Wang Anshi (102 1 year 1 month 18-1May 2, 0861day), whose real name is Fu Jie, was born in the Mid-Levels. After his death, he chased posthumous title's "Wen", and the world called him Wang Wengong. Little Badger Lang was named Jing Guogong in his later years, also known as Wang, Han nationality. Linchuan (now a native of Dengjiaxiang, Jinglu, Fuzhou City, Jiangxi Province) was an outstanding politician, writer, thinker and reformer in China. Outstanding literary achievements. His poem "Learn from Du Fu's thin and bitter songs" is good at reasoning and rhetoric, and is good at using allusions. His style is vigorous, alert and delicate, and there are also works with deep feelings. He is the author of Collected Works of Mr. Linchuan. He was born in a small official family. Father's benefit, word loss, is a judge of Linjiang army, and he has served as a county official in several States all his life. Anshi doesn't like reading very much, has a strong memory and is well educated. In the second year (1042), Li Qing ranked fourth in Emperor Wen of Sui Jinshi list, and successively served as the prison officer of Huainan magistrate, Yinxian magistrate, Changzhou magistrate and Tiaodian Jiangdong. In the fourth year of Zhiping (1067), Zong Shenchu acceded to the throne, and Zhao 'an was called a bachelor of Hanlin from Jiangning Government School. In the second year of Xining (1069), he was promoted to participate in politics. Since Xining three years ago, he has served as a member of the same school twice to publicize the new law. Ning lived in seclusion after nine years' strike, and died in Zhongshan and posthumous title, Jiangning (now Nanjing, Jiangsu), also known as Wang Wengong. Its political reform had a far-reaching impact on the social economy in the late Northern Song Dynasty and had the characteristics of modern reform. Lenin praised him as "1 1 century China's great reformer". Together with "Han Yu, Liu Zongyuan, Ouyang Xiu, Su Xun, Su Shi, Su Zhe and Ceng Gong", they are called "Eight Great Masters in Tang and Song Dynasties".

Works:

There are Wang Linchuan Collection and Linchuan Collection. Officials to the prime minister advocate reform and political reform. Poems such as Yuanri and Meihua are the most famous.

Origin:

Wang Anshi (1021-1086), a native of Dengjiaxiang, Jing Highway, Fuzhou City, Jiangxi Province, was an outstanding politician, thinker and writer in the Song Dynasty. Born into the family of a local official. Wang Anshi was smart since he was a child, and he never forgot to read. I traveled north and south with my father and officials since I was a child, which increased my social experience, broadened my horizons, witnessed the hardships of the people's lives, and had a certain perceptual understanding of the situation of "accumulating poverty and accumulating weakness" in the Song Dynasty. When I was young, I set the ambition of "rectifying the world and changing customs". In March of the second year of Li Qing (1042), he was admitted to the Jinshi examination and was awarded the judge of Huainan Festival. /kloc-in the winter of 0/058 (the third year of Jiayou), Wang Anshi was appointed as the judge of the third division. The following spring, he went to Kaifeng, the capital, and wrote thousands of books. He pointed out that laws and regulations must be reformed so that they can "adapt to the changes of the times". He believed that the premise of reform was to train talents, so he advocated abolishing the imperial examination system and selecting officials from the grassroots ("township party"). In 2000, he was transferred to Yinxian (now Ningbo, Zhejiang). He is honest and strict in law enforcement. He organized migrant workers to repair dams, dig ponds, improve farmland irrigation and facilitate transportation, and did many beneficial things for the people. When the young crops don't arrive, they lend the grain stored in the official treasury to farmers at low interest to solve the difficulties of the people. In three years (105 1 year), he resigned from the court and served as a judge in Zhou Shu, with considerable achievements. Wen Yanbo, the prime minister, recommended him as a judge of animal husbandry, and served as a judge of Changzhou Known and Jiangdong Prison. In the third year of Jiayou (1058), when he was a judge, he wrote tens of thousands of books to Song Renzong, which profoundly exposed the decadent atmosphere of bureaucracy, imperial examination and extravagance, demanded political reform and strengthened border defense, and put forward the financial principle of "collecting the wealth of Wang Anshi's portrait (IX) for the world's expenses", but it did not attract the attention of the court. Soon after, the court appointed him as Yuan Xian, and his colleagues began to take notes. He didn't want to take this idle post, but he wouldn't give up his words. So he changed the position of the imperial edict, drafted an imperial edict for the emperor, and picketed the prison in Beijing. Because of his words, it is difficult to be an official in North Korea. In August of eight years (1063), he resigned and went back to Jiangning to attend the funeral on the grounds that his mother was ill. After Emperor Yingzong acceded to the throne (1063-1066), Wang Anshi was called to Beijing many times, and all resigned from his post and went to the DPRK on the grounds of losing his mother and illness.

