Everyone may be familiar with the atrocities recorded in notes such as Ten Days in Yangzhou, A Chronicle of Friends in Jiading, and A Brief Introduction to Bian Jiang.

Below, I mainly list the official data of Manchu and the atrocities described by third parties.

The first part: Announcement of Manchu official massacre.

First of all, the Manchu dynasty published a large number of proclamations about the massacre, the most famous of which was the official data of the Manchu dynasty, A Record of the Qing Sai-jo (Volume 17), which was recorded in June of the second year of Shunzhi:

? Since then, all the provinces in Zhili, both inside and outside the capital, have been shaved within ten days. If you avoid being unwilling to pay, argue skillfully and never lend easily? . And declared:

? In the counties we have been to, some people can cut their hair, and some people can pay for it, that is, keep money and feel good about the world. If there is resistance and disobedience, when the soldiers arrive, everything will be burned and slaughtered. ? ("Fire" Volume IV)

1649 Another proclamation in Sichuan Manchu, with similar tone:

? People and thieves are mixed, and jade is hard to separate. Or slaughter the city, or slaughter men and keep women? .

Another official historical material of Manchu Dynasty, Donghua Record of the First Year of Shunzhi, records:? Those who don't change their hair and clothes according to the current system will be killed without forgiveness. ?

Zhenjiang magistrate's notice is:? One person doesn't shave the whole family, and one family doesn't shave the whole village? ! Gather the heads of the rebels to intimidate the people.

In the second year of Shunzhi (the first year 1645), Governor Tu of Jiangning announced: Shaving and refitting is the first strict order of the new dynasty. Popular in the world, the law must follow it, regardless of the gentleman and the army, leaving hair and hair! Nanshan can move, not in this order! ?

In the official announcement of the Manchu dynasty, there are a large number of? Slaughtering the whole city? 、? Slaughter? 、? Kill without forgiveness? 、? Family seal? 、? Chop the whole village? A vicious threat. The information listed below proves that the public threat of the Manchu dynasty was not just verbal.

The second part: The massacre before the Qing Dynasty (later Jin Dynasty) entered the customs.

First of all, before the Manchu entered the customs, its slaughter of Liaodong was also widely recorded in the original literature. The following is the following:

In the first month of the ninth year of the mandate of heaven, Nurhachi issued the Nine Khan Order. What is the so-called? A man without a valley? (Everyone has a * * * that is not as good as a metal bucket, right?) Order the officers and men of the Eight Banners? Should people without valleys be regarded as enemies? ,? From the prisoners? Finally, on the 27th day of the first month, it was ordered that Ni Kan (called * * * in Manchu) be killed. This man has been found from all over the country? . This is open genocide!

On the third day of October in the tenth year of Destiny, Nurhachi accused the Han people again? Hiding spies, taking bribes, mutinying? , ordered the Eight Banners Baylor and the officers and generals above the company commanders to get ready, and led the foot soldiers to the * * * village.

? Divert to meet the fortress, that is, dismount and slay it? .

As a third-party historical material of North Korea, The Record of May 13th in Guang Hai County of Li Dynasty also recorded the tragic experience of Liaodong * * *:

? When the slave thief was in Liaoyang, the soldiers and civilians in Liaodong Eighth Station were unwilling to follow Hu. There were many rivers behind, and the thief was so big that Yimin refused to shave his head that they all threw duck water (Yalu River) to die. ?

The third part: The massacre after Manchu entered China.

1, official data of Manchu and third-party data.

After the Qing Dynasty entered the customs, in December of the seventh year of Shunzhi, Shaanxi Governor Tong revealed the most naked confession of his slaughter.

? Datong, Shuozhou and Hunyuan were all slaughtered in Julian Waghann, but the people did not exist? !

Manchu Archives: On November 21st, the sixth year of Shunzhi, a publicity tour was conducted according to Kim Ji Won's inscription Archives of Ming and Qing Dynasties, Volume XI, A 1 120. What is the reason? The city was destroyed? Have to demand the release of the remaining five people. No evidence to study? Prisoner. Shuozhou annals also admits:? The city is broken and you know it's being slaughtered? .

