Introduction: Dragon Boat Festival is one of the traditional festivals in China. The following is the information I collected about the Dragon Boat Festival. Welcome to read!
In our country, every Dragon Boat Festival, we will sing this children's song: "The smell of brown seeds in the kitchen is really fragrant. Folium Artemisiae Argyi smells fragrant. Peach branches are inserted in the grating, and you can see the wheat yellow when you go out. It's sunny here, sunny there and sunny everywhere. "
Dragon Boat Festival is one of the ancient traditional festivals of the Chinese nation. At the same time, the Dragon Boat Festival is also called Dragon Boat Festival and Duanyang. In addition, there are many nicknames for the Dragon Boat Festival, such as: Noon Festival, Chongwu Festival, May Festival, Magnolia Festival, Daughter's Day, Tianzhong Festival, Dila Festival, Poet's Day and Dragon Boat Festival. Although the names are different, on the whole, the customs of people everywhere are more similar than different.
The Dragon Boat Festival has been circulating for more than two thousand years. Therefore, this has become a traditional habit of China people for more than two thousand years. Due to the vast territory, numerous nationalities and numerous stories and legends, not only many different festival names are produced, but also different customs exist in different places. Its contents mainly include: daughter going back to her mother's house, hanging Zhong Kui statue, welcoming the ghost boat, hiding in the afternoon, sticking leaves in the afternoon, hanging calamus and wormwood, traveling in all diseases, wearing sachets, preparing sacrificial bowls, dragon boat races, competitions, hitting the ball, swinging, drawing children with realgar, drinking realgar wine, drinking calamus wine, eating poisonous cakes, salted eggs, zongzi and seasonal fresh fruits.
There are many opinions about the origin of the Dragon Boat Festival, such as: in memory of Qu Yuan; In memory of Wu Zixu's theory; In memory of Cao E; From the three generations of summer solstice festival; The theory of exorcising evil days on the moon, the theory of national totem sacrifice in wuyue and so on. Each of the above has its own source. According to more than 100 ancient books and archaeological studies by experts listed in Wen Yiduo's Dragon Boat Festival Examination and Dragon Boat Festival History Education, the origin of the Dragon Boat Festival is a totem festival held by Wuyue people in the ancient south of China, earlier than Qu Yuan. However, for thousands of years, Qu Yuan's patriotic spirit and touching poems have been deeply rooted in people's hearts, so people "cherish it and mourn it, talk about it in the world, and tell it through the ages." Therefore, the theory of commemorating Qu Yuan has the widest and deepest influence and occupies the mainstream position. In the field of folk culture, China people associate dragon boat racing and eating zongzi on the Dragon Boat Festival with commemorating Qu Yuan.
Today, the Dragon Boat Festival is still a very popular grand festival among the people of China. Today, the Dragon Boat Festival has been listed as a national statutory holiday.
Name and source
First, the name of the Dragon Boat Festival
Why is the Dragon Boat Festival called Dragon Boat Festival? What other names does it have? Where did the Dragon Boat Festival come from? What was the original Dragon Boat Festival like? What is the origin of the Dragon Boat Festival and the dragon culture we admire? Dragon Boat Festival seems familiar, but there are too many secrets we don't know.
The word "Dragon Boat Festival" first appeared in Local Customs written by Zhou Chu, a famous minister in the Western Jin Dynasty. This book has become an important reference for modern people to consult traditional festivals and customs such as Dragon Boat Festival. This book can be said to be a valuable legacy left by China in the early Zhou Dynasty. However, in the hearts of China people, people are more familiar with his story of getting rid of evil. The picture shows the illustration of the story of "The Third Day of the Week"-Fighting Dragons at the beginning of the week.
Dragon Boat Festival on the fifth day of the fifth lunar month is the most important traditional folk festival in summer in China. The origin of the Dragon Boat Festival and many festival activities are related to summer and are adjacent to the summer solstice, so it is called the summer festival. The local custom of the Jin Dynasty and the Zhou Dynasty said: "The midsummer Dragon Boat Festival is also called May 5, which is the same as the summer solstice."
