2. What influence did ancient Greek and Roman literature have on later European literature?
The Renaissance in Europe was carried out under the slogan of reviving Greek literature, and the culture of ancient Rome was basically inherited from Greece. As the source of European literature, there are many kinds of ancient Greek and Roman literature, including myths, epics, tragicomedy, fables, lyric poems, essays and novels. Although some literary styles are not mature enough, they provide examples for later European literature. The realism and romanticism in ancient Greece and Rome laid the foundation for the development of European literature.
3. What are the connotations and artistic achievements of Homer's epic?
On the one hand, Homer's epic is formed on the basis of folk oral literature, and its original materials are myths, legends and heroic stories accumulated over many centuries, which preserve the true and natural characteristics of ancient culture. At the same time, it shows that in the early ancient eastern Mediterranean, the ancient cultural center, its literature once reached a high degree of prosperity. After the epic began to be handed down in words, it was polished for many centuries before it became the final version. This special advantage is inseparable from the ancient Aegean civilization and the prosperity of slavery culture in Athens and Alexandria for hundreds of years. It is not only an ancient epic, but also a literary work with high artistic level. More importantly, in Homer's epic, the original concept of "history" has appeared in ancient Greece, and words expressing this concept have appeared in some chapters. Although the meaning of this word in the epic is uncertain, it at least contains the meaning that the truth can be obtained by investigating the testimony provided by witnesses. Later, the word "history" in Greek evolved directly from this meaning.
Like other nationalities in the world, the history of ancient Greece is preserved in the memory of ancient ancestors in the form of legends, and later passed down from mouth to mouth in the form of epics. Although these legends and epics are not true historical works, they retain many historical facts of ancient society and have important historical value, which can be said to have some functions and attributes of historiography. They directly gave birth to ancient Greek historiography.
5. How did the three tragedies of ancient Greece express the theme of fate? What are their artistic characteristics?
Aeschylus, Sophocles, euripides
Aeschylus: He was the first playwright to introduce a second actor into Greek drama. He revolutionized Greek drama through dialogue. His language, style and stories in Greek mythology also deeply influenced later generations. The characters in his works are not ordinary people, and their feelings, personalities and their powerful, short, elegant and vivid language are superior to ordinary people.
Sophocles: He first introduced a third actor, thus fully expressing the conflict between the characters in the play. In his tragedy, the importance of chorus is greatly reduced, and the importance of dramatic dialogue and action is greatly enhanced. Dialogue has become the first thing in drama and a powerful means to portray characters. He introduced many terrible scenes to the theater, such as Ajax committing suicide in public, Oedipus reappearing after stabbing in the eye and so on. Only seven of his works have survived to this day, namely Ajax, King Oedipus, antigone, Electra, Girl of Trakas, philoctetes and Oedipus of Kronos. Among them, antigone and King Oedipus best reflect Sophocles' creative talent.
Euripides: In the era of euripides, tragedy developed and perfected its form as an art, but in the hands of euripides, tragedy made another innovation. Different from the predecessors, euripides's tragedy no longer revolves around the old hero theme, but is based on daily life. There are civilians, slaves, farmers and other characters in the play, and the language used in the play is also easy to understand. In addition, euripides has many works about women's psychology. Among the existing works, 12 is about women, and the most successful one is Medea, which has a profound influence on the later development of western literature.
It can be said that the three men pushed the ancient Greek tragedy to the extreme step by step, enriching the content and forms of expression.
3. What are the achievements of heroic epic, chivalrous literature and civic literature?
Heroic epic, chivalrous literature and civic literature undoubtedly witnessed the development of weak medieval literature. They not only described the life scene of that barren and dark era for us, but also explained that era and its spirit in a certain way: the loyalty of the vassal regime, the courage of the cold weapon era, the loyalty to love and the enjoyment of ordinary citizens. They also represented the flash of Europe in that difficult period, and then gradually declined with the Renaissance.
4. The reality and artistic features of Divine Comedy?
Reality: (1) The Divine Comedy is a work full of metaphors and symbols, but also full of distinct reality and tendency. (2) After profoundly describing the political and social reality at that time, Dante severely exposed and criticized the religious theology of the church. (3) Dante's Divine Comedy also praises rationality and free will, calls for interest in reality and struggle, and pursues the concept of honor, all of which reflect the reality of Divine Comedy.