The Guangzhou massacre was confirmed by neutral third-party information. Italian Jesuit Martin Martini (1614161) wrote in the Battle of Tatar:? The massacre lasted from165438+1October 24th to 65438+February 5th. They killed men, women and children in cold blood. They just said: kill! Kill these rebellious Man Zi! ?

(Du: A Story of Westerners in Qing Dynasty, 53 pages, Renmin University of China Press,1June 1985).

John Nieuhoff, the Dutch envoy, stated in the book "The East India Company of the United Province Began to Work in the Palace of the Tatar Emperor in China":? After the Tatar army entered the city, the whole city was suddenly in a miserable scene, and every soldier began to destroy and take it away? Cut as much as you can; Women, children and the elderly cry loudly; From165438+1October 26th to 65438+February 65438+May, all the people heard the voices of torture and killing against Man Zi. The whole city is full of wailing, killing and robbery; Whoever has enough money will redeem it at all costs and then escape from these inhuman butchers. ? (Li, et al. Translated History of Nanming, 13 1, Shanghai Ancient Books Publishing House,1992,65438+February edition).

Monks far from the secular world recorded the specific scale of the massacre.

Chronicle of Religion in Guangzhou: In the seventh year of Shunzhi in Qing Dynasty (1650), the Qing army attacked Guangzhou. 700,000 people were killed. ? In the eastern suburb of Wulonggang, a real monk hired someone to clean up the remains. Get together and bury its embers? Buried together to erect a monument? .

It is worth noting that the data of 700,000 people killed in Guangzhou should have been recorded by the monks who were in charge of collecting corpses in those years, but it is said that it was recorded directly and the historical materials are of high value.

What's more worth mentioning is that this figure is still recorded on the website of Guangzhou Giant Buddha Temple. I am merciful, and I really don't lie when I become a monk.

After the Qing Dynasty massacre? There is no village in the county, no home, no perfect family, no women? .

Official records are as follows:

Zhili? As far as I can see, the fields are desolate? (Wei JooWin, Pain and Difficulties, Suggestions, Volume 1), which is Henan? Hazelnut trees are in short supply everywhere and sparsely populated? ("Li Renlong reclamation should be lenient and sparse, and the emperor gives advice" (Volume 4), Huguang? Thousands of miles away, no one lives? (Liu Yumo, Tuntian Xing Tunshu, Confucian Classics, Volume 34).

The irrefutable evidence that the supreme ruler of Manchu participated in the massacre;

On November 15th, the second year of Shunzhi, Prince Yu, the executioner of Yangzhou on the 10th, was plundered in the massacre? A talented and beautiful China woman, 103? Dedicated to the Manchu supreme officer.

The emperor shunzhi won ten, Regent Dourgen won three, Fuzheng Gil Harang three, Su Huangzi Haug and other two, and the British county king Azig and other one.

(Translation and Compilation of Manchu Archives in National History Museum in the Early Qing Dynasty, p. 197. )

2. Various notes and records of local chronicles.

Kunshan massacre? Generally speaking, four out of ten people in the city were slaughtered, two out of ten people fell into the river and threw themselves into the well, two out of ten people were captured, one out of ten people escaped and one out of ten people survived. ? ("Kun Xin County Records Continued" (Volume 51 Military Discipline),? After all the killing, they escaped from the city gate and drowned, including women and babies. Thousands of women are hiding in the monk's hut on the top of Kunshan. Children are screaming and blood is running down like a torrent. ! ("Punishment of Miscellaneous Notes in Research Institute")

Nanchang massacre? The female flag is divided, and the campers have no day and night. If you have a fever in dog days, or for more than ten days a month, you are not allowed to wash it. In addition to those killed by pottery, drowned by water and died by themselves, there are hundreds of thousands of people in the camp, and all the cows they eat are cooked in soup. It's just a gathering, eating and sleeping, voluntarily staying in the camp to die, and it's also seventeen or eighteen. The first soldiers who arrived have been knocked down privately, and the plundered men and women have been sold together. At first he didn't want to die, but he hoped that the city would break or win, and he survived several times; Even if you know that it is looting and reselling, you will say goodbye to the village, and you will be sad to move the sky and go all out. Floating corpses covered the river, and the sky was overcast. ? (Xu Shipu's Brief Introduction to Bian Jiang)

Guangzhou massacre? Shen Jia changed her name and surname and begged for seven years. He cares about the people, and he will suffer from the six poles. Blood splashed on the streets and ants gathered for food. Hungry birds peck at intestines and fly north.