Literally, the Dragon Boat Festival also has names such as "Dragon Boat Festival", "Chongwu" and "Chongwu". Duan, in ancient Chinese, there is a meaning of beginning and beginning. Calling it "Dragon Boat Festival" is just like calling it "the fifth day". The ancients used to call the first few days of May end to end. In the Yuan Dynasty, Chen's Record of Years Old said: "City dust people take the first day of May as the beginning and end, the second day as the beginning and end, and even five as the beginning and end." According to the time sequence of heavenly stems and earthly branches, the ancients calculated that May was "noon month" and noon was "sunshine day", so the Dragon Boat Festival was also called "Duanyang". In the afternoon, the ancients and the "Five" are common, so the Dragon Boat Festival and the Dragon Boat Festival are synonymous. There is also a saying that because Emperor Taizong's birthday is on the fifth day of August, it was changed from five o'clock to noon in order to avoid taboo. Since then, the name of the Dragon Boat Festival has become more common. Because the number of months is the same as the number of days, people also call the Dragon Boat Festival "Double Five Festival" or "Double Noon Festival".
Chinese painting Duanyang Festival. Duanyang Festival is one of the aliases of Dragon Boat Festival. Perhaps you don't know, the Dragon Boat Festival is the one with the most aliases among all the traditional festivals in China. Each name represents a unique understanding of the traditional Dragon Boat Festival.
According to statistics, the name of Dragon Boat Festival is called the most among all traditional festivals in China, reaching more than 20, which is the festival with the most aliases. For example, there are Dragon Boat Festival, Dragon Boat Festival, Duanyang Festival, Chongwu Festival, Double Ninth Festival, Tianzhong Festival, Summer Festival, May Festival, Long Festival, Pujie Festival, Dragon Boat Festival, Magnolia Festival, Zongzi Festival and so on.
Duanyang Festival, as recorded in Jingchu Chunqiu, is called Duanyang Festival because it climbs mountains in midsummer. It is midsummer when the sun is in the sky, and its first afternoon is a fine day when the sun goes down.
Mid-Autumn Festival, at noon, belongs to twelve branches. In the lunar calendar, May is noon, and five and five are homophonic, so the Dragon Boat Festival is also called the Mid-Autumn Festival or the Double Five Festival, and in some places it is also called the May Festival.
As for the Zhongtian Festival, the ancients thought that on May 5th, the sun re-entered the sky, so it was called "Zhongtian Festival".
Bathing Orchid Festival, Dragon Boat Festival is in midsummer, which is a season with frequent skin diseases. The ancients bathed and decontaminated with Cao Lan soup. The Great Dai Li in the Han Dynasty said, "Wash blue soup in the afternoon".
Xiezong Festival, when the ancients ate brown on the Dragon Boat Festival, there was a competition to compare the length of each person's leaves, and the elders won, so it was also called Xiezong Festival.
Daughter's Day, "Miscellaneous Notes" is listed by Ming and Shen: "May Daughter's Day is the Dragon Boat Festival, wearing mugwort leaves and five poisonous symbols. From May 1st to May 5th, Su Wan played a little girl. She was very beautiful. Married women also have their own motherhood. Because it's called Daughter's Day. " Shen Bangwan's Miscellaneous Notes records: "From May 1st to 5th, the Yanjing family decorated their youngest daughter beautifully. Married women will also return to their homes in Liu Hua. This day is called Daughter's Day.
On the calamus festival, the ancients thought that "heavy noon" was a taboo day, and at this time, the five poisons were exhausted. Therefore, the custom of the Dragon Boat Festival is to drive away poison, such as hanging calamus and mugwort leaves on the door, so the Dragon Boat Festival is also called "Acorus Festival".
Second, the origin of the Dragon Boat Festival
Mesons push Jiexiu Mianshan's portrait of mother and son. Jie Zitui is the protagonist of the legend of Tomb-Sweeping Day's origin, but some people think that the origin of the Dragon Boat Festival is related to him. Scholars have different opinions about the origin of the Dragon Boat Festival, and there are many legends in various places. We can only list these statements for you to see at a glance. As for which statement is closer to the truth, it depends on further research by scholars.
