicted that every reader will pretend to be superman; In order to prevent this, he tried his best to argue that Superman was not born yet. We can only be the pioneers of Superman and the soil that produces Superman. "Can't exceed your ability. ..... beyond your ability is immoral; Don't ask what you are not qualified to do. " The kind of happiness that only super talents enjoy does not belong to us; Our best goal is to work. "For a long time, I pursued my happiness endlessly; But now, I will try my best to finish my work. " He collected some fragments into Beyond Good and Evil (1886) and Moral Genealogy (1887). In these two volumes, he hopes to destroy the old morality and pave the way for superman morality. Therefore, there are two opposing evaluations of human behavior, and there are two different moral concepts and standards: "heroic morality" and "slave morality"-master morality and mob morality. "Heroic morality" or master morality is the standard advocated by ancient times, especially by the Romans. Even for ordinary Romans, virtue means "masculinity, fortitude, adventure and courage". Asians, especially Jews in the era of political subordination, pursue another moral standard; Obedience breeds humility, incompetence breeds altruism-this is a call for help. Under the control of this mob morality, the love of adventure and power gave way to the love of peace and security; Cunning replaces strength, covert calculation replaces public revenge, compassion replaces strength, passive imitation replaces active creation, and conscience condemnation replaces dignity and arrogance. Dignity belongs to pagans, Romans, feudal lords and nobles, and conscience belongs to Jews, Christians, bourgeoisie and civilians. Nietzsche praised "heroic morality" and went to the edge of madness. He said: "either we are all great men or we are slaves and tools of great men;" In the past, for Bonaparte's goal, millions of Europeans used themselves as tools, gladly died for him, and shouted his name when they fell. How spectacular! " There is no doubt that Nietzsche's thinking is too keen, so he failed prematurely. He fought against the times, and as a result, he lost his psychological balance. Nietzsche's later works are bitter; He attacked not only ideas, but also people-Wagner, Christ, Germans and so on. If people give him more appreciation, he may be able to stop this vindictive egoism in advance, so that Nietzsche can better grasp the prospect and save his soul. However, the praise came too late. When almost everyone despised him, only a few people gave him a little care and generous praise; Professor brandeis wrote to tell Nietzsche that he was giving a lecture on Nietzsche's "aristocratic radicalism" at the University of Copenhagen. The playwright Strindberg wrote that he was applying Nietzsche's ideas to the drama. The most touching thing is that an anonymous admirer sent a check for $400. When this little light came, Nietzsche's eyes and mind were completely blind; He's desperate. He wrote: "My time is not up yet", "Only the future belongs to me." 1889 65438+ 10 in Turin, the last disaster finally came, and he suddenly had a stroke. At first, they sent him to an insane asylum, but soon, his old mother took him away and took care of him piteously. What a touching picture this is! A pious woman whose son abandoned everything she cherished. She suffered the blow sadly and firmly, but she still loved him. Now, she holds him in her arms, just like another painting of the Virgin Reiko Kobayakawa. 1 1897, Nietzsche's mother died and his sister took him to live in Weimar. There, Kramer made a statue for him-a pathetic look, showing that his once strong heart was broken, helpless and obedient. However, he is not completely unfortunate; When he was healthy, he never enjoyed peace and tranquility, but now he has; It seems that God has pity on him and made him crazy. Once, he saw his sister looking at him in tears and asked, "Elizabeth", "Why are you crying? Are we unhappy? " An accidental opportunity to listen to people talking about books; His pale face was a little rosy, and he said happily, "Ah! I also wrote several good books "-however, this sober moment soon disappeared. 1900, he died. Few people pay such a high price for genius. Nietzsche's problems, especially with the appearance of Nazism and the misappropriation of many Nietzsche's concepts and discourses by Nazis, have become more complicated. How do people solve the following contradictions? On the one hand, Nietzsche is a kind European, a deadly enemy of anti-Semitism, and a severe critic of contemporary Germans. On the other hand, in his works, he constantly praised the brave barbarians with fair skin, blond hair and blue eyes, put forward his thought of power will, and lashed out at all values and moral goodness in the western civilization tradition. If Nietzsche lived to the age of the Third Reich, he would undoubtedly be one of the first people to be put into Nazi concentration camps. Although he was described as a prophet of Nazism, in fact, there was no stronger condemnation of Nazi instigators than Nietzsche. However, the anti-intellectualism, nihilism and totalitarianism in his thoughts left many terrible seeds for European culture, and later became an ideological tool for vicious racists, militarists and totalitarians to reform themselves and serve their own purposes.