Cattle in the north wind are piled up. Or like a pagoda, or like a mountain. The five elements * * * are exhausted, and there is no wisdom, no stupidity, no expensive and no base, and the same domain. ? (King of the Tomb of Sacrifice to * * *)? It is gratifying to slaughter Guangzhou without leaving a legacy for thousands of years; People who fled the city were squeezed into the sea. ? (Ni "Continued next year's spectrum")

Nanxiong tragedy? Every swallow's nest in the forest is empty, like a corpse mountain. The dead man was captured headless, and his head was still with the headless man. Blood scorched the earth and covered up the beauty, and orphans were still exploring their mothers' breasts. (Qing army document Chen Diangui "Xiongzhou Store Song")

Jiading massacre? Among the citizens, some are hanging beams, some are thrown into wells, some are thrown into rivers, some are bloody, some have broken limbs, some are still alive after being cut, and some are bloody. ?

Qing soldiers? Obviously, it is unimpeded to run out of the house. The refugees in the city were blocked by bricks and stones in the street, so they couldn't escape. They all threw themselves into the river and the water stopped flowing. Neighbors rape in public day and night. ? Some people don't understand. Nail her hand to a board and still force her to commit adultery. ? ,? Every time a soldier meets a person, he needs to ask Man Zi to present a treasure, and when he goes in, he wraps it around his waist, which means that he can fully explain it. When you meet another soldier, you can hold it as before. I have nothing to offer, so I don't have to chop three knives. Kill when everything is exhausted. ? (Jiading Yiyou Chronicle)

Chaozhou tragedy? Zong Bing slaughtered and plundered, with more than 100,000 bones? Kannonji Hyde, a monk in Jieyang County, collected the bodies and burned them in West Lake Mountain, and the ashes were buried in the south rock of West Lake. More than 50,000 people were killed in the massacre in Tongan County, Fujian Province. There is no doubt that the host of Brahma Temple accepted the body and buried it in a mile northeast of the temple to build a pavilion. No shrine pavilion? , carved on the tombstone? All good things come together. .

Changshu massacre? Streets and alleys, rivers by bridges, destroyed houses and wells are all full of bodies, with more than 5,000 people, but the captured men and women are not counted. The trees by the pond are full of people, all villagers. ? ("Cape Heritage")

Yangzhou massacre, this is not much to say. In addition to the famous "Ten Days in Yangzhou", there is also "The History of Yangzhou City" (? At first, the soldiers in Alex Gao were so proud that the sergeants moved to the lake to avoid it. Mainly for hugging? I believe that the lost house E. and the northern police * * *, the suburban people call the city people to rely on, and they all help each other and bring them into the city; Those who are not allowed to enter, kowtow to trombone, wail and shake the number. Volkswagen needs to order Kaesong to accept it. Even if the city is broken, Yu Wang ordered a massacre, and it will stop for seven days. I am eager to collect the remains of Gong (Shi Kefa), but when I arrived in summer summer, all the bodies were steamed beyond recognition, so I had to leave in tears? ), "Ming Ji Nan Lu" (? On the 25th, Ding Chou was able to open the door to fight, and the Qing soldiers broke into the city, killing them miserably? ) and other information.

Shaving and killing everywhere:? Last autumn's new order: those who don't shave their heads will be beheaded. After the order is given, officials will tell people who don't shave their heads to go to the military gate and shave from morning till night. ? ("Chen Que Ji" Volume 30)

There is also the famous "Jiangyin Ji Shou":

? Kill the whole city and seal the knife. There are few in the city, hiding in secluded places such as temple towers and monk seals. There are 53 people in all. It was also a battle, guarding the city for 8 1 day, and more than 97,000 people died in the city and more than 75,000 people died outside the city. ?