One said that the Dragon Boat Festival is a dragon festival. According to the Dragon Boat Festival written by Mr. Wen Yiduo, the Dragon Boat Festival is a folk festival of totem sacrifice in ancient wuyue, and it is actually a Dragon Boat Festival.
The second theory holds that the Dragon Boat Festival commemorates the death of Qu Yuan, a patriotic poet of Chu State. According to Qi Xuheng, Qu Yuan died in the Miluo River on the fifth day of May, and the Chu people mourned. On this day, he threw rice in a bamboo tube and sacrificed it to the river.
According to the Book of Rites, the Dragon Boat Festival originated from the orchid bath in the Zhou Dynasty.
According to Cai Yong's Cao Qin in the Eastern Han Dynasty, the Dragon Boat Festival is a festival to commemorate the sages.
According to five theories, the Dragon Boat Festival originated in the Spring and Autumn Period when Gou Jian, the king of Yue, practiced the water army every day.
According to the sixth view, Liang Zonggu's Chronicle of Jingzhou Age recorded the Dragon Boat Festival to welcome Wu Zixu, the Taoist God. "The Book of the Later Han Dynasty" also wrote: I wish Cao Xu to go to Zhejiang Wu dialect and dance Cao Ejiang to meet Wu Zixu on the fifth day of May. Later, people in Jiangsu and Zhejiang provinces would go upstream every Dragon Boat Festival and hold various ceremonies to commemorate Wu Zixu.
Seven said that the book records that the fifth day of May is the day of ancestor worship.
According to Records of Historical Records, the Dragon Boat Festival commemorates Cao E's suicide by throwing himself into the river in search of his father.
According to Jiu Shuo, the Dragon Boat Festival originated from the summer solstice festival in Xia, Shang and Zhou Dynasties. At that time, on the day of midsummer, everything flourished, and on the day of summer, it was cloudy and cloudy, so I was afraid of things. Therefore, on the fifth day of May, five-color seals were used as portals to punish evil spirits.
Legend has it that the Dragon Boat Festival originated from Husha Lake in Mianyang, Hubei Province. Four heroes who robbed the rich and helped the poor were later besieged by local officers and soldiers and died in the river on the fifth day of May. The local people were very sad and designated this day as the Dragon Boat Festival to show their condolences.
Among these legends, commemorating Qu Yuan has become the most popular one. Qu Yuan died for his country, and his death was patriotic. Coupled with his upright personality and the far-reaching influence of poetry, it gradually spread from Chu to China after Qin and Han Dynasties, and was recognized by people, and has been inherited to this day.
(A) Interpretation of the origin of the Dragon Boat Festival.
The most important festival in summer in China is Dragon Boat Festival.
When did the Dragon Boat Festival originate? Various lawsuits have been fought for a long time, and they are still arguing. If we focus our thinking on the Dragon Boat Festival and sort out the dusty memories of this festival in the vast literature, we will find that there are many scholars who pay attention to the origin of the Dragon Boat Festival and pass it on from generation to generation.
(2) the theory of ancient scholars
The Dragon Boat Festival has already entered the research of scholars, and the ancients have three influential theories on the discussion of the Dragon Boat Festival:
Hanfu compatriots held a Yulan Festival ceremony to celebrate the traditional Dragon Boat Festival in their unique way.
1. Based on the theory of Magnolia Festival
The ancients picked bluegrass in May, and bathed and detoxified bluegrass soup was popular. Dai Zhuan: "In May, ... cook plums for beans and save orchids for bathing." Qu Yuan's "Nine Songs and Clouds": "Bathing orchid soup is like a square wood, and Chinese clothes are like English." The Chronicle of Jingchu, written by Liang people in the Southern Dynasties, said, "May 5th is called the Yulan Festival." This custom spread to the Tang and Song Dynasties, also known as the Dragon Boat Festival bathing orchid month.
Dai Dai Li Ji was compiled by Dade, a famous etiquette and music scientist in Han Dynasty, and it is a precious material for studying ancient society. If this is true, then the Dragon Boat Festival has already appeared in the pre-Qin era, lasting for more than two thousand years, which can be described as a long history.