Reform movement:

In the fourth year of Zhiping (1067), Zongshen succeeded to the throne, and Wang Anshi was appointed as the magistrate of Jiangning, and was immediately appointed as a bachelor and lecturer of Hanlin. In the first year of Xining (1068), in order to get rid of the political and economic crisis faced by the Song Dynasty and the constant intrusion of Liao and Xixia, the gods called Wang Anshi to "enter the right again and again", that is, he wrote a letter advocating political reform. The following year, he devoted himself to politics and presided over the political reform. In order to guide the implementation of the reform, a three-part department of laws and regulations was established, and a group of officials who supported the reform were found to participate in the formulation of the new law. In the third year of Xining (1070), he was appointed as the prime minister, promoted the new law nationwide, and began a large-scale reform movement. The new financial laws include average transportation law, young crops law, market exchange law, exemption law, average land tax law and farmland water conservancy law; On the military side, there are the laws of setting generals, protecting armor and protecting horses. At the same time, reform the imperial examination system and train talents for the implementation of the new law. These measures have limited the exploitation of farmers by big landlords and businessmen to a certain extent, promoted the development of farmland water conservancy, improved the national financial situation and enhanced military strength. Wang Anshi was called "1 1 the reformer of China in the century" by Lenin, and Mao Zedong also praised "Wang Anshi's most valuable thing is that he put forward the idea of" insufficient words ". ("People's words are unkind" was not put forward by Wang Anshi and other reformists, but was slandered by the opposition who opposed the reformists. There are three similar sentences in the original text: "The destiny is not enough to be feared, the public opinion is insufficient, and the laws of the ancestors are insufficient. "After Wang Anshi heard this sentence, he was deeply in line with his own reform theme, so he publicized it. The reform made the imperial court monopolize the commodity trade, and not only the interests of bureaucrats and big landlords were infringed, but also the interests of small businessmen, and the original social order was destroyed, which was fiercely opposed by conservatives, especially the tenacious resistance of Empress Dowager Cao and Empress Dowager Gao. In addition, in the process of implementation, many officials took the opportunity to extort money, which harmed the interests of farmers. However, all talented ministers who wrote letters to directly remonstrate politics were dismissed or demoted or exiled by Wang Anshi, which led to more and more unscrupulous and daring tax collectors. This situation is getting more and more serious, and the actual effect is far from the subjective assumption. Wang Anshi was slandered by many people. Under the pressure of royalty and ministers who opposed the new law, Song Shenzong defected to Wang Anshi in April of the seventh year of Xining (1074) and was appointed as the magistrate of Jiangning. The following year, Wang Anshi was once again used as prime minister, but due to the division within the new school and the alienation of conservatives, Wang Anshi was actually difficult to make a difference. In October of the ninth year of Xining, he went on strike again and became a signing judge in Jiangnan. The next year, he retired to Jiangning and lived a leisurely life. In the eighth year of Yuanfeng (1085), Zhezong ascended the throne at the age of ten. Empress Dowager Gao was in charge of state affairs, and Sima Guang, who opposed the political reform, was appointed as prime minister. Under the repeated performance of Su Shi, most of the new laws were abolished. Wang Anshi died in April of the following year and was buried in the Mid-Levels Garden in Jiangning. In his later years, Wang Anshi was named Jing Guogong, known as Wang, Wang Wengong and Linchuan in history. After death, he was chased as a "teacher"; During his teenage years, posthumous title was named "Wen" and was named as a temple. Hui Zong was also named Wenxuan King Temple. When Qin Zong was in power, the emperor ordered him to stop enjoying Wenxuan Wang Dian. The emperor adopted the opinions of Zhao Ding and Lv Cong and cut off the title of "King of Shu". Wang Anshi's ruling and determination to reform are dominated by his progressive philosophy. He regards "dividing the old from the new" as the law of the development and change of nature, thus establishing the fearless spirit of "the lack of destiny is not enough for fear, the lack of public opinion and the lack of laws of ancestors" These progressive ideas also shine brilliantly in his literary works. His prose is good at reasoning, concise and profound, vigorous and knowledgeable; Poetry, on the other hand, is vigorous and fresh, full of heroism, which has strongly impacted the formalistic style of writing in the early Song Dynasty and had a direct impact on uninhibited poetry. His works are extremely rich, including Linchuan Collection, Linchuan Collection and Interpretation, New Interpretation of Three Classics (incomplete volume), Selected Poems of Hundred Schools in Tang and Song Dynasties, and Poetic Hooking. Wang Anshi has been away from his hometown as an official since childhood, but he has deep feelings for his hometown. He visited relatives in his hometown many times and wrote many poems, letters and epitaphs to relatives, friends and places of interest in his hometown, expressing his thoughts and feelings of loving his hometown. Hometown people also have deep admiration and nostalgia for him. Many place names were taken in memory of him, including Gong Jing, Gong Jingpo, Gong Jing Bridge, Diaoyutai in Gong Jing, Mid-Levels Academy, Anshi Reading Desk, Gong Jing Highway and so on. Scholars in their hometown wrote books to defend Wang Anshi: In the Southern Song Dynasty, the Ninth Academy of Lu Jinxi praised his noble character and denounced Wang Anshi's political enemies in "Sacrifice to Gong Jing Ancestral Temple"; In Qing Dynasty, Cai Shangxiang and Jin Xi devoted their whole lives to writing A Textual Research on the Chronicle of the King to refute the falsehood of the History of Song Dynasty.

