Early childhood is a critical period for the development of life intelligence. Grasping early education can improve the learning effect. For example, some people think that 2-3 years old is the best age for children to learn spoken English; Foreign language learning should not be over 4-5 years old at the latest, because at this time, children will not be confused with their own language; 5-5 and a half years old is the best age to master the concept of numbers; 6 years old is the best age to develop size and orientation perception. Bloom, a famous psychologist at the University of Chicago, published the book "Stability and Change of Human Characteristics" in 1964, and put forward the famous hypothesis that children's intelligence develops fastest before the age of 5.
Human intelligence or psychology is the result of the interaction between heredity and environment. Japanese scholar Kimura Kuiyi believes that children's potential ability follows the law of decreasing. That is, a child with a potential ability of 100 at birth can become a person with a potential ability of 100 if he is given an ideal education at birth; If you start education at the age of 5, even if it is an ideal education, you can only become a person with 80 points; /kloc-started education at the age of 0/0, and can only become a person with 60 points.
Early education can promote brain development. Some parents worry that early education for their children will damage their brains. In fact, this kind of worry is unnecessary. Some researchers use animal brains and biochemical changes. Facts show that adequate environmental stimulation and learning opportunities in the early stage will not only damage the development of the brain, but also promote the development of the brain. Whether to adopt praise education or criticism education is an eternal topic in early childhood education. To be sure, children will never be indulged in some cases. There is no doubt that children should be educated in a way that is easy for them to accept.
From this perspective, I have summarized the following six points, which involve all aspects of "spiritual education". Remember these six points. It can make mothers handy in the process of educating their children and achieve good results.
▲ Don't stare at your child's shortcomings.
If we can give good praise and praise to the advantages of children, the disadvantages will naturally disappear.
▲ Pay attention to every change in the child's growth process
Don't think that the child's performance has been finalized. The current performance is only a link in their growth process, and others will continue to grow.
▲ Don't be a perfectionist.
Some parents set extremely high standards for their children, demanding perfection from the beginning. For children, many things are the first time in life and may not be done well; And in so many possibilities of doing badly, the child has accomplished one thing beautifully, which is amazing, and parents must praise it. In this way, parents will not care too much about things that have not been done well.
▲ Don't compare with other children.
Parents should not always compare their children with other children. It is very satisfying for your children to develop according to their own personality. Every child has his own personality. Parents should believe that as long as children can give full play to their own specialties and have a skill in their own fields, they can grow into the best in this field.
▲ Don't take the cultivated learning ability as the focus of education.
Learning ability is of course important, but if we blindly take it as the focus of education, the whole education will be tilted. We must take the education of the mind as the focus of education, the cultivation of children's emotional intelligence as the focus, and attach importance to the education of the mind, and the learning ability will naturally be greatly improved.
▲ Now is the best.
Don't stare at children's shortcomings, as long as you are good at discovering children's advantages and giving affirmation and praise to their small progress, you can make those shortcomings disappear. The harder parents try to correct their children's shortcomings, the more likely it is to backfire, and the more stubborn the shortcomings will remain on their children. Instead of this, it is better to regard the present child as the best, affirm his advantages and praise his advantages, and the child will naturally become excellent. 1. The most important thing in early childhood is not to learn knowledge.
The most important thing in early childhood is not to learn knowledge, but to cultivate the quality, attitude, emotion and ability of children who will benefit for life, which is very important. Of course, we should also master some necessary knowledge and skills, but this is not the most important task in early childhood.
2. The most appropriate way to train children is to "play".
The method of preaching is not suitable for cultivating children, and the method suitable for children's age characteristics is "game". Children can learn to discuss with others while playing games.
3. Introduce social hot issues into the classroom.
Social hot issues can be introduced into the curriculum in due course. Children will also publicize to their parents when they go home. If they see their parents littering, they will tell them that it is wrong and that the garbage should be classified. Even many parents say that the game of garbage sorting has benefited them a lot. Before, they didn't know that garbage should be classified, and they didn't know which garbage was recyclable, which garbage was not recyclable and which garbage was from harmful waste.
There is also the education of "caring for others", organizing children to go to nursing homes and enlightened schools to express their condolences, and performing puppet shows, so that children can understand compassion and care for the weak from an early age.