Artistic features: (1) is a colorful and vivid figure gallery. (2) Dante's Divine Comedy used metaphors from daily life and nature when writing people and painting scenes, which produced extremely unusual artistic effects. (3) The rhythmic form of The Divine Comedy is a kind of metrical three rhymes in folk poetry, which are staggered, rhymed and chained, running through the whole poem. (4) Dante abandoned the Latin used in medieval literary works and wrote the Divine Comedy in common sayings, which played an important role in promoting the unification of Italian national languages.
1. How did the Renaissance come about?
/kloc-at the end of 0/3 century/kloc-at the beginning of 0/4 century, due to the development of social productive forces and the progress of science and technology, some cities along the Mediterranean began to sprout capitalist relations of production in feudal society. Therefore, the emerging bourgeoisie should not only use commodity economy instead of natural economy to seek its own development, but also demand the establishment of a new ideological and cultural system to oppose the feudal and religious spiritual imprisonment and clear the way for the development of capitalism. This social and historical reason fundamentally led to the emergence of the Renaissance.
However, we should also see that the rise of the Renaissance also has profound cultural motives. The fusion and collision of various cultures is a more unique and direct reason for the emergence of a new culture of artistic revival.
First of all, in the Middle Ages, although religious culture dominated, the progressive works in folk literature, the non-religious factors in knight literature and the heretical ideas in the creation of some lower-level monks all provided a certain foundation for the cultural spirit transformation in the Renaissance.
Secondly, in the European feudal society around 13 century, the embryo and factor of the early bourgeois cultural form-the cultural form of urban citizens has been produced.
Third, the direct cultural motivation of the Renaissance is the rediscovery of ancient Greek and Roman culture. Under this historical condition, the bourgeoisie launched an all-round attack on the reactionary church and feudal forces from both internal and external forms of struggle. The Renaissance movement is a big impact launched by the emerging bourgeoisie to the ideological and cultural system of the feudal main class in a secular form, focusing on the ideological and cultural fields such as philosophy, education, literature and art.
2. What are the humanistic characteristics of humanism?
Humanistic literature is an important part of the Renaissance. Since its birth, it has distinctive new cultural characteristics and unique literary character. First, as far as the cultural spirit of literature is concerned, humanistic literature, like philosophy, science, art and other fields at that time, became the core of this literary cultural spirit. Second, focus on describing secular life and affirming human rights. Thirdly, due to the fundamental change of literary spirit and theme, the artistic style of humanistic literature has also undergone extremely profound changes. Emancipation against asceticism and rationality against obscurantism are the basic themes and themes of humanistic literature.
3. How does decameron attack asceticism?
Abstinence is the core of Catholic teachings. In order to attack asceticism, Boccaccio devoted a lot of space to eulogizing love enthusiastically. He affirmed the great power of love. Then, the author shouted loudly: "Long live love! Get rid of bad habits such as marital discord! " (The Seventh Day Story No.5). This story actually tells us that theological discipline can't stop the impact of "human nature" being liberated anyway.
This view of "human nature" is a more thorough manifestation of Boccaccio's anti-religion than Dante and Petrarch.
In decameron, from the Pope to the monks and nuns, on the one hand, they preach abstinence, on the other hand, they indulge themselves secretly. Boccaccio laughed at the hypocrisy of asceticism through many deceptive stories and exposed the lewdness and ugliness of the church. One is abstinence and the other is abstinence. Behind abstinence is abstinence. The purpose of persuading others to abstain from sex is to indulge themselves. This is the intention of the church to promote asceticism. In this sense, the story is very profound.
4. What is the image of Don Quixote?
Don Quixote: Indulging in fantasy, divorced from reality, but pursuing a lofty principle (eliminating the strong, helping the weak and upholding justice) with good motives, acting absurdly and recklessly, but showing the spirit of sacrifice to safeguard the truth, he is a tragic comedy character.
Don Quixote is a complicated and contradictory figure. First, on the one hand, he is addicted to fantasy, and everything is subjective. Behavior is absurd and reckless, and you will not learn from it. Imagine the windmill as a giant, who fell to the ground by the windmill and said that he was cheated by a magician. Secondly, on the other hand, the starting point of his action has a noble side, that is, to pursue a lofty principle. He wants to be a chivalrous man, to fight against the strong and help the weak, to uphold justice, to be selfless for this, and to have the spirit of self-sacrifice. Third, he subjectively pursues and adheres to the truth, but pursues "chivalry" that is divorced from reality and has long been out of date. So it is doomed to hit a wall and hurt people. He is ridiculous, pathetic, amiable and respectable. In him, comedy and tragedy are wonderfully combined and become a unique artistic image in the history of literature.