Political activities:

In the second year of Li Qing (1042), Wang Anshi was the fourth scholar, and was sentenced to official duties for Zhongshu Province in Huainan (Yangzhou) successively. Yinxian (now Ningbo, Zhejiang) and Zhou Shu (now Buried Hill, Anhui), the magistrate of a county, were once transferred to Kaifeng as judges of the animal husbandry department (this position is not supported by historical data of Wang Anshi's portrait for the time being, which seems to be untrue. ), spin and turn to Changzhou, mention some Jiangnan East Road prison merchants, and then called the three divisions to decide the case and make a patent. Years of experience as a local official made Wang Anshi realize that the root of social poverty in the Song Dynasty was merger, and the crisis faced by feudal rule in the Song Dynasty was "worrying about the country at home and not fearing barbarians abroad". Therefore, in Song Renzong and Zhao Zhen's The Three Years of Jiayou (1058) A Brief Introduction to Wan Yan, Wang Anshi demanded a comprehensive reform of the written law since the early Song Dynasty in order to reverse the situation of poverty and weakness. Take the example of Sima Yan, Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty and Li Longji who only wanted to "relax" and did not seek reform, and finally fell down. Wang Anshi had a rare sense of urgency for reform, and shouted: "If the ancient times are accurate, the world can be peaceful and chaotic, and don't rush to today when possible", demanding immediate reform of the written law; Otherwise, the history of Huang Chao's death in the Tang Dynasty will repeat itself, and the Song Dynasty will also embark on the road of extinction. The feudal scholar-officials also placed high hopes on Wang Anshi and looked forward to his coming to power as soon as possible. At the beginning of Xining, Wang Anshi, as the attendant minister of Hanlin bachelor, discussed the way of governing the country with young Song Shenzong, which won Song Shenzong's appreciation. In the second year of Xining (1069), Wang Anshi became a consultant in politics, and was promoted to prime minister the following year, and began to vigorously carry out reforms. The purpose of Wang Anshi's political reform is to enrich Qiang Bing, so as to reverse the situation of poverty and weakness in the Northern Song Dynasty and consolidate the rule of the landlord class. Wang Anshi clearly put forward that financial management is the prime minister's first priority, and expounded the relationship between political affairs and financial management. He once pointed out: "People who have done nothing today, because of lack of money, should take financial management as the first priority." "Political affairs do financial management, and financial management is the so-called righteousness." More importantly, before Wang Anshi came to power, he thought that only on the basis of developing the production of Wang Anshi's head portrait can the national financial problem be solved: "The wealth of the world can be born by the power of the world, and the wealth of the world can be used by the expenses of the world." After Wang Anshi took office, he continued to give play to this view. He once pointed out: "Those who have accomplished nothing today are short of money, so I put financial management first", while "financial management is urgent for agriculture, and farmers are eager for agriculture to get rid of suffering and restrain mergers." In this reform, Wang Anshi put the development of production in the first place as the top priority. In Wang Anshi's view, in order to develop production, the first thing is to "relieve (laborers) suffering, restrain mergers and take pleasure in agriculture", mobilize the enthusiasm of laborers, and bring those idle people back to the front line of production. Harvest depends on people, not on the sky. To achieve this goal, the state power needs