4. Pay attention to children's development potential
As a basic education, preschool education should pay attention to children's sustainable development. What kind of children have development potential? Warm and generous, will care about peers. Such children are more popular and will have more opportunities for exercise in the future. At the same time, such children are eager for knowledge, active in thinking and have good study (behavior) habits. Early childhood education is to cultivate children's sound and beautiful hearts in a subtle way and let them grow up healthily and happily.
Early childhood education is to let children develop good study, life, behavior and hygiene habits. Children have great potential. Children in small classes often play traffic safety games and already know the traffic rules such as walking sidewalks and zebra crossings.
If parents want their children to do it, they should do it first.
Children's education can't rely solely on schools, but families and society will have an impact on children. Family has a greater influence on children. Moreover, because children like to imitate adults, but don't know how to choose, they imitate and express all the phenomena seen and heard in the family and society in the game. For example, some children will imitate the drunkenness of adults.
Whether parents say or do, they are actually teaching their children how to do it. Parents often tell their children to be polite to others and not to lose their temper. But parents often make a hullabaloo about when they speak for themselves. How can we keep children unaffected? If children want to do it, parents must do it first. Some parents say that if you know this earlier, you can let your children develop good habits early.
6. It's hard to correct after missing childhood.
Some people say that children are not sensible, and they will teach slowly when they grow up. Don't underestimate children, they already know a lot. Teaching is more acceptable when children are young. If you miss early childhood education, it will be difficult to correct it later.
7. Many parents like to arrange things for their children.
Parents often pay lip service to their children's education, but when it comes to trivial matters, they can't do it. Most families have only one child, so try to meet their children's needs. If you spoil your child too much, your child will not know modesty.
Early childhood education can only be effective if it starts from real small things. Many parents also like to arrange things for their children. For example, kindergarten invites parents to watch their children tie their shoes together, but some parents tie their children's shoes as soon as they say "it's very simple". Parents should let go more, let their children get exercise, and don't let him rely on everything. 1, the first aspect comes from family, the relationship between parents and children.
Teachers' requirements for students.
Whether parents or teachers,
They have always advocated strict requirements for children and emphasized discipline.
Emphasize that children are obedient, study hard and study hard.
The relationship between parents and children, the relationship between teachers and students, is actually feasible.
The relationship between pipes.
In the west, there is an equal and respectful relationship between parents, teachers and students.
The environment in which children live is much more relaxed and free than in China.
In the west, parents emphasize the natural development of children.
School teachers and children live together in equality and harmony.
2. The second difference is collectivism and individualism.
From the social tradition, China is a country that advocates collectivism.
This collectivism is not political collectivism,
But tradition.
Japan, South Korea and Singapore all belong to this traditional collectivist country.
China emphasized the common and same-sex traditional culture;
The west emphasizes individual culture, individuality and regionality, and thinks that everyone is an independent person.
A complete person, a valuable person.
For example, people in China are willing to buy the same things.
For example, people often say, "Where did you buy your clothes? It looks good. I'll buy one too. "
There are few things in western shopping malls, and the houses they live in are different.
No two houses are the same.
3. Emphasize that everyone is a member of the collective and emphasize the sense of honor of the collective.
For example, the family is a collective,
Then every family wants their children to bring honor to the family.
Parents often ask their children, "How did you do today? What did the teacher say about you?
Are you the best child in the class? "
I found that primary school students in China know one thing very well, that is, who is the best in the class.
Who is second, who is third and who is the worst.
In America, teachers don't praise everyone, especially not criticize anyone in public.
The American education system does not allow teachers to humiliate children in public.
4. From the perspective of moral education.
Our education of children today is unsuccessful.
To put it bluntly, it is moral corruption.
I think the western education system is very good.
People are independent of each other.
They are selfish to each other,
Clear distinction between public and private. When I say selfish, I don't mean hurting others.
There is no such thing as selfishness in western morality.
They advocate honesty, justice and mutual assistance.
They think it's right to take care of their things,
Manage other people's things on the basis of managing their own things;
It is illegal not to care about public finances.
This is an idea that foreigners instill in children from an early age.
China people have not done enough in this respect.
Therefore, sometimes it is not appropriate to accept foreign ideas regardless of public and private interests.
Westerners can't accept China's morality, which leads to a great gap between China and the West.