6. What is the image of Hamlet?
Hamlet is a humanist image in the contradiction between ideal and reality, and a typical example with great artistic charm in the history of world literature. He pursues ideals and is disappointed or even pessimistic about the ugliness of reality; Yearning for the goodness of human nature, I am convinced that everyone has his own evil dens; I want to reorganize Gankun and feel powerless because of the deep hatred of human nature; Feeling that life is meaningless and full of fear for the world after death; Io filia and his mother Gertrude hate their "fragility", and so on. This series of descriptions of inner conflicts not only shows the richness and complexity of the hero's spiritual world, but also shows the richness and complexity of his character.
2. What are the basic characteristics of classical literature?
The ideological characteristics of classical literature are as follows: first, directly interfered by imperial power, advocating national unity in political thought, opposing feudal separatism, praising wise kings, and combining literature with real politics very closely. Second, it advocates rationality and demands restraint of personal lust. Thirdly, it sharply criticized the luxury, debauchery and depravity of the nobility, and also criticized the stupidity, art and desire of the bourgeoisie to become a nobleman. Fourthly, most of the classical tragedies are based on emperors, generals and court secrets, and inherit the tradition of ancient Greek tragedies.
The artistic characteristics of classical literature: First, drawing artistic forms and themes from ancient Greek and Roman literature. Second, there is a set of strict artistic norms and standards. Third, it advocates that the language is accurate, refined, gorgeous and elegant, showing more court interest. Fourth, the characterization class
4. The artistic achievements of hypocrites.
(1), following the classical "three unifications" principle. The plot is simple and concentrated: all of them show Eldorf's hypocrisy and deception; Time: within 24 hours; Location: Olgu's home, and there is only one set, which is Olgu's living room.
(2) The structure of the whole play is neat and compact. The protagonist did not appear until the third act. Through the discussion of the opening character, his actions, deception, influence and authority were hinted. Damis revealed for the first time that he was not kicked out, and he was proud of his failure. The second time, Dorina used the plan under the table and failed to leave him. After many twists and turns, it was taken away unexpectedly when everyone was crying. (It embodies the classical drama and praises the kingship. )
(3) Comedy also incorporates many dramatic factors. Folk farce: slapping, eavesdropping, and plotting under the table. Custom comedy: Olgen's arrogance, Damis's resistance and being driven out of the house. Tragedy: Almost everyone lost their family. These make work both interesting and exciting.
(4) Character language is highly personalized. Ansdorf: artificial language and long-winded playing with teachings are in line with his hypocritical character. Dorina: Sharp, vivid and vivid language shows her distinctive personality and wisdom from the people.
2. Why is New Arrow the most important novel in Europe in the18th century?
First, it has anti-feudal significance, and it is a sad song of love ideal that can't win the freedom of love and is destroyed by feudal family concept. Secondly, Rousseau's passion for love eulogized, which was not found in previous novels. Rousseau believes that love and morality are not antagonistic, but can be reconciled and compatible. The common feature of the two protagonists is their love for virtue, which is a brand-new moral concept. Contrary to the old morality of the People's Bank of China, it comes from natural humanity, self-love and self-esteem, while loving and respecting others. Thirdly, the praise of nature is another important feature of New Heloise, and it is also a great contribution to literary creation. Rousseau wrote about the influence of nature on people's thoughts. Fourthly, The New Love for Lois is not only a love novel, but also a philosophical novel, which contains Rousseau's important ideas, such as education, literature, rural economy, social equality, religion, gardening, duel and suicide, and how much the novel touches, and even makes a long speech.
The position in the history of French literature: love, as a noble sentiment of human beings, is so touching for the first time. For the first time, I wrote the beautiful scenery of nature into my novel with deep affection. Classical literature describes emotion to condemn it, but here it is to affirm it, express it and eulogize it.
5. What are the ideological and artistic features of Faust?
Thought: Faust is a poetic drama story about dreamers and developers. What runs through it is the most stirring spirit of the times in Europe at that time-the spirit of continuous breakthrough, development and creation full of spiritual and emotional vitality.