2. "Bad day" theory
People in the Han Dynasty believed that May 5th was an evil month and day, and there was a custom of "not mentioning May", that is, babies born on May 5th could not be raised by men or women. Once raised, men will harm their fathers and women will harm their mothers. There are even some sayings, such as "When May comes, you will never move again" and "When you build a house in May, your head will be bald". This custom has been popular since the Warring States and the Han Dynasty at the latest. This custom is recorded in Lun Heng by Chong, Custom Tong by Ying Shao and the Book of the Later Han Dynasty.
May 5th is an evil month and an evil day. In order to eliminate the plague, drive away evil spirits and seek good luck, related cultural activities came into being, and the Dragon Boat Festival became quite distinctive.
3. Remembering historical figures
Historical documents are souvenirs left by writers for future generations to record their love and hate. Scholars in the Han and Wei Dynasties paid great attention to reason, and their love and hate were clear. They hated the ingratitude and hegemony of Gou Jian and Jin Wengong, and put their compassion on Wu Zixu who dared to speak out. The Eastern Han Dynasty was enlightened by Chen Lin, so they linked festivals with historical figures at the end of the Han Dynasty. In today's Wu (Zhejiang), there is a custom (monument) to greet Wu Zixu on May 5th.
Qu Yuan and Wu Zixu. When it comes to Dragon Boat Festival, apart from Zongzi, the first thing that comes to mind is some memorable historical figures. But does the Dragon Boat Festival really come from people's commemoration of them?
When we searched and scanned the documents of the Han and Wei dynasties, one question after another suddenly appeared in my mind. The Han Dynasty, founded by Chu people, was full of romance and passion for 400 years, and the Chu culture, which retained the local color of the native land of southern Chu, was covered by Han culture for hundreds of years. Qu Yuan, a famous successor of Chu culture, left no words for the Dragon Boat Festival during the Han and Wei Dynasties. So many scholars think that the Dragon Boat Festival has nothing to do with Qu Yuan, which is by no means ridiculous.
When the long river of history flowed into the Eastern Jin Dynasty, Yu Yu, a scholar who was baptized by war, recorded the custom of Zhejiang people commemorating Cao E on May 5 in Historical Records. Kind ordinary people also dedicate their sympathy to their filial daughter Cao E, and the Dragon Boat Festival is also called "Daughter's Day".
In the Northern and Southern Dynasties, China recorded the Dragon Boat Festival in memory of Qu Yuan in Chronicle of Jingchu Times, and Wu Jun, a A Liang native, also recorded it in Chronicle of Continuation of Qi and Harmony. The Dragon Boat Festival is worthy of attention, and activities to commemorate Qu Yuan have also appeared, but in Wu Dong, it has nothing to do with Qu Yuan's commemoration of Wu Zixu. The legend of crossing the sea also said that the race originated from Gou Jian's training of the water army. Obviously, the custom of Dragon Boat Festival is regional.
In memory of historical figures, whether Wu Zixu, Jie Zitui, Cao E, Chen Lin, Qu Yuan, etc. Most of the academic circles think it is incredible.
Dragon boat festival custom
In China, the Dragon Boat Festival is celebrated in a grand way and with rich activities, starting at dawn in the morning and ending at noon. The more common activities take the following forms:
1, Dragon Boat Race
Dragon boat race is the main custom of Dragon Boat Festival. According to legend, people who originated in the ancient State of Chu were reluctant to part with the death of the sage Qu Yuan, and many people rowed boats to save people. They rushed to catch up with each other and disappeared at Dongting Lake. After that, I will row a dragon boat on May 5th every year to commemorate it. Rowing a dragon boat to disperse the fish in the river so as not to eat Qu Yuan's body. The habit of competition prevailed in wuyue and Chu.
In fact, the "Dragon Boat Race" existed as early as the Warring States Period. Carving dragon-shaped canoes in drums and playing race games are semi-religious and semi-entertaining programs to entertain gods and people in the ceremony.