to formulate corresponding principles and policies and carry out top-down reforms nationwide. Although Wang Anshi emphasized the leading role of state power in the reform, he disapproved of excessive state intervention in social production and economic life, opposed excessive patent collection, and put forward and adhered to the proposition and practice of "not too much monopoly law". Under the guidance of Wang Anshi's above thoughts, the reformists formulated and implemented a series of new laws, such as farmland water conservancy, young crops, exemption from labor, fair loss, easy market, exemption from money and mining tax system, and carried out extensive social reforms from agriculture to handicrafts, commerce and from rural areas to cities. At the same time, the reformists headed by Wang Anshi reformed the military system, improved the quality and combat effectiveness of the army, and strengthened control over the vast rural areas; In order to cultivate more talents needed by society, the imperial examination and school education system have also been reformed. The so-called Three Classics and New Meanings, such as Zhou, Yi Shu and Poetic Art written by Wang Anshi himself, have provided new teaching materials for school education reform. Years of experience as an official made Wang Anshi realize that the root of social poverty in Song Dynasty was merger, and the crisis faced by feudal rule in Song Dynasty was "worrying about the country at home and fearing barbarians abroad". Therefore, in Song Renzong and Zhao Zhen's The Three Years of Jiayou (1058) A Brief Introduction to Wan Yan, Wang Anshi demanded a comprehensive reform of the written law since the early Song Dynasty in order to reverse the situation of poverty and weakness. Take the example of Sima Yan, Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty and Li Longji who only wanted to "relax" and did not seek reform, and finally fell down. Wang Anshi had a rare sense of urgency for reform, and shouted: "If the ancient times are accurate, the world can be peaceful and chaotic, and don't rush to today when possible", demanding immediate reform of the written law; Otherwise, the history of Huang Chao's death in the Tang Dynasty will repeat itself, and the Song Dynasty will also embark on the road of extinction. The feudal scholar-officials also placed high hopes on Wang Anshi and looked forward to his coming to power as soon as possible. At the beginning of Xining, Wang Anshi, as the attendant minister of Hanlin bachelor, discussed the way of governing the country with young Song Shenzong, which won Song Shenzong's appreciation. In the second year of Xining (1069), Wang Anshi became a consultant in politics, and was promoted to prime minister the following year, and began to vigorously carry out reforms. The purpose of Wang Anshi's political reform is to enrich Qiang Bing, so as to reverse the situation of poverty and weakness in the Northern Song Dynasty and consolidate the rule of the landlord class. However, the reform violated the interests of conservatives and was opposed by conservatives. So Wang Anshi and Ning JaeHee went on strike for the first time in seven years. In particular, due to the differences between the designer of the reform, Wang Anshi, and the supreme host of the reform, Song Shenzong, Wang Anshi did not get more support after reunification. Coupled with the internal division of the reformists, his son Wang Kan died, and Wang Anshi resigned as prime minister for the second time in the ninth year of JaeHee Ning, and has lived in jiangning house ever since. In the first year of Yuan You, Song Zhezong (1086), conservatives came to power, and all previous new laws were abolished. Wang Anshi was deeply disturbed by the reversal of the political situation. When he heard that the immunity law had also been abolished, he could not help but say with indignation, "Enough!" Soon, he died of depression.