It is believed that before children enter public schools in the form of hypermarkets,
Children must have considerable knowledge and good personal habits.
It is not recommended to send children to boarding school too early.
Let children stay with their parents for a long time in order to fully cultivate their sense of self-sufficiency and security.
However, don't spoil your children too much.
I have sent graduates for four years. If I had a spoiled child,
No one can go to high school beyond middle school.
Don't help children complain about the current education system in China!
Because of the unchangeable reality, we must adapt.
Otherwise, it is your own fault. 1 preschool education system
China's policies, laws and regulations on kindergarten system are mainly based on (in chronological order):
1)19791June1the State Council pointed out in forwarding the minutes of the national conference on child care that "we should adhere to the principle of' walking on two legs' and restore, develop, rectify and improve all kinds of child care institutions".
2) The current Constitution of China (1982 Constitution, revised on March 14, 2004) stipulates in Article 19:
The state runs various schools ... and develops preschool education. The state develops various educational facilities.
"The state encourages collective economic organizations, state enterprises and institutions and other social forces to organize various educational undertakings according to law".
3) The Ministry of Education further pointed out in the Opinions on Developing Rural Preschool Education issued on September 2 1, 1983: "In a country with a large population and underdeveloped economy, the development of preschool education must adhere to the principle of' walking on two legs'"; "Rural areas should focus on the collective operation of parks by the masses, and fully mobilize the enthusiasm of clubs (townships) and teams (villages); Counties and towns should vigorously advocate the establishment of parks by organs, factories, mines, enterprises and institutions, and support the masses in running parks. At the same time, it is necessary to actively restore and develop kindergartens run by the education department. " ; "To develop early childhood education, we must proceed from reality, adjust measures to local conditions, and run parks in various forms and through multiple channels. In counties and townships, it can be run by units, jointly or systematically; In rural areas, independent kindergartens can be established, or kindergarten classes can be attached to qualified primary schools; It can be perennial or seasonal. Rural kindergartens (classes) implement cooperative (township) and team (village) management; If it is an affiliated primary school, it can also be managed by a team (village). "
4)19871June 0 15, the general office of the State Council pointed out in the "Request for Instructions on Defining the Division of Leadership and Management Responsibilities in Early Childhood Education" forwarded by the State Education Commission and other nine ministries: "Early childhood education is not only an important part of education, but also of a welfare nature. Therefore, it must be under the unified leadership of the government, except for kindergartens organized by local governments, mainly relying on departments and departments.
5)1On August 5, 988, the General Office of the State Council pointed out in forwarding the Opinions on Strengthening Early Childhood Education from the State Education Commission and other eight ministries and commissions: "Mobilize and rely on all social forces to develop early childhood education through various channels and forms."
The "Opinions" further believe: "The cause of early childhood education is local and mass. The development of this cause cannot and should not be undertaken by the state, but by the state, the collective and individual citizens. When the local people's government holds kindergartens, it mainly relies on the strength of various departments, units and all walks of life. "
The Opinions further emphasize: "Kindergartens are not only national in nature, but also collective in nature, and are organized by individual citizens in accordance with national laws and relevant regulations."
6) Article 5 of the Regulations on Kindergarten Management (1approved by the State Council on August 20th, 989) stipulates that:
"Local people's governments at all levels may set up kindergartens in accordance with these regulations, and encourage and support enterprises, institutions, residents' committees, villagers' committees and citizens to set up kindergartens or donate money for education."
7) 65438+1February 3, 1993 13, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China and the State Council issued the Outline of Education Reform and Development in China, pointing out: "It is necessary to change the pattern of government-run schools and gradually establish a system in which government-run schools are the main body and all sectors of society jointly run schools." ; "At present, basic education should be run by local governments"; "The state adopts the policy of actively encouraging, strongly supporting, correctly guiding and strengthening management for social organizations and individual citizens to run schools according to law"; "The state welcomes Hong Kong, Macao and Taiwan compatriots, overseas Chinese and foreign friendly people to donate money to study. International cooperation in running schools within the scope of relevant national laws and regulations ";
8) the State Council further pointed out in "Opinions on Implementation" (released on July 3 1994): "Basic education is mainly run by the government, and enterprises, institutions and other social forces are encouraged to run schools in various ways according to national laws and policies. Where conditions permit, forms such as' private office assistance' and' public assistance' can also be implemented. "
9)1Article 25 of the Education Law of China, which was passed in March, 1995, stipulates: "The state formulates educational development plans and establishes schools and other educational institutions." ; The state encourages enterprises, institutions, social organizations, other social organizations and individual citizens to establish schools and other educational institutions according to law.