Artistic features: from the genre point of view, it is a poetic drama, which has both the characteristics of drama and poetry. The work is divided into scenes, marking the different stages of the protagonist's life, and promoting the story and launching dramatic conflicts mainly through dialogue between characters. Drama forms are rich and colorful, that is, the chorus of European orthodox drama style is interspersed with comedy and folk farce. The plot is very jumping and has the artistic effect of modern drama. With the magnificent historical content and spiritual depth, the whole play adopts various poetic styles that have appeared in Europe. In addition, the use of symbolism is the main feature throughout the play. First of all, he is the incarnation of Goethe to a great extent; Secondly, Faust is a symbol of advanced intellectuals in modern western Europe; Thirdly, Faust is a symbol of human positive spirit and an image of a new bourgeois giant.
1 and1What changes have taken place in the humanistic concept of European and American literature in the 9th century?
/kloc-in the 0/9th century, capitalism appeared, individuals were liberated from various feudal shackles, the commodity economy activated people's sense of competition and material desires, people's self-concept was strengthened, and people's fate changed greatly. Under the condition of capitalism, man is no longer the standard to measure everything. On the one hand, the emergence of capitalism marks the progress of society and the forward development of human civilization, bringing people a certain degree of freedom, liberation and material prosperity, on the other hand, it worsens the relationship between people, people and society, people and things. The new civilization brings new constraints to people, especially the constraints of things on people, so that people's freedom can be regained. It is in this historical background that people's thinking about their own situation, destiny and future is constantly changing, and the humanistic concept of European literature presents a new form. 1. From "man in a rational sense" to a typical figure in a typical environment:1Europe in the 8th century is the product of science and rationality. The main spirit of the Enlightenment is rationalism, so enlightenment literature, as the product of the Enlightenment, also emphasizes the rationality of classical literature. The image of "Xinmin" created by Rousseau has both natural conscience and natural desire and emotion, and is a secular "person" with subjective spirit. Goethe created Faust, the unity of emotion and reason, along Rousseau's humanistic route. Its main spirit is flamboyant and does not conflict with external things, which not only satisfies personal desires, but also does not violate social moral laws and regulations. /kloc-in the 0/9th century, people firmly believed that "man is a rational animal; Humans can grasp the order of nature and the world by virtue of science and reason; Humans can conquer nature and transform society. " Realistic writers continue the rationalism of the Enlightenment philosophy, accept and draw lessons from the methods and ideas of natural science to create literature, and form the principles of "truth" and "realism" that they follow together. However, in the process of objectively "reappearing" and "reacting" life, realistic writers generally made an unprecedented, true and meticulous analysis of human soul, thus changing the concept of "human" in western literature. Balzac's theory of evil nature does not think that people are born evil, but that external things-mainly money-will stimulate people's infinite lust and lead to evil. Among them, Rasty Nie in Gao Laotou is a typical figure in a typical environment. 2. From the description of the life of the court nobles to the description of the life of ordinary people: 19 century ago, the Renaissance made religion lose its original role, and people pursued "freedom" but made a mess of the world. Therefore, autocratic monarchs assume the role of "God on earth" or "God in the flesh" in people's spirit and psychology, thus forming "worship of kingship". Influenced by it, literature mostly expresses those heroes with lofty rational character and writes them as people with both ability and political integrity. 19th century is a historical alternation between the decline of feudal system and the rise of capitalism. The aesthetic object of literature began to turn from the nobles in the court to the common people, and began to describe some ordinary people closely related to nature and their lives. Wordsworth clearly expressed his respect for the lowest life in his poems. Standahr created the image of Julien, a personal struggler full of strong self-awareness. Even Flaubert began to show the bourgeois image of "mediocrity" in Madame Bovary. 3. People's dependence on people has become people's dependence on money:19th century, the drastic changes in social and economic structure have also brought about profound changes in people's moral concepts and cultural values. With the development of capitalism in different degrees in European countries, the concept of material interests in people's minds has been strengthened, money has become the main or only measure of people, and the relationship between people has also changed. Vanity Fair by Thackeray shows that the capitalist money society is a cold, selfish, snobbish and predatory vanity fair through Becky Sharp, and writes the hypocritical and despicable spiritual world of elegant gentlemen in the upper class. The subtitle of the novel "Novel without Heroes" just shows that money is the real hero in this vanity fair squeezed by money power. Balzac's Gao Lao Man vividly reveals the ruling role of money and the evil of money worship. Lao Gaoman is a victim of money worship. Balzac, with his father's love for the elderly, set off the shocking destruction of money on people's hearts. His long monologue before his death was a profound and powerful accusation: "stepping on his father will not ruin the country?" This is an angry condemnation of the naked money relationship in the real society. 4. From boasting about people's personality to thinking about people's good and evil: 19 th century realism generally tested the soul quality of moral good and evil, showing the conflict between people's original desire and reason. It does not simply regard human's natural original desire as human's original evil, but emphasizes moral adjustment to reconcile it with human's original desire in a relative sense, which is more meaningful and modern than traditional religious rationality, thus avoiding the individualistic prejudice of romantic "self" in Renaissance humanism. Humanism formed on this humanistic basis is not a simple distinction between good and evil, but a universal respect, concern and sympathy for the existence of human life in the sense of "class". Therefore, "humanitarianism" attaches importance to both "people" in the perceptual sense and "people" in the rational sense, which is more inclusive than the previous secular humanism, religious humanism and realistic literature. The retreat of the author's consciousness in literary works is a good proof-the author does not express his views on the characters in the works, but simply exists as a narrator.