Brewing reform:

In the first year of Xining (1068), Song Shenzong, who was newly acceded to the throne, asked Wang Anshi, "What is the first way to govern the country today?" Wang Anshi replied: "From the choice of surgery." In the second year of Xining, Song Shenzong asked Wang Anshi, "I don't know what your plan is, what is the first one?" Wang Anshi replied: "It is urgent to legislate to change customs. Anyone who wants beauty and vulgarity is a gentleman, destroying villains, and being ashamed of courtesy and righteousness. It is also caused by a gentleman. " In February of the second year of Xining (1069), Wang Anshi began to implement the new law and adopted a series of reform measures. Fan Zhen, an Hanlin scholar, thinks that the implementation of "Young Crop Law" is to become rich and take more and less, but "taking less and taking more is still fifty steps and a hundred steps". In July and August, Fan Chunren wrote to the emperor, publicly accusing Anshi of "taking advantage" and giving up "knowing Yao and Shun to protect the people". In the proposal, Cheng Lu wrote to Wang Anshi and said, "Sure! Once Song Shenzong and Wen Yanbo discussed the matter of political reform, Zong Shen said: "If the legal system is strengthened, how unhappy the literati are, why are the people inconvenient?" Wen Yanbo said: "Rule the world by literature, not by the people. "In the second year, Sima Guang wrote three long letters to Wang Anshi-"Letter to Fu Jie (King) ",accusing Wang Anshi of" not appointing the three departments, but making the interests of money and grain autonomous, and also setting up the three departments to plan the department ","promoting Changping Guanghuicang ","taking Fu Jie as the current government, changing the old law of ancestors, taking the top down, taking the right and the left, " He also ordered Xue to go to Chiang Kai-shek and Huai River in order to seize the benefits of merchants, divide the money of young crops into the world and collect their interest. It was sad that the gentleman had not met and his brother and wife were separated. ""either see a little different, get angry with the new order, or insult it, or say it one by one without waiting for you to finish. The wise Lord was so tolerant, but Fu Jie refused to protest. Nothing is not enough to forgive! " ; List all kinds of disadvantages of the implementation of the new law, such as "invading officials", "insurrection", "levying profits", "refusing to remonstrate" and "provoking anger", and ask Wang Anshi to abandon the new law and restore the old system. Wang Anshi wrote a reply to Sima's suggestion: "If I really blame myself for being in office for a long time and failing to help the people, then someone will know the crime. If you say that you should do nothing today, just do what you did before, it's beyond anyone's knowledge. Later, the two men parted ways completely, and Sima Guang resigned as emperor and concentrated on writing "Learning from the Same Experience" in Luoyang.