10)199965438+10/3, the State Council pointed out in approving the Ministry of Education's 2 1 century education revitalization action plan:
"Deepen the reform of the school-running system and mobilize the enthusiasm of all sectors to develop education". "In the next three to five years, we will basically form a school-running system with the government as the main body, the participation of all sectors of society, and the common development of public schools and private schools."
11)1The Decision of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China and the State Council on Deepening Education Reform and Promoting Quality Education in an All-round Way issued on June 3, 1999 emphasizes: "Further emancipate the mind, change ideas, actively encourage and support social forces to run schools in various forms, meet the growing educational needs of the people, and form a pattern of running schools with the government as the main body and public schools and private schools jointly.
12) the State Council pointed out in the Decision on the Reform and Development of Basic Education issued on May 29, 2006: "Preschool education takes the government as the backbone and actively encourages social forces to set up kindergartens"; "Actively encourage enterprises, social organizations and individual citizens to donate to basic education"; Vigorously develop various forms of pre-school education and early childhood education services based on community and combining public and private.
13) On March 4, 2003, the General Office of the State Council pointed out in the Guiding Opinions on the Reform and Development of Early Childhood Education forwarded by the Ministry of Education and other ten departments (units): "Local people's governments at all levels should strengthen the construction of public kindergartens"; "Actively encourage and advocate various social forces to hold kindergartens in various forms"; "The overall goal of preschool education reform in the next five years (2003-2007) is to form a development pattern with public kindergartens as the backbone and demonstration, kindergartens set up by social forces as the main body, and public and private, formal and informal education combined. According to the different characteristics of cities and rural areas, we will gradually establish a flexible and diverse early childhood education service network based on communities and centered on demonstration kindergartens. "
14) On June 30th, 2006, the Ministry of Education promulgated the Measures for the Safety Management of Kindergartens in Primary and Secondary Schools. The contents of school safety management include: (1) building a security system for school safety work, fully implementing the responsibility system for safety work and the accountability system for accidents, and ensuring that school safety work is standardized and orderly; (two) improve the early warning mechanism of school safety, formulate emergency plans, improve accident prevention measures, eliminate potential safety hazards in time, and constantly improve the management level of school safety work; (3) Establish a coordination mechanism for the renovation around the campus to maintain the safety of the campus and the surrounding environment; (four) to strengthen safety education and training, improve the safety awareness and protection ability of teachers and students; (five) after the accident, start the emergency plan, treat the casualties, and investigate the responsibility.
2 early childhood education management system
Early childhood education management system is the combination and unification of early childhood education management institutions and early childhood education management norms.
Policies, laws and regulations of China's preschool education management system (in chronological order);
1)1The Decision of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China on the Reform of Education System issued on May 27, 985 pointed out: "The principle of local responsibility and hierarchical management shall be implemented in basic education"; "The management of basic education belongs to local authorities. Except the major policies and macro-planning are decided by the central government, the formulation and implementation of specific policies, systems and plans, as well as the leadership, management and inspection of schools are delegated to local governments. How to divide the responsibilities of provincial, city (prefecture), county and township management is decided by provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the central government. "
2) The General Office of the State Council pointed out in the "Request for Instructions on Defining the Division of Responsibilities of Leadership and Management in Early Childhood Education" (1987 10) forwarded by the State Education Commission and other nine ministries and commissions: Early childhood education "implements the principle of' local responsibility and hierarchical management' and the division of responsibilities of relevant departments."
3) The General Office of the State Council also emphasized in forwarding the Opinions on Strengthening Early Childhood Education by the State Education Commission and other eight ministries and commissions (65438+August 0988) that "the principle of' local responsibility and hierarchical management' should be adhered to, and the relevant departments should be responsible for the division of labor."
4) Article 6 of the Regulations on Kindergarten Management (1August 1989) stipulates: "Kindergarten management shall follow the principles of territorial responsibility, hierarchical management and division of responsibilities among relevant departments."