Later, people everywhere not only commemorated Qu Yuan, but also gave different meanings to dragon boat racing.
Dragon boat rowing in Jiangsu and Zhejiang is of great significance to commemorate Qiu Jin, a native-born modern female democratic revolutionary. The night dragon boat is decorated with lights and shuttles, and the scene is moving and interesting. The Miao people in Guizhou hold the Dragon Boat Festival from May 25th to 28th of the lunar calendar to celebrate the success of transplanting rice and wish a bumper harvest. Yunnan Dai compatriots competed in dragon boat races at the Water-splashing Festival to commemorate the ancient hero Yan Hongwo. Different nationalities and regions have different legends about dragon boat rowing. To this day, dragon boat races with different characteristics are held every year in many areas near rivers and lakes in the south.
In the 29th year of Qing Qianlong (1736), Taiwan Province Province began to hold dragon boat races. At that time, Jiang, the chief executive of Taiwan Province Province, held a friendly match in Fukeji Half Moon Pool in Tainan City. Now, Taiwan Province Province holds a dragon boat race on May 5th every year. In Hong Kong, races are also held.
In addition, dragon boat racing was first introduced to neighboring countries such as Japan, Vietnam and Britain. From 65438 to 0980, the dragon boat race was included in the national sports competition in China, and the "Qu Yuan Cup" dragon boat race was held every year. 1991June 16 (the fifth day of the fifth lunar month), the first international dragon boat festival was held in Yueyang, China, Qu Yuan's second hometown. Holding the "Dragon Head Festival" before the competition not only retains the traditional ceremony, but also injects new modern factors. The "dragon head" was carried into Quzi Temple. After the athletes painted the dragon head red (tied with a red ribbon), the priest read out the sacrificial ceremony and "lit up" the dragon head. Then, all the people who took part in the Dragon Boat Festival bowed three times, carried the dragon head to the Guluo River and hurried to the dragon boat race. More than 600,000 people participated in competitions, expositions and evening activities, which is unprecedented. Since then, Hunan has regularly held the International Dragon Boat Festival. Dragon boat races will be widely spread all over the world.
2. Eat zongzi on Dragon Boat Festival
Eating zongzi on Dragon Boat Festival is another traditional custom of China people. Zongzi, also known as "millet" and "Zongzi". It has a long history and various patterns.
According to records, as early as the Spring and Autumn Period, millet was wrapped into horns by leaves of zinia latifolia, which was called "horny millet". Rice packed in bamboo tubes is sealed and baked, which is called "tube zongzi". At the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, millet soaked in plant ash water. Because the water contains alkali, the millet is wrapped in leaves into a quadrilateral, and when cooked, it becomes Guangdong sour rice dumplings.
In Jin Dynasty, Zongzi was officially designated as Dragon Boat Festival food. At this time, in addition to glutinous rice, jiaozi also added Alpinia oxyphylla, and the boiled jiaozi was called "Yizhi jiaozi". According to the "Yueyang Local Records" written by Zhou people, "It is customary to wrap the millet with leaves, cook it and cook it thoroughly. From May 5 to the summer solstice, one is Zongzi and the other is Xiaomi. " During the Southern and Northern Dynasties, miscellaneous zongzi appeared. Rice is mixed with animal meat, chestnuts, red dates, red beans and so on. And there are more and more varieties. Zongzi is also used as a gift for communication.
In the Tang Dynasty, the rice used for zongzi was "white as jade", and its shape appeared conical and rhombic. There is a record of "Da Tang Zongzi" in Japanese literature. There was a kind of "candied zongzi" in the Song Dynasty, that is, fruit was put into zongzi. The poet Su Dongpo has a poem "See Yangmei in Zongzi". At this time, there were also advertisements for building pavilions and wooden chariots and horses with zongzi, indicating that eating zongzi was very fashionable in the Song Dynasty. In the Yuan and Ming Dynasties, the wrapping material of zongzi changed from leaves to leaves. Later, zongzi wrapped in reed leaves appeared, and additional materials such as bean paste, pork, pine nuts, dates and walnuts appeared, and the varieties were more colorful.
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