The crimes committed by the previous dynasty are too numerous to mention.

3. Sexual atrocities committed by the Qing army (the following does not include the common data in Yangzhou and Bian Jiang in ten days).

On July 30, the second year of Shunzhi, the Qing army arrived in Shazhen. Anyone who sees them forcibly demands gold and silver, that is, beheads them with knives, and women are forced to commit adultery, that is, they are taken into ships. When you meet a man or a woman, you will find something hidden in the land next to your neck, or you will be less or hesitant, that is, caesarean section. ? ("Miscellaneous Notes on Laboratory Experience")

In the second year of Shunzhi, the Qing army arrived in Wuxi after the Yangzhou massacre. There are women on board, all plundered from Yangzhou, all decorated with Luo Qi pearls and jadeites. ? (Introduction to South China in Ming Dynasty, Volume IV)

In April of the first year of Shunzhi (1644), the Qing soldiers arrived in Kun county, and Sun's wife Fei was robbed. I can't believe you because I said: I hid gold and silk in the well. Good thing I took it. ? The ice led the people to the well, and the stone leaned down, peeped at the well and fell. Soldiers hate losing gold and women, so they hit them with huge stones. ? (County Records of the Republic of China, Volume 6)

The Qing Xing 'an General Troops robbed 100 women. An insatiable desire? . Make a long bed with dozens of naked concubines. The second time, I put it on the bed and raped it. Replanting wooden stakes in the ground with sharp appearance, signing the stakes one by one, gouging out their shadows with a knife, playing with thread, and throwing the bodies into the river. ? (Flat mouth straight (volume 12))

According to the statistics of Manchu local chronicles, there were10/person who resisted the rape of Qing army in Jiangyin massacre. (Daoguang's "Jiangyin County Records" Volume 20 "Martyrs")

According to the statistics of Manchu local chronicles, there were more than 100 women who resisted the rape of Qing army in Yangzhou Massacre. (Yongzheng "Yangzhou Fu Zhi" Volume 34)

When the Qing army besieged Jiading City, it was outside the city. Pick dozens of women in the beauty room and learn to take off their clothes and skirts, which is obscene and toxic. ?

After the fall of Jiading, the Qing army looted? Everyone's boudoir and folk women are born beautiful and commit adultery in public in the neighborhood during the day; Those who don't listen, nail their hands to boards with spikes and force them to commit adultery. Women are invincible. Seven people died. ? (Introduction of Jiading Slaughterhouse)

Qing soldiers in Kannonji, Jiangyin? When women were plundered and defiled on the ground, monks hated their filth and set fire to them in the back room. The soldiers were furious and killed more than 100 people, and all the monks died. ? (Introduction to the North of Ming Dynasty (Volume 1 1)

In the second year of Shunzhi (1645), Jiangyin City fell, with three mothers and children. A mother, a son and a girl are fourteen years old. A soldier whores his daughter and cries bitterly? The soldier released his mother after killing his son. Take the girl and go now? . Another soldier? Carrying a woman, followed by two children, eight years old and six years old? The soldier killed his second son and took his mother away. (Introduction to South China in Ming Dynasty, Volume IV)

In the second year of Shunzhi (1645), on May 9, Nanjing fell, and Tu Sun's Dao family was looted by Qing soldiers. Tie his hand, put the blade between his fingers and say, if you don't follow me, you are finished, or you will crack. Tao said: It's good to be honest and do it quickly. The soldier's finger was hurt a little, and his hand was bleeding. Say: From what? Say: no. The pawn is angry, makes a sudden snatch, gouges out his chest and kills him inch by inch? (Ming History Volume 303)

Hu Hongshi, a student born in Kunshan County, was killed. His wife Lu Shi, 2 1 year-old, is holding her three-year-old son and wants to jump into a well. She was detained by A Qing soldiers. ? When his disciples were sent away, he took off his sword and cut himself open. He was full of curses and died by caesarean section in Weiting. ? (Guangxu six years "Kunxin two counties continue to repair Tongzhi" Volume 36)