1 9th Century Romantic Literature Chapter1
1, the causes and basic characteristics of romantic literary thoughts.
Reason: Romantic literature reached its peak during the French bourgeois revolution, that is, from the 1990s in 18 to the 1930s in 19. Due to the needs of the bourgeois revolution, romanticism prevailed in this period. From 65438 to 0798, the French bourgeoisie overthrew the feudal autocratic regime and established bourgeois rule. This major historical event shocked the whole world and set off one bourgeois democratic revolutionary movement and national liberation movement after another in Europe. Therefore, romantic literature that expresses ideals, worships heroes and is full of passion will inevitably become the mainstream of literature in this era. Judging from the development of literature itself, the prevalence of romantic literary thoughts is the product of opposing classical literature. Therefore, in the history of western literary criticism, people often describe the relationship between them in the mode of classical/romantic opposition, so as to explain the reasons for the emergence of romantic literary thoughts and movements. Wellek pointed out that "Romanticism simply includes all poems that are not written according to the classical tradition." It is pointed out that this is a "genre theory based on the opposition between' classical' and' romantic'." The specific meaning of this opposition or difference is "refers to the kind of poetry that is opposite to neoclassical poetry, inspired by the Middle Ages and Renaissance, and takes it as an example". Basic characteristics: Romantic literature emphasizes imagination to express ideals and hopes, nature to express personal subjective feelings and emotions, and symbols and myths to highlight literary metaphor, expressiveness, exaggeration and peculiar artistic expression. These characteristics are the common characteristics of romantic literature.
4. What are the characteristics of Byronic heroes?
Byronic hero: In Byron's works, especially in oriental narrative poems, a series of images of individualistic rebels have been created, which are branded with Byron's ideological temperament and personality. These rebels are talented, and for personal reasons, they rise up against the country's power, social order and religious morality, but they have no clear purpose of struggle; They pursue personal freedom, but often shut themselves up in loneliness and arrogance, and the struggle always ends in failure. Their mental outlook is rebellious, aloof and romantic. Representative: Condra in One Pirate. Byronic heroes are a series of images in Byron's oriental narrative poems. They are dissatisfied with reality and cannot find a way out. They are all enthusiastic, brave, strong-willed, proud and lonely. They are concerned about their country and people and do not hesitate to fight against their fate. In the end, it usually ends in failure and death.
8. What are the characteristics of Hugo's poetry and novel creation? Hugo is not only a great poet, but also a great novelist. Among the first-class writers with world significance who are qualified to occupy a high position in the literary palace, perhaps Hugo is the only one who has made such high achievements in both poetry and novels. Dante, Shakespeare and Goethe have the advantage of combining two forces. Hugo is a romantic who has never been divorced from the real society. Especially with the growth of age, he became more and more sensitive to the real society, and his involvement in the real society became deeper and deeper, which played an extremely important role in his novel creation. Before Hugo entered the mature stage of novel creation, his early works clearly showed his dual tendencies, namely, romanticism and realism; At the same time, it also strongly confirms his dual talents, namely, the ability of subjective imagination, subjective exaggeration and subjective rendering, as well as the ability to observe, grasp and imitate reality. With the combination of these two tendencies and the coexistence of these two talents, the glory of novel creation is just around the corner. Hugo's mature novels, from Notre Dame de Paris to Les Miserables, Marine Labor, Smiling Man and 93, all have the characteristics of combining romanticism with realism.
