1, subject. The subject is the object of therapeutic factors. According to the different subjects, experiments can be divided into three categories: animal experiments, clinical experiments and field experiments. The choice of experimental objects is the key to the success of the experiment. The object of medical research is people and animals, usually animal experiments are done first, and then human observation is done. For example, to observe the curative effect of new drugs, it is usually to do animal experiments first, and then to conduct clinical trials on patients to determine their curative effect and side effects. Moreover, some experiments can be observed directly on human body, such as the determination of physiological and biochemical normal values.
2, 2, manipulative factors. Processing factors, also called subject factors, are specific experimental measures imposed by researchers according to the purpose of research. Handling factors should follow the following principles: ① Master the main factors in the experiment. The experimental effect is the result of many factors. ② Make clear the therapeutic factors and non-therapeutic factors. ③ The treatment factors must be standardized to ensure the consistency of the treatment factors in the experiment.
3, 3, experimental effect. Experimental effect is the effect of processing factors, and it is the reaction or result of the subjects. The experimental effect is usually reflected quantitatively or qualitatively by some observation indicators. Some important observation indexes should not be omitted in the experimental design, so as to avoid the unreliable experimental results. The basic principles of selecting observation indicators are: ① objectivity. Try to choose objective indicators and avoid general and inaccurate indicators. Some objective indicators also have subjective problems in judgment. For example, the X-ray chest film is objective, but there are subjective problems in judgment. In this case, a clear criterion should be established. ② Accuracy. The selected indicators should be as accurate as possible. The accuracy of indicators includes accuracy and accuracy. Accuracy refers to the authenticity of the observed results, that is, the closeness between the observed values and the true values, which is a systematic error. Accuracy refers to the depth of the observation result, that is, the closeness between the observation value and the average value when repeated observation, which belongs to random error. The experimental effect index should be accurate and precise, but the premise is accurate and reliable. ③ Sensitivity. Try to choose indicators with high sensitivity, that is, choose instruments that can significantly improve sensitivity to measure observation indicators. However, we should also consider the issue of experimental funds. For highly sensitive instruments, the cost is relatively expensive. According to the experimental funds, we should choose a relatively cheap and highly sensitive measurement method. ④ specificity. In order to better reveal the essence of the research problem, the observation indicators should have certain specificity. For example, when diagnosing diabetes, the specificity of measuring blood sugar is higher than that of measuring urine sugar.