4. Manchu plundered and killed Han slaves.

In the winter solstice of the eleventh year of Chongzhen, the Qing army captured more than 462,300 Han people in Jifu and Shandong. On the winter and summer solstice in the fifteenth year of Chongzhen, the Qing army came again? Captured 369,000 people? . (Records of Emperor Taizong of Qing Dynasty)

After the Manchu entered the customs, it continued to plunder the population. In August of the second year of Shunzhi, Xin Si sued the Ministry of War? Capture the population and reward those who are injured in the city as usual. ? ("Records of Qing Taizu")

* * * Slaves suffered inhuman abuse and committed a large number of suicides. In the early years of Kangxi, no fewer than 2000 people committed suicide every year. (Draft of the History of the Qing Dynasty), it is estimated that only * * * committed suicide, and in the decades before and after the Qing Dynasty entered the customs, there were no fewer than 65,438+10,000 people. There are not a few people who have been abused to death.

Due to the crazy slave abuse in Qing Dynasty, a large number of slaves fled. In just a few months, tens of thousands of people fled. ? ("Records of Qing Taizu")

In order to stop the escape, the Manchu rulers strengthened the escape law promulgated by the emperor shunzhi in 1626. The fugitive beheaded, but his neighbors, ten parents and hundreds of parents couldn't lift their heads, and the local officials didn't notice. They all sat together? . Six years after Shunzhi? A fugitive from death, migration? 、? Re-application shall be counted from the date of promulgation of the law. Anyone who interferes with the escape again in the chapter will be convicted of a felony and will never be easily forgiven? ("Records of Qing Taizu")

Even Geng, the great traitor who took refuge in the Qing Dynasty, was forced to commit suicide because he took in runaway slaves.

5. The atrocities of the Qing Dynasty moving to the sea:

On the sixth day of March in the third year of Kangxi (1664), the Qing army brigade entered Dongshan. Do your best to drive coastal residents to the mainland, build a wall as the boundary, and let the sergeant plunder and kill people, and open up the sky? (Complete Biography of the Zheng Family in Taiwan Province Province)

? At that time, the people were unemployed, and the wailing sound carried the road, and the villages and towns were very miserable. They abandoned their husbands and children, lost their fathers and wives, and the old and the young were stuffed in ravines. Their bones were white in the wilderness? ("Foreign Records of Taiwan Province Province")

Funing prefecture,? Honshu is bounded by the main road, and the south road is bounded by Qianling in Honshu. Songshan, Hougang, Chi 'an and Shiba Inu near the city are also out of bounds. Cattle and horses are not allowed in and out of the wooden fence by the road. Hang a monument everywhere: whoever dares to go out of bounds will be beheaded! If you cross the border a few steps, you will be beheaded. (Twenty-seven years of Qianlong, Funing County Records, Volume 43)

Putian county,? Residents living in coastal areas moved in and lived within 20 miles of the city, and built earth walls as boundaries 20 miles away. Inch board is not allowed to go into the sea, not allowed to wander out of bounds, and offenders will be executed. Soldiers patrol the border from time to time. Occasionally cross the line. I was beheaded immediately when I was on patrol. Every patrol outside the border only replaces a knife, and everyone will be killed. Cross-border for more than ten years, killing thousands of people ("The Early Qing Dynasty changed to Hinayana"

(Xiangshan County, Guangdong Province)? At the beginning, (Xiangshan County, Guangdong Province) Huangliang people moved. Many people love the soil. The capital has deep mountains and deep valleys, and there are many hidden people. When the ordinary left-wing class is full of temptations, read it and the big house will be restored. All fools believe it. Lian Po, commander-in-chief of Jisheng Nale, named and ordered the people to camp from the front and leave from the back. If you enter, you will kill, and no one can escape. After the re-demarcation, the bones were everywhere and the natives were buried in a port. This tree is called the tomb of Long Mu, and the wooden dragon is a metaphor of Chen Jia. (Seven Years of Daoguang in Xiangshan County Records, Volume 8)

Four. An estimate of the scale of the massacre

The author's views on population changes in Ming and Qing Dynasties are for reference only.