Chapter II/KLOC-Realistic Literature in the 0/9th Century
1 and1What are the forming conditions of realistic literature in the 9th century?
Realistic literature is the product of the establishment and development of capitalist system in western Europe. 1830, the "July Revolution" broke out in France. Since then, the French bourgeoisie has gained a dominant position. 1832, Britain carried out parliamentary reform, and the dominance of the British bourgeoisie was further consolidated. These two major political events marked the establishment of the capitalist system in Western Europe. Under the influence of British and French capitalist forces, European countries experienced a historic transformation from feudal system to capitalist system. This special social, political and economic situation has a direct impact on literature and has become a decisive factor in the formation and development of realistic literature. With the drastic change of social, political and economic structure, the relationship between people has deteriorated, and people's moral concepts and cultural values have also undergone profound changes. Reality tells people that the "democracy", "freedom", "equality" and "fraternity" of the enlighteners do not exist, and the "rational kingdom" they describe is just soap bubbles; Romantic's "ideal" divorced from reality is nothing more than painting cakes to satisfy hunger. People have to look at the real society with a calm eye, think about people's fate and seek ways to improve people's living conditions from a more realistic perspective. Therefore, the social psychology and ethos of paying attention to pragmatism and pursuing objective and calm analysis and anatomy of reality have been formed. It is under the influence of this psychology and ethos that a realistic literary trend of thought with strong realism and criticism has been formed.
6. What is the innovation of human comedy?
1. Strong reality 1. Gao Jie: The purpose of human comedy is to study the whole society, be the secretary of social historian, and write French social history, so that he can stand on the height of realism and show the development of history. 2. Broad vision. This is a comprehensive encyclopedia. It covers 18 16- 1848 the restoration of monarchy and the broad social life during the July dynasty, including the decline of various nobles, the prosperity of the bourgeoisie and money crimes. 3. Digging deep: Balzac discussed the trend of various classes from the point of view of class struggle, and pointed out that "how the last remnants of a model society were finally swept away under the attack of the nouveau riche" profoundly reflected the essence of the times. From the point of view that economy determines everything, it is incomparable for ordinary people and cynics to study the historical process of money conquering the whole society, expose the essence and hit the key point. Second, high typicality reproduces typical characters in a typical environment. 1. Environment determines personality: Balzac believes that people are the product of society, and the environment can determine and change people. He always focuses on the role of environment in the formation of character. At the beginning of a work, the characters and plots are often listed after a long and detailed description of the environment with typical characteristics. His environmental description includes the background of the times, social features, the relationship between people and the material conditions of daily life. Different environments become the basis for the formation and development of different characters' personalities. 2. Representation environment: Balzac's characters are the unity of generality and individuality, and the artistic representation of the essence of the times. Those characters who are full of greed, ambition, money worship and animal nature are born from within the times and are real children. Through these typical examples, the environment that produces them, that is, the essence of society, is reproduced. 3. Amazing description of lust: Balzac is especially good at highlighting "this one" when highlighting the personality characteristics of characters. He let his protagonist be controlled by some kind of lust and even eccentricity, reaching a morbid, crazy, unstoppable and unbelievable level. They would rather burn themselves in this evil fire of lust day and night and die without regret. For example, Gao Laotou's beloved daughter, Grandet's love for money, Aunt Bei's jealousy, Bunce's antique addiction, and Yule's lewdness all left an unforgettable impression on people and produced shocking emotional strength, but they achieved more real artistic effects than real people. Third, the details are true. Balzac, as a master of art, in his many achievements in describing characters, it is even more valuable to highlight their personality characteristics through a series of specific and typical details. This vivid detail description also makes the characters more realistic and appealing. For example, Grandet's sarcoma always flashes at the moment of intense psychological activity. His stuttering always occurs when he plays hard to get and throws stones at the water. This shows the cunning, treachery and sophistication of the bourgeoisie in the era of free competition. Another example is that Rasty Nie secretly shed a few tears when he wrote to ask for the savings of his mother and sister, expressing the inner contradiction of a young man with inflated ambitions but no conscience at this moment, showing a tendency to go to the abyss.