5) The Outline of Education Reform and Development in China (1February 1993) pointed out: "Deepen the reform of the education system below the secondary level and continue to improve the system of running schools at different levels and managing them at different levels." ; "Secondary and below secondary education should be managed by local governments under the guidance of the central government's major policies."
6) the State Council further pointed out in the Opinions on Implementation (1994):
Deepen the reform of secondary and below education system, and improve the system of running schools at different levels and managing them at different levels; "Under the macro guidance of the state, basic education implements a hierarchical management system based on local governments."
7) Article 14 of China's Education Law (1March 1995) stipulates: "the State Council and local people's governments at all levels shall lead and manage education in accordance with the principle of hierarchical management and division of responsibilities." ; "Under the leadership of the State Council, secondary and lower education is managed by the local people's government."
8) The Decision of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China and the State Council on Deepening Education Reform and Promoting Quality Education in an All-round Way (1June 1999) emphasizes that:
"We will continue to improve the system of local government-based and hierarchical management of basic education."
9) The General Office of the State Council forwarded the Guiding Opinions on the Reform and Development of Early Childhood Education from ten departments (units) including the Ministry of Education (March 2003):
"Adhere to the early childhood education management system of local responsibility, hierarchical management and division of responsibilities of relevant departments."
"Establish and improve the early childhood education management mechanism with overall planning by government leaders, responsibility of education departments, coordination of relevant departments, and participation of various kindergartens and parents in the community."
10) According to Article 15 of China's Education Law (1March 1995): "The education administrative department of the State Council is in charge of the national education work, making overall plans and coordinating the management of the national education work. The education administrative department of the local people's government at or above the county level shall be in charge of education within its administrative area. "
1 1) According to Article 6 of the Regulations on Kindergarten Management (1August 989): "The State Education Commission is in charge of kindergarten management throughout the country; The education administrative departments of local people's governments at all levels are in charge of kindergarten management within their respective administrative areas. "
12) according to the request for instructions on defining the division of responsibilities of leadership and management of early childhood education forwarded by the general office of the State Council (1987+00), the responsibilities of the education department in charge of early childhood education mainly include:
(a) to implement the guidelines, policies and instructions of the Central Committee and the State Council on early childhood education, and to formulate administrative regulations and important rules and regulations;
(2) To study and formulate policies for the development of early childhood education and a comprehensive career development plan;
(3) Responsible for the business leaders of all kinds of kindergartens and establish a supervision and evaluation system;
(four) to organize the training and further study of all kinds of kindergarten directors and teachers, and to establish the evaluation and qualification examination system for kindergarten directors and teachers;
⑤ Run the demonstration kindergarten well;
⑥ To guide the scientific research of preschool education.
13) According to the Guiding Opinions on the Reform and Development of Early Childhood Education forwarded by the General Office of the State Council (March 2003) in ten departments (units) including the Ministry of Education, "the education department is the competent department of early childhood education".
The responsibilities of the education department in charge of early childhood education mainly include:
(a) conscientiously implement the principles and policies of early childhood education, formulate relevant administrative regulations, important rules and regulations and early childhood education development plans and organize their implementation;
(two) to undertake the business leadership of kindergartens, formulate relevant standards, implement classified management, and put forward opinions on kindergarten fees to relevant departments;
③ Establish a pre-school education supervision and evaluation system;
(four) to train and train all kinds of kindergarten directors and teachers, and to establish a system of examination and qualification examination for directors and teachers;
⑤ Guide and promote family preschool education;
⑥ Cooperate with the health department to provide scientific parenting guidance for parents of children aged 0-6.
14) according to article 15 of China's education law (1995), "other relevant departments of the people's governments at or above the county level are responsible for relevant education work within their respective functions and duties."
15) According to the general office of the State Council (1987 10), it was forwarded to nine ministries and commissions, such as the State Education Commission, for instructions on clarifying the division of responsibilities of leadership and management in early childhood education, so as to guide the health care work in kindergartens; The planning department is responsible for bringing the development and construction of early childhood education into plans at all levels; The financial department is responsible for studying and formulating the system and regulations of preschool education expenditure in conjunction with relevant departments; The labor and personnel department is responsible for studying and formulating the systems and regulations on the establishment, wages, labor protection and welfare of kindergarten staff in conjunction with relevant departments; The environmental protection department of urban and rural construction is responsible for the unified planning of kindergarten facilities suitable for permanent residents, and urges relevant departments and units to carry out construction; The light industry, textile and commercial departments are responsible for the development, production and supply of children's food, clothing, shoes and hats, cultural and educational supplies, sanitary appliances, teaching AIDS and toys according to their respective division of labor.