The population of China in the Ming Dynasty was 5 165 at the last official national statistics. 5459 people, the time is the first year of mingguangzong taichang. (Record of Ming Xizong, Volume 4).

Of course, the above population figures are incomplete. Because the population is largely hidden. It is generally believed that the population of the Ming Dynasty is actually only an official tax population.

Many demographers (including overseas scholars) believe that the actual population of the Ming Dynasty is about 65.438+0 billion to 200 million (Gaowangling: The Population of China in Ming and Qing Dynasties (No.3 Study on the History of Qing Dynasty: 654.38+0994) and Ge and Cao: A New Estimate of the Population of the Ming Dynasty (China Historical Research: 654.38+).

In particular, Ge, an authority on demography, emphasized in the History of Population Development in China:? Twenty-eight years of Wanli (1600) should have 1. 9.7 billion people. Twenty-eight years after Wanli, the total population may increase slowly, so the peak population of Ming Dynasty is close to 200 million. ?

However, some optimistic western scholars estimate that the population of the Ming Dynasty is 2 in 1600. 300 million people, even reaching 2. The estimate of 900 million, but obviously high. Generally speaking, the population at the end of the Ming Dynasty was about 200 million, which has become the mainstream view in the field of population history.

Compared with the population of Ming Dynasty, in official statistics, the population of the whole country at the beginning of Qing Dynasty was 1.063. There are 3,326 people (more than 40 million years younger than Guangzong Taichangyuan), and the time is eight years (6 1) of Shunzhi, the ancestor of the Qing Dynasty.

In the twenty-first year of Kangxi (1682, the forty-eighth year after entering the customs), the national population was only 1943. 2753 people. Only equivalent to 36% of the population of Taichang in the first year of Ming Guangzong!

As many scholars have pointed out, there was also a serious shortage of population in the early Qing Dynasty before Yongzheng. Scholars have also estimated the population of China before and after 1650, but there is a big difference, about 40 million 1 100 million.

The highest figure 1 100 million is calculated by He Shoudi on average according to his estimated population growth rate 1650 1700. Judging from the demographic statistics of the Qing Dynasty and the overall demographic statistics after the tax system changes, He Shoudi's estimate is obviously on the high side, and he ignores an important factor: during the period of 1650 1670, the brutal wars and massacres in the Qing Dynasty did not stop, in other words, the population growth rate in this period could not be 165065438.

From the above analysis, it can be seen that around 1.660 (Manchu basically controls the mainland), the highest population in China cannot be higher than 580 million. Compared with the recognized population in the late Ming Dynasty, it decreased by about 65.438+0.2 billion to over 65.438+0.5 billion. If the new population is included, the total loss is even greater.

Of course, many people died of famine, but because the Qing dynasty controlled the whole country, the population reduced by immigration was almost negligible.

Based on the above factors, it is reasonable to assume that tens of millions or even more than 654.38 billion people were slaughtered in the Qing Dynasty. It can even be said to be extremely conservative.

The Manchu people in history are different from the Manchu people now, and everyone should not bear the blame just because of their origin or lineage.

I am also very excited, but racism is not good for me, and I am more opposed to violence.

I post this because I want to look at history and reality more comprehensively and objectively with you.

Over the past 100 years, generations of China people have spared no expense in self-destruction and self-harm, digging deep into the so-called root cause of backwardness and poverty in China? Bad habits of China people? Or? China culture sauce jar theory? Is that correct? How did the Manchu Massacre, which killed half of China people, change the history and future of China and the world?

I hope to listen to everyone's opinions, not quarrel and curse.

Combined with the current reality, only when we fully respect human rights, embark on the road of democracy and form a creative nation, will this bloody lesson not reappear.

?

It is impossible and unnecessary for anyone to take responsibility for the bad things he has done in the past, whether it is murder or * * *. There is no need to classify him as a race. (from the network)