(a) "Tower of Experience"
Dell divides human experience into three categories, namely, doing experience, observing experience and abstract experience, and divides these three types of experience methods into ten types.
1. Experience.
(1) Direct experience with purpose.
It refers to the experience gained through direct contact with the real thing itself, and it is the richest concrete experience gained through direct perception of the real thing.
(2) Design experience.
Refers to the experience gained by learning indirect materials such as models and specimens.
(3) acting experience.
It refers to let students play a role in a drama and let them gain as much experience as possible in real situations.
The above three aspects of experience are all personal participation in activities. In these three ways, learners are both bystanders and participants in activities, so they are called doing experiences.
2. Observation experience
(1) Observation and demonstration
(2) Learning to travel
(3) Visit the exhibition
(4) Film and TV
(5) Broadcasting, recording, photos and slides
Information provided by still images, broadcasts, recordings, etc. It can usually be understood by people who can't read. These audio-visual means can be used by individuals or groups, and used as teaching AIDS in classroom teaching.
3. Abstract experience
(1) visual symbol
Mainly refers to icons, maps and other abstract symbols, which can express certain meanings. They can't see the real form of what they represent, and they are abstract representatives. For example, the curves on the map represent rivers and the lines represent railways.
(2) Language symbols
(B) the main points of the "tower of experience" theory
Empirical distribution of 1. tower
The experience at the bottom of the tower is the most concrete, and the more abstract it is. But it doesn't mean that any experience must be obtained from the bottom up, nor does it mean that the experience of the lower level is more useful than that of the higher level. Dividing classes is only to help explain the concrete and abstract degree of various experiences.
2. Learning methods
Education should start with concrete experience and gradually transition to abstraction, which is an effective learning method.
3. Education sublimation
Education and teaching should not stay in concrete experience, but should develop to abstraction and universality, rise to theory, develop thinking and form concepts.
4. Alternative experience
Audio-visual materials and audio-visual experiences located in the middle of the "tower" are alternative experiences, which are more concrete and vivid than the characters and visual symbols on the upper level. They can break through the limitations of time and space, make up for the shortcomings of various direct experience distribution methods on the lower level, and are easy to cultivate students' observation ability.
5. Form scientific abstraction
In schools, the application of various educational media can make teaching more concrete and intuitive, and also create conditions for abstract generalization, thus forming scientific abstraction.
The tower of empirical theory expounds the relationship between the degree of experience abstraction, which accords with the cognitive law that people know things from concrete to abstract, from perceptual to rational, from individual to general. Broadcasting, recording, photos, slides, movies and TV in the tower are between practical experience and abstract experience, which can provide students with necessary perceptual materials, easy to understand and remember, easy to explain or be prompted, summarized and summarized by teachers, and it is an effective learning method. Therefore, it is not only the basis of audio-visual education theory, but also one of the important theories of modern educational technology.
Modern educational technology (second edition) reading notes.