16) according to the provisions in the Guiding Opinions of the General Office of the State Council on the Reform and Development of Early Childhood Education (March 2003) forwarded by the Ministry of Education and other ten departments (units), supervise and guide the health care work in kindergartens, and be responsible for guiding the parents of children aged 0-6 in aspects of child health care, nutrition, growth and development; The education department of the State Council shall, jointly with the finance department and the price department, formulate measures for the management of kindergarten (class) fees in accordance with the principle of non-profit. The education departments of all provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the Central Government put forward opinions on the highest and lowest charging standards for public kindergartens (classes) in the region according to the per capita training cost, local economic development level and residents' affordability, which were audited by the finance department at the same level and the competent price department and implemented after being reported to the provincial people's government for approval; The construction department shall, jointly with the education department, reasonably determine the layout and location of kindergartens in urban planning, and build kindergartens suitable for the permanent population in the process of urban transformation and urban community construction. Kindergarten construction in the new area and the transformation of the old area shall be planned by the local government as a whole and arranged by various resources. The education department should strengthen the management of supporting kindergartens in residential areas and hold kindergartens by means of public bidding for the society. No unit or individual may change its use or charge fees other than those prescribed by the state. Civil affairs departments should take the development of early childhood education as an important part of urban community education, and jointly explore the management mechanism and related policies of developing early childhood education relying on concession areas with the education departments; When the labor and social security departments study and explore the rural endowment insurance system, they should study the rural preschool teachers' endowment insurance as a whole; Urban preschool teachers should participate in social insurance for urban workers in accordance with the relevant provisions of the state to ensure the stability and legitimate rights and interests of preschool teachers; The establishment department shall, jointly with the education department and the financial department, formulate the establishment standards for kindergarten teachers, strengthen the establishment management of kindergarten teachers and the construction of teaching staff, ensure the basic needs of the development of early childhood education, and improve the efficiency of running schools; Give full play to the role of women and children's working committees at all levels and women's federations to promote the healthy development of early childhood education.
3 early childhood education institutions internal management system
The main basis of China's policies, laws and regulations on the internal management system of kindergartens (in chronological order):
1) the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China's decision on the reform of the education system (1May 985) pointed out: "Schools should gradually implement the principal responsibility system, and schools with conditions should set up a small and prestigious school affairs Committee chaired by the principal as a deliberative body." ; "It is necessary to establish and improve the staff congress system with teachers as the main body and strengthen democratic management and supervision." ; "Party organizations in schools should ... strongly support principals in performing their functions and powers, and ensure and supervise the implementation of the Party's principles and policies and the realization of the national education plan. ...
2) Article 23 of the Regulations on Kindergarten Management (1August, 989) stipulates: "Kindergarten directors are responsible for the work of kindergartens.
3) The Outline of Education Reform and Development in China (1February, 1993) pointed out: "Secondary schools and schools below secondary schools implement the principal responsibility system. Principals should fully implement the state's educational principles and policies and rely on faculty to run schools well. "
4)1The Regulations on Kindergarten Work issued by the State Education Commission on March 9, 996 stipulates that:
"Kindergarten director responsibility system is implemented, and the director is responsible for leading the work of the whole park under the leadership of the organizer and the education administrative department". "Kindergarten establishes a garden committee"; "Kindergartens should establish a faculty assembly system, or a faculty representative meeting system with teachers as the main body, and strengthen democratic management and supervision"; "The grassroots organizations of the kindergarten party should play a political core role. The director should give full play to the role of the Communist Youth League, trade unions and other organizations in kindergarten work.
5) The Law on the Promotion of Private Education passed by No.65438 on February 28th, 2002 stipulates: "Private schools shall set up school boards, boards of directors or other forms of decision-making bodies." ; "The headmaster of a private school is responsible for the education, teaching and administration of the school" and exercises management power.